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Factors influencing e-government services usage behaviour among Saudi Arabia’s SME employees
Get PDFAbsher is an e-government platform that provides facilities and enhances e-services for citizens and agencies/businesses in Saudi Arabia. However, less usage of e-services provided by Absher amongst the SME employees is reported. There are no empirical studies to uncover the issue of the uses of e-government by employees of SMEs-Saudi Arabia. This work investigates the factors hindering the SMEs employees to perform their personal work tasks through Absher e-services. An integrated model was proposed based on the dominant theories; the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTUAT2) and Technology Readiness Index (TRI) by considering the context of the study. The proposed model encompasses insecurity, discomfort, optimism, social influence, facilitating condition, and habit as independent variables, behavioural intention as a mediating variable, gender, age, and ICT experience as moderating variables, and use behavior as dependent variable. Data were collected using structured questionnaires from a sample of 477 SME’s employees from different industries in Saudi Arabia. The analysis was conducted using Covarience-Based Structural Equation Modeling (CB-SEM) via AMOS to evaluate the relationships among the proposed factors and the use of behaviour of Absher services. The findings showed that insecurity and discomfort have a negative effect, while optimism, facilitating condition, social influence and habit positively affect the behavioural intentions for using e-government services by employees of SMEs-Saudi Arabia. The findings also showed no direct relationships between facilitating conditions and habits, and the use behaviours. Behavioural intention significantly mediates these relationships and all other relationships between the independent variables and the use of behaviour. Furthermore, gender significantly moderates the effect of discomfort, insecurity, optimism, and habit on the behavioural intentions for using e- government service by the staff of Saudi Arabia SMEs while age significantly moderates the effect of insecurity, social influence and habit on the behavioural intention. Also, ICT experience considerably moderates the influences of insecurity, discomfort, social influence, and habit on the behavioural intention. The model as an output from the findings of the study can help policy and decision makers to better tailor e-government services to the options and needs of SMEs’ employees leading to higher levels of usage
Rethinking the unitary-federation classification: Towards a typology approach and performance analysis
Get PDFIn the 20th century, regionalization and decentralisation have brought a new paradigm for the division of power, enhancing subnational capability and power distribution across boundaries. These two global trends, which indirectly promoted "federalization processes" in unitary countries, made unitary and federated territorial management and power-sharing hard to discern. This drives the Unitary vs. Federation System dichotomy to become incongruous, and the existing classification is no longer relevant. In order to rethink the classification, this study aims to construct a typology of government systems. This first objective was accomplished during Phase I, which followed Kluge's qualitative model, “Empirically Grounded Type of Construction” which involves four steps. This study, however, employed a mixed method using nested concurrent strategies. Only the first step applied qualitative library research, the remaining step employed quantitative methods. The second step involves hybrid clustering analysis (hierarchical, two-step, and k-means analyses served as the primary analyses), the third step involves correlation test, and the fourth step involves ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, descriptive, and box plot analyses. This Phase I was successful in constructing a typology in which five clusters were found in n=70 countries and arranged in a continuum, starting from the left: Centralised Unitary, Decentralised Unitary, Regionalized Unitary, Centralised Federation, and Decentralised Federation at the right end. The second objective was to examine group that are likely to promote better performance in macroeconomics, fiscal and governance. This Phase II was done in quantitative inter-cluster analysis, and it was discovered that Regionalized Unitary was the best cluster, followed by Decentralised Federation, Centralised Federation, Decentralised Unitary, and Centralised Unitary. This study determined that the distribution of authority to subordinate units is crucial for optimal government functioning. This governmental system classification is a fundamental theoretical contribution of Unitary vs. Federation Systems that translates into a new understanding of governmental systems. This study also contributes to the clustering method that will be required for future comparable studies. Finally, this study provides fundamental reference or guidelines for countries that are pursuing the federalism prospect and looking for the best governance, economic, and fiscal arrangements
Determinants of social behaviour to improve perceived welfare among citizens of UAE – The moderation effect of government social responsibility
