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A pan-gene catalogue of Asian cultivated rice.
No full textThe rice genome underpins fundamental research and breeding, but the Nipponbare (japonica) reference does not fully encompass the genetic diversity of Asian rice. To address this gap, the Rice Population Reference Panel (RPRP) was developed, comprising high-quality assemblies of 16 rice cultivars to represent japonica, indica, aus, and aromatic varietal groups. The RPRP has been consistently annotated, supported by extensive experimental data and here we report the computational assignment, characterization and dissemination of stably identified pan-genes. We identified 25,178 core pan-genes shared across all cultivars, alongside cultivar-specific and family-enriched genes. Core genes exhibit higher gene expression and proteomic evidence, higher confidence protein domains and AlphaFold structures, while cultivar-specific genes were enriched for domains under selective breeding pressure, such as for disease resistance. This resource, integrated into public databases, enables researchers to explore genetic and functional diversity via a population-aware reference guide across rice genomes, advancing both basic and applied research
When Zebras Attack: Special Pathogens Preparedness in an Ever-Changing World
No full texthttps://digitalcommons.providence.org/special_pathogens_conferences/1008/thumbnail.jp
Getting an “A” in Category A Waste
No full texthttps://digitalcommons.providence.org/special_pathogens_conferences/1001/thumbnail.jp
Association of Screen Time Activities with Lifestyle Behaviors in Middle-School Children.
No full textResearch analyzing the link between different screen time activities and childhood health have had varied results. We examined the relationship between total screen time and subtype to beneficial diet and physical activity behaviors (BDPAB) in middle-school children. This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 110 middle schools participating in a school-based health program between September 2013 and February 2023. Based on self-reported health behavior surveys, data from 12,751 sixth graders were available for analysis. BDPAB included ≤ 1 serving/day of sugary beverages; ≤ 1 serving/day sugary foods/chocolate candy; ≤ 1 serving/day fried or fatty foods; ≥ 1 servings/day of fruits or vegetables; ≥ 1 day/week physical education class; ≥ 1 out-of-school sport/year; ≥ 1 team sport/year, and ≥ 1 session/week of moderate to vigorous activity. Independent of media subtype (television, computer, video game, mobile device), consuming \u3e 2 h of screen time was associated with lower odds of all BDPAB, with the exception of physical education class participation. Both moderate screen time (4 - \u3c 8 h) and high screen time (≥ 8 h) usage were associated with lower odds of performing the majority of BDPAB. Temporal trends (2013-2014, 2015-2016, 2017-2019, and 2020-2023) revealed an upward trend of BDPAB up until the COVID-19 pandemic, in which the proportion of students exhibiting BDPAB decreased. Increasing use of screen time, regardless of modality, is associated with reduced frequency of BDPAB. These findings re-enforce the potential negative impact of extensive screen use. Promoting balanced and healthy screen habits represents a potential intervention to promote BDAPB
Using guideline-directed medical therapies to improve kidney and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease.
No full textPURPOSE: An estimated 37 million people currently live with chronic kidney disease in the US, which places them at increased risk for kidney disease progression, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. This review discusses current standard-of-care management of patients with chronic kidney disease, identifies key gaps in care, and briefly highlights how pharmacists can address gaps in care as members of the multidisciplinary care team.
SUMMARY: Recent advances in guideline-directed medical therapies for patients with chronic kidney disease, including agents from the sodium-glucose cotransporter, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, and nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist classes, can dramatically improve cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic care and outcomes. Unfortunately, gaps in screening, diagnosis, and implementation of recommended therapies persist. Team-based models of care-inclusive of the person with chronic kidney disease-have the potential to significantly improve care and outcomes for people with chronic kidney disease by addressing current gaps in care.
CONCLUSION: As members of the multidisciplinary care team, pharmacists can play a critical role in addressing current gaps in care, including optimized use of guideline-directed medical therapies, in patients with chronic kidney disease
Rurality and Area Deprivation and Outcomes After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest.
No full textIMPORTANCE: Large regional variations in outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) exist.
OBJECTIVE: To assess whether neighborhood rurality or economic deprivation where an OHCA occurred is associated with variation in emergency medical services (EMS) outcomes after OHCA.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cohort study used data collated by ESO Inc on US adult patients (aged ≥18 years) with nontraumatic OHCA receiving chest compressions or defibrillation from EMS between January 1, 2022, and December 31, 2023.
