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Farm Labor Monopsony: Farm Business And The Child Hierarchical Model Of Fertility
Get PDFArthur Lewis (1954) classic article on duel labor markets suggests that subsistence labor, due to high fertility and overpopulation, causes low wages. Basu (1999) and Dessy (2000) show a compelling theory for high fertility in developing countries where regions go into a poverty trap of low labor demand, low wages and overpopulation. An alternative explanation for overpopulation has to do with a simple farm business model where farming families have a labor monopsony for their own child labor. Child labor, not from society at large but from the farm family’s own children, can be a source of labor to run a farm business. The farm business model shows how, due to simple monopsony characteristics, it may be cheaper for a farmer to use fertility induced, family child labor, rather than expensive non-family labor, to provide his labor supply and increase his rent. Children can provide the farmer with labor that has a psychological barrier to exit, making it easy to add human capital without paying a high wage. However, due to sibling rivalry and child psychological growth stages of binding, delegating and expelling, older children will be forced to leave the farm inducing greater fertility to replace them. We assume capital investment options and the use of technology are limited for such farms due to monsoon rainy seasons, dense forests or steep hills, which suggests the need for labor intensive farms. The end result is that child labor is a way to provide significant profit to a farm business.
An Update On The Possible Incorporation Of IFRS Into The U.S. Financial Reporting System
Get PDFThe SEC issued the “Commission Statement in Support of Convergence and Global Accounting Standards” in February 2010 to reaffirm its position that IFRS was best positioned to serve as the single set of high-quality globally accepted accounting standards and indicated that it would not incorporate IFRS into the financial reporting system for U.S. issuers unless such a change is in the best interest of U.S. investors and capital markets and that a determination was expected to be made in 2011 as to whether, when, and how to incorporate IFRS into the financial reporting system for U.S. issuers. It is now 2015 and the SEC still has not yet made a decision. Nonetheless, based on the statements given by the SEC Chief Accountant James Schnurr at the Baruch College Financial Reporting Conference in May 2015, it appears that the SEC might make a decision really soon. The wait for the SEC’s decision might finally be over. This paper provides an update on the possible incorporation of IFRS into the U.S. financial reporting system
Private Vs. Public Investment In The Mexican Utility Company: A Case Study
Get PDFHow should the strategies and regulations of the Mexican laws be designed in order to trigger a country to go from a non-sustainable energy economy towards a sustainable energy economy? This paper proposes a classroom debate of the reformed Law of Public Electricity Service in Mexico (LSPEE, 1992: Ley del Servicio Publico de Energia Electrica), which, in 1992, opened new opportunities for private investment in the Mexican utility industry. The legal reforms allow the private sector to invest, operate, and be owners of part of the public utility system in Mexico, mainly, for power generation. Evaluating the dilemmas of the past, students are encouraged to debate present and future reforms considering political, economic and financial frameworks with a sustainable development approach and to evaluate the role of foreign and private investment in public utilities around the world
The Internationalization Of Higher Education In China: The Role Of Government
Get PDFIn the process of internationalizing higher education, national governments play their role differently, and the relationship between Chinese institutions and the government is significantly different from that experienced by Western institutions. A critical distinction is that Chinese institutions are both academic entities and government institutions that implement government policies and goals. In relation to the internationalization of higher education, the Chinese government has shown a strong supporting attitude and has four main roles: national strategy designer and program planner, major funding provider, executive director, and regulator and supervisor. The internationalization of Chinese higher education has always been strategically designed and programmed by the government; consequently institutions formulate their own strategies and plans within the framework of the national ones. Though fundamental reforms are being implemented continuously, the Chinese government is still the major provider of funding for internationalization, just as it is for the whole public education sector. The Chinese government also acts like the executive director of a corporation in managing the internationalization of higher education. Government regulation and supervision are deeply embedded in the daily operation of Chinese institutions owing to political anxieties and economic considerations. The government’s four roles could be seen as inevitable and shared widely by many national governments, yet they are essential for characterizing the way the Chinese government plays its roles. This paper presents a theoretical exploration of governmental roles in internationalizing higher education, a topic that has attracted too little attention and requires further systematic analysis by educational researchers
The Effects Of Water Utility Pricing On Low Income Consumers
Get PDFThis study reviews ten water utilities in Florida utilizing current pricing models to determine how municipal utilities approach affordability. Water is no longer a commodity that can be taken for granted as the effects on the family budget has risen considerably in the past couple of decades. Increasing costs in capital, debt, personnel, chemicals, retrieval, and production have dramatically increased the price of water. Municipalities are faced with diminishing resources, escalating costs, and the need to consider those less fortunate when determining utility pricing. This research reviews programs available to utilities to offset the effect on capital requirements if municipalities adapt a low income friendly pricing model. Ten Florida municipalities are examined utilizing data from the 2012 Water and Wastewater Rate Study conducted for the American Water Works Association. Additionally, affordability programs for all ten municipalities are reviewed.
