Jurnal Online Universitas Muhammadiyah Surabaya
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Pengaruh Media Sosial Terhadap Persepsi Hukum Islam di Kalangan Generasi Muda Studi Analisis Psikologis
Get PDFAbstract: Social media has become an integral part of the daily lives of young people in Indonesia. With easy access to information, social media plays a significant role in shaping their perceptions of Islamic law. This study aims to analyze the influence of social media on perceptions of Islamic law and how psychological factors contribute to this process. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected through surveys and in-depth interviews with respondents from diverse backgrounds. The findings indicate that social media not only affects young people's understanding of Islamic law but also shapes their attitudes and behaviors toward its implementation. This study is expected to provide insights for policymakers and educators in designing more effective and relevant educational programs in line with the current digital dynamics.
Keywords: social media, Islamic law, psychologyAbstrak: Media sosial telah menjadi bagian integral dari kehidupan sehari-hari generasi muda di Indonesia. Dengan kemudahan akses informasi, media sosial berperan penting dalam membentuk persepsi hukum Islam di kalangan mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh media sosial terhadap persepsi hukum Islam dan bagaimana faktor psikologis berperan dalam proses tersebut. Melalui pendekatan kualitatif dan kuantitatif, data dikumpulkan dari survei dan wawancara mendalam dengan responden dari berbagai latar belakang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa media sosial tidak hanya mempengaruhi pemahaman hukum Islam, tetapi juga membentuk sikap dan perilaku generasi muda terhadap hukum tersebut. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan wawasan bagi para pembuat kebijakan dan pendidik dalam merumuskan program pendidikan yang lebih efektif.
Kata Kunci: Media Sosial, Hukum islam, Psikologi
Analisis Tingkat Kepuasan Penumpang Terhadap Pelayanan Fasilitas Landside di Terminal 2 Bandar Udara Internasional Juanda Surabaya
Get PDFPelayanan pengelola bandara diharapkan dapat meningkatkan minat penumpang menggunakan maskapai penerbangan. Masalah yang timbul saat dibukanya layanan di Terminal 2 Bandara Internasional Juanda adalah karena adanya pandemi COVID-19 yang mengakibatkan dihentikannya layanan yang ada di Terminal 1 guna mencegah penyebaran virus. Banyaknya pembatasan fasilitas mengakibatkan berkurangnya jangkauan layanan yang ditawarkan di Terminal 1 bandara. Misalnya, fasilitas di konter check-in ditutup sebagian, yang menyebabkan waktu tunggu menjadi lebih lama. Selain itu, personel akan dibawa ke bandara oleh petugas pemeriksaan dokumen dan barang serta karyawan lainnya untuk dilakukan pemeriksaan lebih lanjut. Pelayanan yang selama pandemi dialihkan ke Terminal 1, kini dialihkan ke Terminal 2. Tujuan penelitian ini agar dapat menentukan tingkat kepuasan penumpang. Di bandara internasional Juanda Sidoarjo dengan memeriksa atribut fisiknya, meliputi keselamatan, keamanan, dan kemampuan menahan guncangan. Selain itu, layanan dievaluasi untuk menentukan kualitas layanan yang diperlukan. Metode Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) digunakan untuk menganalisis data dalam penelitian ini. Populasi penelitian ini adalah para wisatawan di ruang tunggu Bandara Internasional Juanda Sidoarjo. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kepuasan penumpang terhadap pelayanan darat di Terminal 2 Bandara Internasional Juanda Sidoarjo merupakan atribut rata-rata dengan tingkat kepuasan atau kualitas pelayanan yang cukup tinggi. Dalam hal ini, 47 atribut yang memiliki nilai 3,82 juga dinilai “cukup memuaskan.
Hubungan Antara Dukungan Keluarga Dengan Tingkat Stres Tahanan Di Rumah Tahanan Negara Kelas IIb Bangil
Get PDFABSTRACT
Fathiroh Fushilah Famuji, 2023.The Relationship between Family Support and the Stress Level of Prisoners in the Bangil Class IIB State Detention Center. Thesis. Bachelor of Nursing Study Program,Stikes Maharani Malang. Supervisor: (1) Ns. Regista T, M. Kep, (2)Nining Loura S, SST., M.Kes.
