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A Comparative Case Study on The Tourism between Saudi and Japanese Small and Medium Enterprise: The Perspective of Leader-Member Exchange Theory (LMX) and Disruptive Innovation
Get PDF大阪産業大学博士（経営学）2022年度The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between leadership and organizational innovation in Saudi and Japanese Tourism Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). The study analysis the effect of Leader-Member Exchange Theory (LMX) as a tool to be used to generate Disruptive Innovation. Although many studies in the literature have shown the importance of LMX and Disruptive Innovation, only a few studies have examined the correlational relationship between LMX and Disruptive Innovation. The main question of this thesis is: what is the effect that LMX has on Disruptive Innovation when applied in tourism SMEs? A quantitative methodology has been utilized to answer the research questions. Structured interviews were conducted with Saudi and Japanese tourism SMEs. Our analysis shows a strong correlation between LMX and Disruptive Innovation. companies that used LMX were able to produce Disruptive Innovation in their products and services. However, there are some limitations such as the limited number of companies that have been selected for analysis. Future research may increase the number of companies and use mixed methodology to analyze the relationship between LMX and Disruptive Innovation.
＜Abstract of Doctoral Dissertation＞
A Study on Leader-Member Exchange and Disruptive Innovation in the Age of Industry 4.0: With a Special Reference to the Saudi and Japanese Tourism Small and Medium Enterprises
Name：ALMALOY Yasser
Ⅰ Background/ Objectives and Goals
The relationship between The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Japan date back to 1955. Since that time, the two countries have developed strong relationship based on respect and cooperation. Economically Saudi Arabia and Japan have strong and old partnership. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia supply Japan with oil and chemical products, and on the other hand Saudi Arabia import cars, excavator machines and electricity products. In April 2016, the kingdom has announced the implementation of “Vision 2030” which considered one of the biggest and most ambitious projects in the world. The vision is a roadmap for The Kingdom to achieve economic and social stability, and to be a much more effective player in the development of the global economy. From “Vision 2030” the “Saudi Japan Vison 2030” was born, which was announced in September 2019 when Crown Prince “Mohamed Bin Salman” visited Japan. One of the main goals of the “Saudi Japan Vision 2030” is to develop and assist Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and the tourism sector.
This research is comparative research between tourism SMEs in Saudi Arabia and Japan, and it aims to support the vision by doing research in the tourism industry. This paper aims to address the changes that are happening to organizations around the world due to the Fourth Industrial Revolution. These changes have made the competition between organizations more sever, and new changes always bring new challenges. When there is a new challenge or task, a new solution is required to overcome that challenge. That is why in this paper the role that innovation plays in the Saudi and Japanese tourism Small and Medium Enterprises will be investigated.
Ignoring innovation means that organizations will decrease their chances of overcoming the new challenges and opportunities that is caused by changes caused by the Forth Industrial Revolution. In this research I will examine the effect of Leader and Member Exchange Theory (LMX), on Disruptive Innovation (DI) in the Saudi and Japanese tourism Small and Medium Enterprises. In this paper the effect of the fourth Industrial Revolution technologies on both Leader and Member Exchange Theory (LMX) and Disruptive Innovation in the Saudi and Japanese tourism Small and Medium Enterprises will be examined. Finally, Small and Medium Enterprises play a pivotal role in the advancement of economy of advanced countries and is considered an effective tool when dealing with the problem of unemployment. In addition to that, tourism is a great economic resource, and it helps countries to introduce their culture, customs and traditions to other countries which can help in the international understanding and acceptance of other cultures. This has been taking into consideration, and one of the goals of this paper is to encourage the sector of tourism in the Saudi and Japanese tourism Small and Medium Enterprises through research, and by analyzing the role leadership plays in organizations.
Ⅱ Field of Research
The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between leadership and disruptive innovation in Saudi and Japanese tourism SMEs. The research scope is going to be Makkah Region in Saudi Arabia and Kansai Region in Japan. The reason behind the selection of these two regions is the similarities they have. For example, both regions have many tourist attractions, and since this research is investigating the tourism SMEs, it makes perfect sense to select these two regions. For instance, in Makkah Region there are Jeddah City, Madinah City and Makkah City, which are very popular tourist destinations in Saudi Arabia. On the other hand, in Kansai Region we have Kyoto City, Osaka city and Nara City, which also considered a very popular places for tourists in Japan. In addition to that, Makkah Region and Kansai Region are both close to other popular tourist attractions. For example, Makkah Region is close to Neom City and Qeddaiyah project that are considered one of the biggest tourism projects in the world. On the other hand, Kansai Region is also close to Wakayama Prefecture, Hyogo Prefecture that are also consider a popular tourist attraction in Western Japan. All these similarities make the two regions a perfect choice for this research scope.
