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The Adirondack Chronology
Full text linkThe Adirondack Chronology is intended to be a useful resource for researchers and others interested in the Adirondacks and Adirondack history.https://digitalworks.union.edu/arlpublications/1000/thumbnail.jp
Getting What You Deserve: A Philosophical and Sociological Analysis of Punishment in America
Full text linkThe U.S. Penal System is known to be one of the most punitive punishment systems in the world. Many discussions around the system\u27s approach to punishment have often used either a sociological framework or philosophical one, but rarely use both. The purpose of this thesis is to use philosophical theories of punishment and sociological observations of the current U.S. penal system to appropriately analyze the system and determine what kind of approach to punishment the system uses and what approach it should use. To do so, the thesis lays the groundwork for such analysis by establishing that the purposes of laws are to ensure social order and equal protection of all people. This thesis also establishes the distinction between law and morality. Next, the purposes of laws and the sociological function of deviance are used to determine how punishment should simultaneously reflect the purposes of laws while acknowledging when deviance is necessary. With these conditions, an assessment of deterrence, rehabilitation, and retributivism as justified theories of punishment is conducted with the conclusion that retributivism is the only justified approach to punishment. Then, the history of the U.S. Prison System, the current conditions of U.S. prisons, and societal treatment of offenders after they leave prison are all presented. Using this information, my thesis comes to 3 conclusions: the U.S prison system is historically callous towards prisoners, perpetuates inequality, and uses a vengeful approach to punishment
The Effect of Payment Method on Consumer Behavior During Economic Crises
Full text linkThe aim of this thesis is to delve into the machinations of consumer payment choices during times of crisis. This thesis, additionally, examines the ways in which gender may play a role in varied payment method use, during crises. Consumer payment choices are characterized by the decisions individuals or households make, surrounding their utilization of various payment instruments in circulation. Common payment instruments include, but are not limited to, cash, checks, debit, and credit. Existing research and literature of payment choice split trends on the utilization of payment instruments into long-term, adoption observations, and more sporadic, use categories. Adoption and use of payment methods, individually, help to paint a clearer picture of the changes and continuities in how consumers interact with various payment methods, over time. Analyzing consumer payment choice, and how it may differ across genders, provides valuable insight on how the state of the economy impacts regular and long-term consumption and transaction patterns. Although the bottom line is that most crises cause inevitable shocks to consumption-related behaviors, the nature of the crisis in question plays an integral role in the extent and ways in which consumption is ultimately altered. Examining both the financial crisis that occurred from 2007 to 2009, and the 2019-2020 COVID health crisis in this thesis, provides two disparate natures of crises that result in devastation to economic conditions, and altered consumption patterns. A review of the literature reveals that employment, or the lack thereof, during times of economic downturn, plays a role in the net changes in consumer payment behaviors. Employment is what shapes income levels, which can either restrict or enable certain consumers from utilizing, or acquiring, certain payment methods. The financial crisis was revealed to have more impacts on male employment, while the COVID crisis impacted female employment more heavily. Analysis of gender provides a unique vantage point for looking at payment decisions, aside from observing general trends that exist for adoption and use of differing payment instruments. This analysis expands on literature on consumer payment behavior through the observation of cross-sectional survey data, reflecting measures of adoption and use of payment methods in years of, and after, the onset of both crises in question. Apart from observing the interactions that a range of explanatory variables have on either the adoption or use of commonly used payment methods, assessment characteristics of each payment method (i.e. convenience, or ease of use) will also be analyzed to better understand consumer perceptions of payment instruments being utilized. I intend to use these observations to find points of both similarity and differentiation in payment behaviors between financial and health crises, with additional consideration being placed on gender-based implications on payment instrument adoption and use. Data for this thesis will be extracted from Atlanta Fed\u27s Survey of Consumer Payment Choice (SCPC), which provides yearly data geared toward observing changes in payment preferences over time