No full textThe United Arab Emirates is the first country in the world that have a separated and dedicated ministry for the happiness and welfare of its nationals. However, the rank of the United Arab Emirates in the happiness index of the United Nations is 21, the UAE's rank in 2013 was 14 which is much better than the current rank. This situation of declining happiness motivates the researcher to conduct research on the issue. The problem of the declining happiness index instigated the researcher to conduct research on perceived welfare among United Arab Emirates citizens. Upon reviewing the literature, it has been observed that social awareness, health awareness, social identity, self-identity, self-esteem, and subjective norms are the major reason, furthermore, citizen social behaviour has also been found to be low because of the mentioned factors. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to explore the impact of social awareness, health awareness, self-identity, self-esteem, social identity, and subjective norms, on citizens’ perceived welfare in the United Arab Emirates. Along with that the impact of social awareness, health awareness, self-identity, self-esteem, social identity, and subjective norms, on citizens’ social behaviour. This study has six independent variables, one dependent variable, and one outcome variable along with one moderating variable. For meeting the objectives of the study, the theoretical framework is developed using four theories which are Social Identity Theory, Self- Congruity Theory and Identity Theory, Theory of Planned Behaviour, and social intelligence theory. This study has been conducted using the adopted questionnaires and the hypothesis has been tested using structural equation modelling. The responses were collected from a sample of 384 citizens using systematic sampling as the samples were chosen from three main populated cities, the sample size at every city is based on the population density. The data collection method is direct collection via the researcher team using a printed survey in addition to an online survey. The findings of the study supported ten direct hypotheses and one moderating hypothesis whereas three hypotheses have been rejected. Furthermore, the study proceeds with the discussion and similarities of the findings with prior literature and ended with limitations and suggestions for future researchers in the same field
Aktualisasi bentuk-bentuk patriotisme dari sudut demografi: kajian kes di Ibukota Jakarta
Get PDFThe spirit of patriotism must be present in every individual in the society of a country because patriotism is a sense of love and a sense of belonging to the homeland. It is not just an expression of feelings but demands appreciation by every citizen. However, most people are often confused and do not see the importance of this spirit of patriotism to the survival of the country. In fact, with the development of the times, it is said that the spirit of patriotism among the Indonesian community is fading. Therefore, this study aims to assess the level of patriotism of Indonesian society, determine the forms of patriotism owned by Indonesian society and make a comparison of forms of patriotism based on demographics. The research model is based on Jon Hurwitz and Mark Peffley who set five dependent variables as forms of patriotism namely iconoclastic, symbolic, instinctive environmental, capitalistic and nationalistic symbolic patriotism. While the scope of the study is limited to the community of Jakarta where the selection of Jakarta is because it is the administrative center of Indonesia and inhabited by various levels of society. This study uses a crosssectional study design which is one of the non-experimental study methods or ex-post facto study. The results of the study showed that the level of patriotism of Indonesian society was at a high level with a mean value of 3.94 and a low standard deviation of 0.28. Indonesian society has a very high value of symbolic patriotism compared to other forms of patriotism. Apart from symbolic patriotism, the people of Jakarta also have a high spirit of patriotism for iconoclastic and instinctive environmental patriotism. However, Indonesian society has only a moderate spirit of patriotism for nationalistic symbolic patriotism and has a low spirit of capitalistic patriotism. In addition, the researchers also detected differences spirit of patriotism based on gender, education level, age and ethnicity. Women were found to dominate the spirit of patriotism higher than men for symbolic, capitalistic and nationalistic patriotism. Meanwhile, the Indonesian community who are educated up to the diploma level has a high level of patriotism for symbolic patriotism and also environmental patriotism. In terms of age, the elderly Indonesian society has a higher level of capitalistic and nationalistic patriotism compared to other age levels. In terms of ethnicity, it was found that the Javanese ethnic group dominated the other ethnic groups in terms of the high level of patriotis
Factors Influence The Usage of Data Analytics in Audit Procedure By Internal Auditor of Central Bank in Malaysia