EXPOSURES: Rurality was assessed using Rural-Urban Commuting Area codes. Deprivation was assessed using the Area Deprivation Index. Both were derived from US Census data and grouped by EMS agency.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Outcomes were restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) at emergency department (ED) arrival, survival to hospital discharge, and favorable discharge destination. Discharge outcomes were only available for patients transported to hospitals using health data exchange. Generalized estimating equations were used to account for correlated data.
RESULTS: A total of 162 289 patients with OHCA had resuscitation attempted (median [IQR] age, 66 [53-76] years; 62.3% male). Overall, 28.1% of these patients lived in rural or suburban locations, 12.3% lived in areas with high deprivation, 18.7% had a first rhythm of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation or shockable by automated external defibrillator rhythm, and 27.6% received bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The mean (SD) EMS response time was 8.7 (5.6) minutes. Upon arrival at the ED, 23.7% of patients had ROSC. Compared with OHCAs in urban areas with low deprivation, those in rural areas with high deprivation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.81; 95% CI, 0.72-0.91), moderate deprivation (AOR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.70-0.81), or low deprivation (AOR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.62-0.88) had lower odds of ROSC at ED arrival. Among patients transported to hospitals using health data exchange, OHCAs in urban areas with high or moderate deprivation had lower odds of survival (AOR, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.68-0.90] and 0.82 [95% CI, 0.75-0.89], respectively) and favorable discharge destination (AOR, 0.65 [95% CI, 0.53-0.79] and 0.77 [95% CI, 0.69-0.87], respectively).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this cohort study, OHCAs in rural areas of all levels of economic deprivation were associated with less ROSC at ED arrival vs urban areas with low deprivation, and OHCAs in urban areas with high or moderate deprivation are associated with less survival and less favorable discharge destination, suggesting worse neurologic outcomes. Care improvements alone may not reduce geographic differences in outcomes after OHCA
SITC strategic vision: prevention, premalignant immunity, host and environmental factors.
No full textCancer immunotherapy has improved the survival of a subset of patients by harnessing the power of the immune system to find and destroy malignant cells. The immune system also protects the host by destroying developing premalignant and malignant tumors. Advancing our knowledge of premalignant immunity and immune changes seen in lesions that develop into invasive cancer versus those that regress offers an exciting opportunity to leverage the immune system for immune prevention and immune interception of premalignancy. Understanding the immune environment of premalignant lesions and how chronic inflammation plays a central role in the evolution of premalignancy is essential for developing effective immunoprevention and immune interceptions. Factors such as host genomics and environmental factors that affect premalignant immunity and the outcome of advanced cancers are equally important in determining the response to immunotherapy. The broad use of antibiotics and factors such as obesity can disrupt a healthy gut microbiome and drive chronic inflammation that suppresses preventive immunity or the antitumor immune response required for successful immunotherapy in advanced cancers. Modifiable lifestyle factors such as diet, obesity, smoking, and stress should be considered in designing immune prevention and interception studies, as well as for patients who receive immunotherapy for advanced cancer treatment. Other factors, such as the overall immune health of patients and existing comorbidities, affect both premalignant immunity and response to immunotherapy and, therefore, should be considered in managing patients with or without cancer. The Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer previously developed an overarching manuscript regarding the challenges and opportunities that exist in cancer immunotherapy, and this manuscript serves as an in-depth follow-up regarding the topics of premalignant immunity, immune interception, and immunoprevention, and the impact of the host on responding to immunotherapy
Confusing Blood Group Antibodies in Obstetrics: Focus on the Risk of Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn.
No full textDuring routine prenatal antibody screening, maternal reactivity is sometimes detected for which the clinical significance is unclear. As a result, the strategy for monitoring these antibodies during pregnancy, to mitigate the risk of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN), may be uncertain. This review focuses on four such immune responses in obstetrics: anti-G, anti-M, warm reactive autoantibodies, and apparent nonspecific immune responses that cannot be further classified. The relationship of these antibodies to HDFN is a primary focus. Related concerns, including maternal and neonatal transfusion considerations and candidacy for Rh immune globulin, are also addressed. · Pregnant patients with anti-G who lack anti-D are candidates for Rh immune globulin.. · Anti-M is a rare cause of HDFN.. · Warm reactive autoantibodies in pregnancy are unlikely to be clinically significant.. · Unless the patient is experiencing active hemolysis.. · Nonspecific reactivity is unlikely to be clinically significant in pregnancy