Design of SAE Baja Portal Gearboxes with an Integrated AWD System
No full textA set of portal gearboxes were designed for the Society of Automotive Engineers (S.A.E.) Baja challenge, an international collegiate competition where students design, build and compete in a series of off-road racing challenges. The introduction of the new mandatory four-wheel drive rule has prompted an influx of research and development into different four-wheel-drive designs. Portal gearboxes were designed to serve as the main final drive reduction for the 2022-2023 car. A portal gearbox is a gear set located within the profile of each wheel that increases the height of the driveshaft input location. This portal gearbox design increases the effective ground clearance by 3.2 in, improves steering geometry, and houses a set of sprag clutch bearings. Sprag clutch bearings allow for free rotation in one direction and can transmit torque in the other. The sprag bearings were utilized in the design to create a mechanically biased all-wheel-drive (AWD) system. They also greatly decrease the rolling resistance of the drivetrain system when coasting. The portal gearboxes feature a 3:1 reduction to supply a peak torque of 433 ft-lbs to the wheel. The gearboxes were designed to fit within a standard 10 in x 5 in aluminum wheel, allowing for no compromise in tire selection or off-road performance. The main challenges of the design were the rigorous loadings seen at the wheel, the slim profile required, the manufacturability, and the integration with multiple other components like braking and suspension. The portal gearboxes were implemented on the 2022-2023 Union College Baja car and competed in SAE Oshkosh Baja event in Wisconsin on May 4th -7 t
Addressing the Limitations of the Medical Model: An Examination of Stigma, Challenges and Social Support for College-Age Women Living with Type One Diabetes
Full text linkPrior scholarship examining chronic illness experience within the United States is limited and fails to capture the experiences of college-age women living with type one diabetes (T1D). This study attempts to explore perceived stigma and social support available to college-age women with T1D in hopes to highlight the pressing need to utilize the sociological model to understand the emotional labor produced by the tensions existing between expectations and reality for the chronically ill within our ableist society. To do so, I performed a systematic review of existing research and cross-referenced this review with qualitative interviews of twelve present and former college-age women with type one diabetes. The twelve women interviewed reported that stigma was pervasive throughout their lives as a result of their identities as individuals and women with T1D. Stigma was reported to manifest in reactions of ignorance and pity. While physicians were knowledgeable about the disease, these women found they ignored the social and emotional impacts of type one diabetes, which led to these women internalizing unrealistic expectations for disease management. The qualitative interviews shed light on the taxing nature of living with T1D and echoed themes of emotional labor in the form of feelings of uncertainty and social isolation reflected by the existing literature. The results of this study support the need to stray from application of the medical model to better combat stigma\u27s amplification of the already enormous tolls of navigating life with type one diabetes
Families with Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Society Response
Full text linkIt is estimated that 1 in 10 children, almost 240 million children, live with disabilities around the world (UNICEF Division of Global Communication and Advocacy, 2022). The purpose of this study is to explore the relationships between disability stigma, parental stress, and anxiety levels of the neurotypical siblings of children with disabilities and the community response to these issues. Participants in this study included parents of families characterized by at least one child with a neurodevelopmental disability and one neurotypical child. Parents completed the Parental Stress Scale (Berry & Jones, 1995), the Spence Children′s Anxiety Scale (Spence, 1997) regarding their neurotypical child, and the PROMIS Pediatric Stigma - Short Form 8a (The National Institutes of Health, 2022) regarding their child with a neurodevelopmental disability. In addition, information on policies dealing with families with disabilities as well as available federal and community programs were collected and an interview was conducted with a director of community support. Results suggest a positive correlation between parental stress and neurotypical child anxiety, whereby greater parental stress was associated with increased anxiety in the neurotypical siblings of children with a disability. In addition, findings also suggest that programs not only benefit the individual with a disability but are beneficial to the whole family. Addressing parental stress and its impacts on all family members may be a key factor to consider in designing and funding interventions
Assistive Robot for People with Disabilities