Get PDFThe emerging use of technology give an impact to audit profession in a way that more IT auditors are needed in the organization to conduct audit procedure with the help of technology or Computer Assisted Audit Techniques (CAATs) like data analytics as it deemed to be as helpful tool in expediting the work of auditors. Therefore, current study analyzed the correlation between performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions and IT skills on intention to use data analytics, as well as analyzing the correlation between facilitating conditions, IT skills and intention to use on actual usage of data analytics. The variables used in this study was adopted from Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) and IT Competency theory. Data was collected in the form of online survey from 72 internal auditors in the internal audit department of central bank in Malaysia, and the analysis of data was conducted using SmartPLS. The findings of the study suggest that performance expectancy, social influence and facilitating conditions have a positive significant
influence on internal auditor’s intention to use data analytics, however effort expectancy has no significant influence on intention to use. Meanwhile, IT skills and intention to use have positive significant influence on the actual usage of data analytics by central bank’s internal auditors. This study contributed to both theoretical and practical implications where UTAUT and IT competency theory are proven, and reader can gain insights on the perception of central bank’s internal auditors on data analytics in conducting audit procedure. Future research can expand the study by collecting data from other financial institutions in Malaysia
Factors influencing users’ loyalty in mobile payment usage
Get PDFWith the development of communication equipment technology and the continuous development of the mobile Internet environment, a good foundation has been laid for the development of mobile payment. Mobile payment has also been continuously integrated into people's daily life due to its efficient, convenient and flexible characteristics, and has become one of the mainstream payment methods in the current mobile Internet era. Although mobile payment started late in China, its development speed is amazing. The rapid changes and innovations in the mobile payment market also make it increasingly competitive. IIn the current payment field monopolized by Alipay and WeChat Pay, how to retain old users and attract new users is the most focused issue for major mobile payment enterprises. Therefore, it is especially important to explore the research of mobile payment user loyalty influencing factors.
In this paper, based on the introduction of the overview of mobile payment and combing the theoretical studies related to loyalty, combining the characteristics of mobile payment with the theoretical studies related to loyalty, this paper constructs a model of the factors influencing the loyalty of mobile payment users and puts forward six hypotheses. The research data were collected in the form of a questionnaire survey. A total of 401 questionnaires were received in this paper, of which 394 were valid. The collected sample data were analyzed using SPSS 29.0 to study the relationship between each variable and user loyalty. The study concluded the following: service quality and hedonic value have a significant positive impact on user satisfaction, service quality also has a significant positive impact on user trust, while perceived risk has a significant negative impact on user trust. In addition, the results of the study confirmed that user satisfaction and user trust have a significant positive effect on user loyalty. Finally, the research findings are combined to propose rationalization suggestions for cultivating user loyalty in mobile payment platforms
Tax compliance intention behaviour among sole-proprietorships in Penang and its determinants
Get PDFThroughout the COVID-19 pandemic, the Malaysian government has consistently supported Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) by ensuring that they are resilient and growing. The 2021 Budget represents the largest allocation to date that benefits SMEs, totalling RM38.7 billion as incentives to SMEs for sustaining their businesses. Hence, SMEs have an obligation to support the government by voluntarily and accurately paying their taxes. SMEs are likely to have a variety of organisational structures, including sole proprietorships, partnerships, and limited liability companies. According to the literature, this group of taxpayers appears to be at a high risk of engaging in tax evasion and believes that paying taxes is a burden. Thus, this paper aims to focus on sole proprietorship, the small-scale sector known to be tough when it comes to paying taxes. The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between five independent variables; attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control (probability of audit and licensed tax agent), and the dependent variable; intention to comply. The research framework of this study was developed based on five variables and employed the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) which was developed by Ajzen (1991). Five hypotheses are tested based on the research framework. The research instrument for this study is a structured questionnaire. The questionnaires were distributed to taxpayers in Penang. A total of 135 samples were collected from taxpayers through simple random sampling techniques. According to the analysis, TPB is relevant to this study because it helps to explain how taxpayers behave in order to be aware of and obedient to tax. If taxpayers have strong intentions and beliefs, they will obey the tax. Taxpayers also think about the effects of their actions before acting in a particular way. Surprisingly, the findings ruled out the validity of audit probability in tax intention behaviour. This study contributes to the current literature by adding a new variable of the licensed tax agent to the tax compliance model. Next, the study addresses some limitations to the study in that the sample size that represents the whole population of individual business taxpayers in Penang may not be sufficient to generalise the whole Malaysian taxpayer population. Hence, the suggestion for future research is to increase the sample size so that future research can generalise the whole population and come out with a stronger regression model