Unpleasant conditions during the removal process are a stress trigger for residents. If left unchecked, they can trigger psychological disorders for residents. One effort in stress management is to increase social support, especially family support. The aim of this research was to determine the relationship between family support and stress levels in prisoners at the Class IIB Bangil Detention Center. The research method uses analytical observational with a cross sectional approach. The sample for this research was 70 students at the Class IIB Bangil State Detention Center. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The research measuring tool uses a questionnaire which is made according to family support indicators and a stress level measuring tool adopted from DASS. The research results showed that the majority of respondents had high category family support with 38 respondents (54.3%) and almost half of the respondents had normal stress levels with 29 respondents (41.4%). The results of the Pearson correlation test analysis show a significance value of 0.000 <0.05 and a Pearson correlation value of -0.839. The results of the study concluded that there was a relationship between family support and the stress level of prisoners at the Bangil Class IIB State Detention Center, showing a strong correlation and a negative relationship where the two variables had a unidirectional relationship, if family support was high then the stress level was lower. This is because nurses who have good family support can more easily develop their ability to survive and adapt to conditions that are considered difficult and which have the risk of causing stress, this is due to the high role of family members in helping to form a good sense of self-acceptance. so that it is better to feel depressed or stressed.
Keywords: Family Support, Stress Level, PrisonersBackground: Unpleasant conditions during the removal process are a stress trigger for residents. If left unchecked, they can trigger psychological disorders for residents. One effort in stress management is to increase social support, especially family support.
Objective: The aim of this research was to determine the relationship between family support and stress levels in prisoners at the Class IIB Bangil Detention Center.
Method: The research method uses analytical observational with a cross sectional approach. The sample for this research was 70 students at the Class IIB Bangil State Detention Center. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The research measuring tool uses a questionnaire which is made according to family support indicators and a stress level measuring tool adopted from DASS.
Result: The research results showed that the majority of respondents had high category family support with 38 respondents (54.3%) and almost half of the respondents had normal stress levels with 29 respondents (41.4%). The results of the Pearson correlation test analysis show a significance value of 0.000 <0.05 and a Pearson correlation value of -0.839.
Conclusion: The results of the study concluded that there was a relationship between family support and the stress level of prisoners at the Bangil Class IIB State Detention Center, showing a strong correlation and a negative relationship where the two variables had a unidirectional relationship, if family support was high then the stress level was lower. This is because nurses who have good family support can more easily develop their ability to survive and adapt to conditions that are considered difficult and which have the risk of causing stress, this is due to the high role of family members in helping to form a good sense of self-acceptance. so that it is better to feel depressed or stressed
Intervensi dalam Mengendalikan Ketidakstabilan Glukosa Darah pada Asuhan Keperawatan Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di Masyarakat ; Literatur Review
Get PDFObjective: This study aims to identify various types of interventions in controlling unstable blood glucose levels in the care of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in the community. Method: literature review research design, literature sources are research articles on the Google Scholar or Google Cendikia database, and Researchgate. The literature search used the keywords "Nursing Intervention" and "Nursing Care" and "Instability" and "Blood Glucose" and "Diabetes Mellitus". Literature selection used a non-systematic method, with inclusion criteria using the PEOS approach, namely Population: type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Indonesia, Exposure: interventions in nursing care, Outcome : blood glucose levels, Study Design: case study. Results: 557 were found in the search and 16 articles were designated as data. The results of the study found that interventions in controlling blood