This research is based on the theoretical research centered on “Leaders-Member Exchange Theory” and “Disruptive Innovation” and how can the Saudi and Japanese Tourism Small and Medium Enterprises realize disruptive innovation in their organizations and achieve a long-term competitive advantage. This paper is attempting to analyze the possibility for small and medium enterprises to use LMX theory to enhance Disruptive Innovation abilities. Therefore, the theoretical scope and the practical scope of this research are as follows.
1.Leader-Member Exchange Theory
Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory is considered one of the most famous and useful approaches to study the relationship between leadership process and leadership outcomes. It was first developed by Graeri and colleagues in 1975 under the name Vertical Dyad Theory (Dansereau et al., 1975: 47). LMX is different from other theories because the aim of other traditional leadership theories is to understand and explain the personal characteristics of leaders, or the situation in which leaders perform their leadership. However, what distinguishes LMX from other leadership theories is that LMX theory focuses on the dyadic relationship between leaders and members. In other words, what makes LMX unique is its ability to analyze human relationship and the interaction that happens between leaders and members and the affect it has on organizations.
LMX is said to have a great and positive influence on organizational performance. For instance, increasing in performance ratings, better overall satisfaction for employees, good relationship with supervisors, and leads to more organizational commitment (Gerstner, C. R., and Day, D. V., 1997: 829). In addition to that, LMX can have a great positive effect on both leaders and members and the overall organizational performance. These positive characteristics can help organizations to be successful. This is one of the reasons that led me to choose LMX as one of the main theories in this research. Finally, in this paper the relationship between LMX theory and innovation performance in small and medium enterprises will be analyzed. In addition to that the effect of the Fourth Industrial Revolution technology on LMX and innovation levels will be also investigated.
2.Disruptive Innovation Theory
The second theory that will be discussed in this research paper is Disruptive Innovation Theory. The theory was introduced and popularized by the Harvard University’s Business School professor Clayton Christensen. According to some research Disruptive Innovation is an effective tool that has the power to broaden existing market and create completely new markets with new line of customers. These changes that Disruptive Innovation makes can disrupt the market and lead dominant and strong companies to lose their market share and their popularity among customers (Dan, Y., and Chieh, H. C. 2008: 435).
Disruptive Innovation happens when the main player of the market continues to dominate the market by focusing on the main customers and continue to develop the products and services that the main customers prefer. They ignore making new products or focusing on other customers because most customers are satisfied with their products or services. On the other hand, new entrants of the market are developing a new set of products and services for the neglected customers by dominant companies. The new entrants continue to develop their new products and services until they reach a point where the main customers start to adopt their products and services. At this point when they the dominant players of the market realize that the value of their products have decreased due to the effect of the new products introduced by the new entrants, they try to catch up but usually fail to do so. The new entrants with their disruptive innovative products and services continue to climb up the ladder until they cause the dominant companies to exit the market or at least survive with little resources and base of customers.
3. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in the advancement of the economic and social wellbeing of countries. They are considered a great tool that can be used to solve the issue of unemployment in societies. In addition to that, SMEs are considered an innovation machine, where many great inventions can be tested and sent to the market to be consumed by regular customers and companies. SMEs provide big companies and factories with necessary materials that are vital in the making of some products.
Although SMEs can be a great element for the wellbeing of economies and societies, there are certain factors that can threaten the survival of SMEs. For example, the survival of SMEs depends on their response towards the market and towards the products and services that meet the needs of the local and international customers (Ale Ebrahim, et al., 2009: 916). In other words, SMEs need to be responsive and act quickly and decisively towards the new challenges in the market. One of the great solutions that can be used by SMEs to be responsive and to survive in tough markets is innovation (Bigliardi, B., et al., 2011: 84). Due to the changes that are caused by the technology of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the new machines that entered the market almost every day, companies of all sizes face the threat of losing their market share and exit the market. In addition to the technology of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, new regulations and policies by governments and global organizations can also create unwanted changes that organizations will have to deal with. New challenges require new solutions, and here comes the value of innovation.
One of the main arguments of this paper is that SMEs can use innovation to overcome the challenges that are caused by the continues changes in today’s global market. In this research the focus will be on the Saudi and Japanese tourism Small and Medium Enterprises. As mentioned before, the scope of this research is going to be Makkah Region in Saudi Arabia and Kansai Region in Japan. The factors that lead to the enhancement of innovation performance in Saudi and Japanese SMEs will be analyzed. Specifically, this paper will measure the effect of LMX theory on Disruptive Innovation levels in tourism Saudi and Japanese SMEs.
III Methods
In this research, I would like to establish a theoretical framework by conducting a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) on Leader-Member Exchange Theory (LMX) and Disruptive Innovation theory. After that I would like to analyze the dynamics of LMX and Disruptive Innovation in tourism SMEs in Saudi Arabia and Japan. First, I would like to utilize the following search engines to conduct my SLR which is the theoretical part of this paper. The search engines are Osaka Sangyo University database, Google scholar, Scopus, and web of science. A through and detailed search will be conducted to cover the previous research on the topics of leadership and innovation in general, and LMX and Disruptive Innovation in particular. Specifically, I would like to review the research regarding LMX theory and SMEs and the impact it has on innovation levels. Next, in this research a qualitative method will be applied where participants will be interviewed, and their response will be recorded and analyzed. Since this research is comparative research, the interviews will take place in Saudi Arabia and Japan where the data will be collected from tourism SMEs from both countries. In this paper only high value materials will be used and only authentic papers from companies will be included to ensure that there is validity and transparency in the data used in this research.