No full textThe goal of this project is to design and construct an assistive robot for people with disabilities. The common solution for people with disabilities is prosthetics. However, prosthetics are expensive, and they must be uniquely designed for each user. Assistive robots are a far more robust solution. The robot\u27s design is not heavily dependent on the disabilities of the owner. Thus, with mass production, the cost can come down dramatically. Raspberry Pi is the microcontroller in this project. The camera detects a desired object to grasp based on color using OpenCV libraries. Then, the cartesian base, mainly made of linear rails and ball screws, delivers the gripper to the object using stepper motors. Lastly, the gripper will grasp the object with reasonable force using PID control
Hiking Tracker to Give Directions Along a Trail
Full text linkThe goal of this project is to design and build a device that will give directions to a user along a hike. It will give directions in real-time in the form of arrows (8 possibilities: represented by the 8 cardinal directions), as well as display the current time, current direction the user is traveling (Ex: N), the distance traveled and the distance left. The focus is one trail (around campus) for testing purposes but more trails can be added. The process for adding more trails involves mapping it using an online resource and downloading the data. The device contains a GPS receiver to get the user\u27s location and be able to provide this data in real-time, and a 3-axis accelerometer that is used as the compass. Data from these components is dealt with using an Arduino Nano and then the correct information is sent to an OLED display, which was used due to its size and ability to display arrows
Exploring Intimate Partner Violence Among 18-24-year-olds During COVID-19: A Clinical Perspective
No full textIn early March 2020, the world shut down in hopes of controlling the rapidly spreading respiratory virus COVID-19, however, during this same period of time, intimate partner violence, also known as IPV, was rapidly increasing (Johnson and Green 2020: 1; Mineo, 2022: 2). On average, 15 million Americans are victims of intimate partner violence annually, and the global lockdown and isolation created the perfect opportunity for abusers to go unseen and victims to be unprotected. Some even consider intimate partner violence during COVID-19 as a pandemic within a pandemic (Johnson et al., 2020: 1). The populations most at risk are women, ages 18-24, yet the examination of this population during this unprecedented time has not been thoroughly reviewed (Catalano, 2012:4; Edwards & Littleton, 2016: 2; Brewer et al. 2018: 683). This study aims to identify how the COVID-19 pandemic influenced IPV among 18-24 year-olds living with their partner and those who were separated, as well as the treatment barriers from the perspective of clinicians. The findings will provide an in-depth understanding of the last three years in the United States and shine a light on an issue that is most often overlooked. Methods Licensed clinicians from domestic violence agencies in the NY Capital Region were invited to participate in a semi-structured interview. Each clinician participated in a 45-minute semi-structured zoom video conference interview with the principal investigator. The Zoom calls were recorded for the purpose of transcription and thematic analysis. Results Four themes emerged within the interview data: COVID, Safety, Seeking Help, and Outreach, with sub themes including: Treatment Methods, Barriers, Resources, Housing, Client Experiences, Safety procedures, Demographic, Forms of violence, and Misconceptions of abuse. Conclusions These findings suggest that there was an increase in physical IPV among those quarantined with their abusers and an increase in stalking and online abuse for those living separately. Clinicians saw an initial decrease in those seeking help before an increase months after the COVID-19 pandemic hit the United States
Liberty through the looking-glass: Comparative democratic backsliding in response to the French Revolution (1789-1806)
Full text linkIn response to the French Revolution, sections of British and American political society mobilized to curtail the influence of French-inspired radicals and enforce their own power. Between 1789 and 1806, a process of democratic backsliding occurred simultaneously in Britain and America with remarkably similar characteristics. This is notable for the British and American cases, whose political systems famously ensured liberty and tranquility. Elements of both nations remained extremely hostile to the French Revolution beginning with March on Versailles and promoted legislation seeking to directly undermine political opposition. The antipathy towards the Revolution fractured British and American society into conservatives, moderates, and radicals, who came into conflict with one another. The composition of these groups, their political programs, and their conflicts were similar across national boundaries. This era is notable for the quick change away from libertarian government to attempted state suppression and calls to mind modern democratic backsliding due to alleged foreign backed political opposition