glucose in the maintenance of diabetes mellitus patients were relaxation interventions, physical exercise interventions, and spiritual interventions. Relaxation interventions include Benson relaxation, progressive muscle relaxation, and autogenic relaxation. Physical exercise interventions include diabetic foot exercises, walking exercises, and tai chi exercises. Spiritual interventions include dhikr and murottal of the Qur’an. Conclusion: Physical exercise intervention is able to control blood glucose directly by converting blood glucose into energy during therapy. Relaxation interventions are able to control blood glucose indirectly by controlling stress as a trigger for hyperglycemia, and spiritual interventions are able to control blood glucose indirectly by increasing the patient's self-efficacy and ability to care for themselves. These various interventions can be an option for nurses to control blood glucose levels when caring for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the community.Tujuan : penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi berbagai jenis intervensi dalam mengendalikan ketikdakstabilan kadar glukosa darah pada asuhan keperawatan pasien diabetes mellitus tipe 2 dimasyarakat. Metode : desain penelitian literature review, sumber literatur adalah artikel hasil penelitian pada database Google Scholar atau Google Cendikia, dan Researchgate. Pencarian literature menggunakan kata kunci “Intervensi Keperawatan” dan “Asuhan Keperawatan” dan "Ketidakstabilan" dan “Glukosa Darah” dan “Diabetes Melitus”. Seleksi literature menggunakan metode non sistematis, dengan kriteria inklusi dengen pendekatan PEOS yaitu Population : pasien diabetes mellitus tipe 2 di Indonesia, Exposure : intervensi dalam asuhan keperawatan, Outcome : kadar glukosa darah, Studi Design : studi kasus. Hasil : sebanyak 557 ditemukan dalam pencarian dan 16 artikel ditetapkan sebagai data. Hasil studi menemukan bahwa intervensi dalam mengendalikan glukosa darah pada asuhan keperawatan pasien diabetes melitus adalah intervensi relaksasi, intervensi latihan fisik, dan intervensi spiritual. Intervensi relaksasi meliputi relaksasi benson, relaksasi otot progresif, dan relaksasi autogenic. Intervensi latihan fisik meliputi senam kaki diabetes, walking exercise, dan senam tai chi. Intervensi spiritual meliputi dzikir dan murottal alquran. Kesimpulan : Intervensi latihan fisik mampu mengendalikan glukosa darah secara langsung dengan mengubah glukosa darah menjadi energy selama terapi. Intervensi relaksasi mampu mengendalikan glukosa darah secara tidak langsung dengan mengendalikan stres sebagai pemicu hiperglikemia, dan intervensi spiritual mampu mengendalikan glukosa darah secara tidak langsung dengan meningkatkan efikasi diri dan kemampuan merawat diri pasien. Berbagai intervensi ini dapat menjadi pilihan perawat dalam mengendalikan kadar glukosa darah pada asuhan keperawatan pasien diabetes mellitus tipe 2 dimasyarat.  
Hubungan Tingkat Stres Dengan Prestasi Akademik Mahasiswa : RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRESS LEVELS AND STUDENTS' ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT
No full textStress can be experienced in every human being and has a negative impact. For students, stress can stem from a variety of stressors, such as the pressure to succeed academically or think about a future that is not yet on track, or family problems. Students are also exposed to social, physical, and academic life and may have an impact on their academic performance. Student academic achievement is measured using the Cumulative Grade Point Average (GPA). This study aims to determine the relationship between stress levels and academic achievement of biology students. The research was conducted at the immanuel health institute from May to August 2024. The research method used is a correlational study. The population of this study is all students. The sample used in this study was 136 students who were taken by Simple Random Sampling. And the data analysis technique Using Rank Spearman Based on the results, it shows that from the results of the study, the frequency distribution based on gender is almost entirely from the respondents (87.5%) female, the frequency based on the study program is almost half of the respondents (39.7%) S1 Nursing and the frequency based on the estimate of almost half of the respondents (40.4%) in 2023, above obtained the distribution of student stress levels almost entirely from the respondents having stress levels light (79.4%), above this, the distribution of student academic achievement was obtained by half of the respondents moderately (50.0%). Based on the results of the study, it is known that under 136 student respondents who have the results of the Sprearman Rank test that has been carried out are corrected if the p-value is 0.118 ≥ 0.05, then