Employee retention at a retail company in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
No full textEmployee retention has been shown to be critical to the achievement of an organization's goals, particularly in terms of gaining a competitive advantage over other organizations. The goal of this research is to identify the career progression, working environment and compensation that contribute to employee retention in the retail industry. Primary data for this study was gathered by distributing questionnaires to retail employees in AEON Co. (M) Bhd. Kuala Lumpur. Tables and other graphical presentations were appropriately used to present the data that was collected for ease of understanding and analysis. From the study, the independent variables which are career progression, work environment and compensation are found highly significant and positive relationship with the dependent variable which is the employee retention at a retail company in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. For future research, there are a few recommendations that would help the future researcher to obtain better results such as using more than one language to ensure the respondent is able to understand the questionnaire more clearly. Researchers also are encouraged to use qualitative research design to provide the respondent with more options to answer. Lastly, researchers may focus on the broader population other than one industry
Safety management practices and safety behavior among employees in pressure vessel fabrication company
Get PDFThis study was conducted to determine the relationship between safety management practices and safety behavior among employees of a pressure vessel fabrication company. A total of 127 Whatsapp application forms have been distributed to the employees at the factory. The list of questions includes 4 parts; demographics, safety
management practices, safety behaviors, and thriving at work. Then, the collected data was analyzed through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The results indicate that management commitment, safety communication and feedback,
workers’ involvement, and thriving at work are among the factors that have a significant influence on safety participants. While management commitment, safety training, safety communication and feedback, and thriving at work have a significant impact on safety compliance. The results of this study can be used as a guide for
researchers and practitioners to find solutions that can improve the quality of safety and health in the workplace. In addition, the findings from this study can reduce the perception of accidents caused by workers’ unsafe behavior
The fragmentation of forest management: A case study of the Iraqis adoption of legal overlapping to climatic change and biological diversity regimes
No full textThe legacy of the fragmentation of international law has been transferred to its branches, particularly international environmental law. Forest management is a sector exhibited by massive separation of legal instruments on an international level, specifically those under climatic change and biological diversity regimes. The outcomes of such separation are overlapping and even a trade-off to achieve multiple objectives. This study identified these phenomena have reflected on Iraq‘s national level and, the extent to which the mitigation of climate policies on the forest sector in achieving the 2°C goal could subsequently have consequences on forest biodiversity and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through fragmented legislation and the implementation of multiple policies on forest management. The mitigation policies for Iraq's Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) pledge under the Paris Agreement in the land management and forest sector could have ramifications in a variety of sectors. However, such ramifications have seldom been investigated in Iraq, which also bears a trade-off and negativity to the people, food, and other diverse characteristics of land resources and forests. This study uses a qualitative approach by combining both doctrinal and socio-legal; including the implementation of face-to-face interviews. The primary data were texts of international conventions and enacted forest legislations in Iraq, as well as the national environmental data from reports of ministries and committees. Other primary data sources in this research included data acquired from three groups of people: university lecturers, ministry personnel and employers. The secondary data compromised of academic publications such as empirical investigations, books, and journals. The findings would aid policymakers and legislators in Iraq in formulating win-win policies and integrating mitigation policies with conservation management that do not harm the forest sector's biodiversity. The finding could also guide the policymakers and legislator in taking climate action towered achieving the global 2°C goal in the context of biodiversity and SDGs