A New Comparison Of Active Learning Strategies To Traditional Lectures For Teaching College Astronomy
Get PDFAlthough traditional lectures are still the dominant form of undergraduate instruction, there have been relatively few studies comparing various learner-centered and active learning teaching strategies to one another in order to guide professors in making informed instructional decisions. To study the impact of different active learning approaches, pre-test to posttest learning gains for students receiving instruction on introductory astronomy solar system topics through a combination of collaborative learning activities and formative assessment-driven activities were compared to the gains of students being taught the same topics by traditional lectures only. After traditional lectures, students improved from a pre-test score of 42% (n=144) to 49% (n=49). After lecture tutorials and classroom voting response systems improvement was to 73% (n=72) Using a multiple-group comparison approach, similar earning gains were also observed when using visual-assessment and tutorial activities. Moreover, data from a Likert-style attitude survey of 264 undergraduates showed that, although they did not report a clear preference for one instructional mode over the other, the majority of students believed that the active and collaborative nature of the activities helped them learn. The results of this study add weight to the notion that most modern pedagogies are superior to traditional lecture, and that although the relative impacts of particular pedagogies are mostly indistinguishable from one another, they are all are better than traditional lecture alone
Social Media and the Fear of Missing Out: Scale Development and Assessment
Get PDFFor many, viewing social media causes them to relate their own lives to what they are seeing or reading, resulting in feelings that they are somehow missing out. It is suggested that the fear of missing out influences decision making and behavior. The current research explores the measurement of FOMO, focusing on scale development and validation. Using extant scales for inadequacy, irritability, anxiety, and self- esteem, a list of items (n=37), postulated to measure FOMO, was created. In addition to the scale items, questions to assess behavioral and demographic characteristic were included. A pre-test of the survey instrument was conducted (n=30). The final survey was administered electronically, resulting in a useable sample of n=202. Principal components analysis resulted in a 10 item, 3-factor solution explaining 71% of the overall variance. The three factors performed reasonably well all with Cronbach’s alpha above or near Nunnally’s suggested .70 (Nunnally, 1978). Using the newly created scale, FOMO scores were calculated for each respondent. Results suggest significant differences in social media consumption across levels of FOMO. Results also suggest significant differences in the use of particular social media based on ones level of FOMO. Limitations include the sample and it is suggested that future research, including confirmatory factor analysis, should be conducted
Lake Drawdown Revisited: The Value Of Two Inches Of Water
Get PDFThis paper uses a hedonic price model to estimate the impact of water level on the value of real estate on Lake Koshkonong in Wisconsin. Hedonic techniques are employed to show that a reduction in the lake’s water level has a significant effect on shoreline property values. The body of existing research demonstrates that changes in both the subjective and objective indicators of value are important for estimating the implicit value of water quality in hedonic analysis. This paper provides new evidence on the economic harm to lake communities created by the reduction of water levels
Bot Herding With RSS
Get PDFStudents in a large, introductory IT course created individual RSS feeds that pointed to personal content and syndicated, course-related content. In a relatively short period the class had amassed approximately 1000 web resources. The process paralleled one of a benevolent bot herder; the outcome stimulated an interest in social computing
An Empirical Examination Of The Nexus Between Information Systems And Organizational Performance Behaviors Of Quick - Service Restaurants In Port Harcourt
Get PDFThis study examined the association of information systems and organizational performance behavior. The population of the study was 156 top echelon members of the selected organizations; whereas the sample size was 112 as determined using the Taro Yemen’s formula. Questionnaire was the instrument for data collection. Data were presented using descriptive statistics and hypotheses were tested with the Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation Coefficient and results showed that there is a significant association of three dimensions of information systems with the measures of organizational performance. The study concluded that adoption of information systems in the fast food outlets is capable of bringing about better performance because it allows the organizations to:(1) have hands- on information on virtually every bit of its operations, (2) promotes prudent and transparent resource application and (3) makes organizations to speedily and flexibly respond to service requests. The study recommended that: (1) Organizations should ensure that reasonable attention is accorded the application of information systems in the running of its operations by giving it a priority attention during resource allocations. (2) Staff should be periodically trained on the use of information systems’ supporting technologies so that everyone in the organization can use the systems effectively, and (3) Good systems development experts should be consulted periodically to analyze and design new systems or update existing ones to match with organizations’ current realities