Ha is accepted, which shows that there is no relationship between stress levels and student academic achievement at the Immanuel Institute of Health.Stress can be experienced in every human being and has a negative impact. For students, stress can stem from a variety of stressors, such as the pressure to succeed academically or think about a future that is not yet on track, or family problems. Students are also exposed to social, physical, and academic life and may have an impact on their academic performance. Student academic achievement is measured using the Cumulative Grade Point Average (GPA). This study aims to determine the relationship between stress levels and academic achievement of biology students. The research was conducted at the immanuel health institute from May to August 2024. The research method used is a correlational study. The population of this study is all students. The sample used in this study was 136 students who were taken by Simple Random Sampling. And the data analysis technique Using Rank Spearman Based on the results, it shows that from the results of the study, the frequency distribution based on gender is almost entirely from the respondents (87.5%) female, the frequency based on the study program is almost half of the respondents (39.7%) S1 Nursing and the frequency based on the estimate of almost half of the respondents (40.4%) in 2023, above obtained the distribution of student stress levels almost entirely from the respondents having stress levels light (79.4%), above this, the distribution of student academic achievement was obtained by half of the respondents moderately (50.0%). Based on the results of the study, it is known that under 136 student respondents who have the results of the Sprearman Rank test that has been carried out are corrected if the p-value is 0.118 ≥ 0.05, then Ha is accepted, which shows that there is no relationship between stress levels and student academic achievement at the Immanuel Institute of Health
Efektifitas Senam Otak Terhadap Peningkatan Fungsi Kognitif Pada Lansia Yang Menderita Dimensia Di Griya Lansia Jannati Provinsi Gorontalo
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Silvana Yakub, S.Kep, Efektifitas Senam Otak Terhadap Peningkatan Fungsi Kognitif Pada Lansia Yang Menderita Dimensia Di Griya Lansia Jannati Provinsi Gorontalo. Di bimbing oleh Dr. Rosmin Ilham, S.Kep, Ns,. M.Kep
Salah satu gangguan kognitif yang seringkali di alami lansia adalah Demensia. Demensia merupakan suatu kondisi klinis yang ditandai oleh menurunnya daya ingat, intelektualitas dan emosional, sehingga mengakibatkan ketidakmampuan melakukan kegiatan sehari-hari secara normal. Salah satu upaya untuk menghambat kemunduran kognitif akibat penuaan dan sebagai bentuk stimulasi untuk meningkatkan kemampuan otak yaitu dengan latihan senam otak. Senam otak adalah serangkaian latihan kognitif yang dirancang khusus untuk merangsang otak, meningkatkan fungsi kognitif, dan memelihara kekuatan mental. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya pengaruh enam otak terhadap peningkatan terhadap fungsi kognitif pada lansia yang menderita dimensia di Griya Lansia Jannati Provinsi Gorontalo. penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kuantitatif menggunakan rancangan pra eksperimental dengan one group pre post test design, Subjek pada studi kasus ini adalah 15 lansia yang tinggal Griya Lansia Jannati. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan Lembar Observasi. Data dianalisis dengan uji statistik parametrik paired t-test. Hasil Uji Statistik di dapatkan nilai mean pre test adalah 2,00 dan post test adalah 1,47 standar deviasi pre test bernilai 0,535 dan post test 0,743, serta jumlah responden sebanyak 15 untuk pre test dan post test. Nila P value.adalah 0,001. Hasil uji paired t-test diperoleh p-value 0,005 (<α 0,000) artinya Terdapat pengaruh senam otak terhadap tingkat fungsi kognitif pada lansia demensia di Griya Lansia Jannati.
Kata Kunci: Efektivitas, Senam Otak, Fungsi Kognitif, Lansia, Dimensi
Hubungan Kejadian Bullying dengan Harga Diri pada Anak Usia Sekolah di SDN Wonorejo IV, Kabupaten Pasuruan
Get PDFObjective: This study aims to determine the relationship between bullying incidents and self-esteem in school-age children at SDN Wonorejo IV, Pasuruan District.
Methods: This study used a quantitative research design with a cross sectional approach. The population of this study were all 5th and 6th grade students at SDN Wonorejo IV, Pasuruan Regency, totaling 76 students with a sample of 76 students. The technique used was total sampling. The research was conducted on November 21, 2024 to November 22, 2024. The research instrument used the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire (OBVQ) and the Hare Self-Esteem Scale questionnaire. The results of bivariate analysis using rank spearman.
Results: The p-value = 0.002 (P < 0.05) indicates a significant relationship between the incidence of bullying and self-esteem in school-age children at SDN Wonorejo IV, Pasuruan Regency. The results of the study have a correlation coefficient (rho) of (-0.345) which means that the strength of the correlation is sufficient and the direction of the correlation is negative, which means that the lower the incidence of bullying, the higher the self-esteem in school-age children.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that there is a relationship between bullying events and self-esteem in school-age children. The results of this study are expected to increase knowledge about the negative impact of bullying on victims in school-age children and how to prevent school-age children from bullying.Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between bullying incidents and self-esteem in school-age children at SDN Wonorejo IV, Pasuruan District.
Methods: This study used a quantitative research design with a cross sectional approach. The sample of this study were all 5th and 6th grade students (76 students) at SDN Wonorejo IV, Pasuruan Regency. The research instrument used the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire (OBVQ) and the Hare Self-Esteem Scale questionnaire. Data analysis using univariate and bivariate analysis.
Results: The p-value = 0.002 (P < 0.05) indicates a significant relationship between the incidence of bullying and self-esteem in school-age children at SDN Wonorejo IV, Pasuruan Regency. The results of the study had a correlation coefficient (rho) of (-0.345) which means the correlation was sufficient and the direction was negative, which means that the lower the incidence of bullying, the higher the self-esteem in school-age children.
Conclusion: There was a relationship between bullying and self-esteem in school-age children. The results of this study are expected to increase knowledge about the negative impact of bullying on victims in school-age children and how to prevent school-age children from bullying
Pengaruh Pemberian Edukasi Skill Pertolongan Pertama Dan Peningkatan Pengetahuan Gawat Darurat Pada Remaja Dalam Penanganan Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas di Jombang
Get PDFObjective: Increasing knowledge and first aid skills in traffic accidents is very important to be given an understanding in adolescence, the risk of accidents is quite high. First aid in emergencies is life support to prevent death to victims and prevent the occurrence of disabilities that may occur to the victim. The purpose of this research is to increase knowledge and skills in providing first aid to accident victims and unconscious victims independently.
Methods: This research method uses Quasi Experimental in a cross sectional manner with one group pretest postest conducted on 26 adolescents in Puton Village, Diwek District, Jombang Regency. Knowledge was measured using a pre-test, knowledge questionnaire to adolescents and post-test after being given education related to emergency first aid skills in handling the risk of injury in traffic accidents
Results: The results of the study after the implementation of the Wil-Coxon Sign Rank Test statistical test obtained the result of Pvalue = 0.0001 < α 0.05, this result indicates that Ho was rejected and Ha was accepted, namely there is an effect of providing education on emergency first aid skills in handling the risk of injury in traffic accidents on adolescents' knowledge about emergency first aid in Puton Village, Diwek District, Jombang Regency.
Conclusion: There is an effect of providing education on emergency first aid skills in handling the risk of injury in traffic accidents on adolescents' knowledge about emergency first aid in Puton Village, Diwek District, Jombang Regency.
Keywords: Knowledge, First Aid Skill Education, handling and prevention, Traffic accidents, AdolescentsTujuan: Peningkatan pengetahuan dan keterampilan pertolongan pertama pada kecelakaan lalu lintas sangat penting diberikan pemahaman pada usia remaja, risiko terjadinya kecelakaan cukup tinggi. Pertolongan pertama pada keadaan darurat merupakan bantuan hidup untuk mencegah kematian pada korban dan mencegah terjadinya kecacatan yang mungkin terjadi pada korban. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan dalam memberikan pertolongan pertama pada korban kecelakaan dan korban tidak sadar secara mandiri.
Metode: Metode penelitian ini menggunakan Quasi Eksperimental secara cross sectional dengan one group pretest postest yang dilakukan pada 26 orang remaja di Desa Puton Kecamatan Diwek Kabupaten Jombang. Pengetahuan diukur dengan menggunakan pre-test, angket pengetahuan kepada remaja dan post-test setelah diberikan edukasi terkait keterampilan pertolongan pertama gawat darurat dalam penanganan risiko cedera pada kecelakaan lalu lintas
Hasil: Hasil penelitian setelah dilakukan uji statistik Wil-Coxon Sign Rank Test diperoleh hasil Pvalue = 0,0001 < α 0,05, hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima yaitu ada pengaruh pemberian edukasi keterampilan pertolongan pertama gawat darurat dalam penanganan risiko cedera pada kecelakaan lalu lintas terhadap pengetahuan remaja tentang pertolongan pertama gawat darurat di Desa Puton Kecamatan Diwek Kabupaten Jombang.
Kesimpulan: Ada pengaruh pemberian edukasi keterampilan pertolongan pertama gawat darurat dalam penanganan risiko cedera pada kecelakaan lalu lintas terhadap pengetahuan remaja tentang pertolongan pertama gawat darurat di Desa Puton Kecamatan Diwek Kabupaten Jombang.
Kata Kunci: Pengetahuan, Pendidikan Keterampilan Pertolongan Pertama, Penanganan dan Pencegahan, Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas, Remaj
Efektifitas Terapi Dzikir Untuk Menurunkan Tekanan Darah Pada Lansia
Get PDFObjective: Hypertension is an increase in systolic blood pressure of more than 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure of more than 90 mmHg in two measurements with an interval of five minutes in a resting or calm state. Treatment or management of hypertension takes a long time, lifelong and continuous. Efforts made in the management of hypertension are in the form of pharmacological efforts (drugs) and non-pharmacological efforts (lifestyle modification) in addition to non-pharmacological therapy, namely dhikr therapy. To see the effectiveness of dhikr therapy in lowering blood pressure in the elderly suffering from hypertension.
Methods: This literature study method is carried out by searching for the results of scientific publications in the range of 2014-2024, using data based google scholar. In the data based google scholar using the keyword "dhikr therapy'' after being merged, 940 articles were found and the next search was combined using the keyword "blood pressure in the elderly" obtained a total of 720 articles. The search results of relevant articles after a full-text screening were carried out and sorted by relevance, with the last 10-year restriction finding 4 relevant articles.
Results:
The results of the article review showed that the four articles showed that dhikr therapy was effective in lowering blood pressure in the elderly
Conclusion: This study proves that dhikr therapy can be used as a companion therapy or non-pharmacological therapy in lowering blood pressure. This therapy is safe and easy to do.Objective: Hypertension is an increase in systolic blood pressure of more than 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure of more than 90 mmHg in two measurements with an interval of five minutes in a resting or calm state. Treatment or management of hypertension takes a long time, lifelong and continuous. Efforts made in the management of hypertension are in the form of pharmacological efforts (drugs) and non-pharmacological efforts (lifestyle modification) in addition to non-pharmacological therapy, namely dhikr therapy. To see the effectiveness of dhikr therapy in lowering blood pressure in the elderly suffering from hypertension.
Methods: This literature study method is carried out by searching for the results of scientific publications in the range of 2014-2024, using data based google scholar. In the data based google scholar using the keyword "dhikr therapy'' after being merged, 940 articles were found and the next search was combined using the keyword "blood pressure in the elderly" obtained a total of 720 articles. The search results of relevant articles after a full-text screening were carried out and sorted by relevance, with the last 10-year restriction finding 4 relevant articles.
Results:
The results of the article review showed that the four articles showed that dhikr therapy was effective in lowering blood pressure in the elderly
Conclusion: This study proves that dhikr therapy can be used as a companion therapy or non-pharmacological therapy in lowering blood pressure. This therapy is safe and easy to do
ROKOK SEBAGAI UPAYA PENCEGAHAN PENYAKIT JANTUNG KORONER
Get PDFObjective: To determine the factors of cigarette consumption as a trigger for coronary heart disease through a Literature Review.
Methods: Literature Review of the prevention of cigarette consumption in coronary heart disease patients and search for articles via the internet with pubmed databases and Scient Direct. There were 10 articles in the review. Starting from 2010-2020, 10 articles in English and full text.
Results: Smoking is a factor in the occurrence of coronary heart disease due to the substances contained.
Conclusion:
Smoking is one of the risk factors for coronary heart disease. It takes public awareness and serious intention to take precautions so that the incidence of CHD by smoking regardless of age can decrease