IV Research Results and Conclusions
Based on the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) that has been conducted on the theoretical section of this paper, the importance of leadership in enhancing innovation capabilities has been discussed. Especially, the role of Leader-Member Exchange Theory (LMX) in improving the performance of Disruptive Innovation capabilities in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Since trust, safety and transparency are important elements in any innovation activity, in this paper I propose that LMX can help SMEs to improve their Disruptive Innovation performance. According to the SLR that has been conducted, high quality LMX relationship between leaders and members can lead to a safer and more productive environment. Also, a good relationship between leaders and members can encourage members to share their thoughts, feelings and ideas which can enhance creativity abilities and innovation performance. In addition to that, a high-quality relationship between leaders and members can increase the loyalty to the organization, and that can lead to a good innovation result and a good overall organizational performance. Also, the changes that the global market has experienced because of the effect of the Fourth Industrial Revolution has been discussed. In the era of the 4IR a lot of new technologies enter the market continuously. For example, new technologies such as Internet of Things, Big Data, and virtual Reality have changed the global market and posed new challenges for organizations of all sizes. When organizations are faced with new challenges, they need to use new solutions to overcome the challenges they are facing. This requires the organizations of all sizes including SMEs to improve and work on their innovation capabilities. The reason why is because without strong creativity and innovation capabilities, their ability to face new challenges that are the result of changes that happen to the market will be affected negatively.
In this paper, the importance of Disruptive Innovation for SMEs, and the need for them to use LMX leadership style as a tool to enhance their innovation abilities has been mentioned. I believe that leadership and innovation are inseparable, and the role of leaders in helping members to be creative and innovative is huge and without the leadership support innovation results can be difficult to achieve. Based on the discussion above, I conclude that the Fourth Industrial Revolution has substantial effect on the global market and has made a lot of changes. These new changes have brought with them new challenges and opportunities. This require all organizations to strengthen their innovation capabilities to be able to deal with novel challenges and seize the new opportunities.
Finally, based on the SLR that has been done in this research paper we concluded that SMEs will benefit from LMX as an effective tool to increase their Disruptive Innovation performance. Innovation requires a safe and transparent environment, and the use of LMX leadership style will provide the safety and security that will assist members to be more creative and innovative.
V Contributions
As mentioned above, this study aims to analyze the effect of LMX theory on Disruptive Innovation performance in Saudi and Japanese tourism SMEs. It also aims to shed light on the effect of the Fourth Industrial Revolution technology on leadership and innovation in SMEs. This paper will contribute to the existing literature of leadership and innovation practically and theoretically. The following points will demonstrate the contribution of this paper:
1.Theoretical Contribution
This study will contribute to the improvement of Disruptive Innovation theory by providing a clear framework for Disruptive Innovation when applied in SMEs in the age of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. It will extend the theory by analyzing the relationship between LMX Theory and Disruptive Innovation in SMEs environments and come up with a coherent model that explains the relationship in a clear way. Secondly, I argue that LMX theory is a leadership style that focuses on human relationships in organizations and use it as a tool to enhance disruptive innovation performance in SMEs, this paper provides a new angle for studying the relationship between leadership and innovation. Finally, this study emphasizes the importance of the technology and services of the Fourth Industrial Revolution era, and how it relates to other important factors like innovation and leadership.
2.Practical Contribution
One of the objectives of this study is also to improve SMEs innovation practices, which can help leaders to increase their innovation capacities. This study provides a practical contribution by suggesting a clear strategy that stem from LMX theory that aim to enhance organizational and innovation performance in SMEs. A clear framework that combines the two theories of LMX and Disruptive Innovation will be analyzed and that will contribute to the enhancement of the overall performance of SMEs. In addition to that, this study aims to provide a clear explanation of the role that the technology of the Fourth Industrial Revolution plays in tourism SMEs, which can assist leaders to make full use of the technology and use it to their advantage. Finally, this study has a direct relationship to the “Saudi Japan Vision 2030”, which aims to improve tourism industry in Saudi Arabia and Japan.doctoral thesi
Research on Consumer Churn Prediction in E-commerce Based on Machine Learning
Get PDF大阪産業大学博士（経営学）2022年度インターネットの普及とIT 技術の発達と共にオンライン購買が増え始めた。インターネット上で商品を売買するEC サイト市場の拡大を背景に、市場内での顧客獲得競争が起きている。顧客は企業の最も重要な資産の一つとして、企業の市場競争力と業績の向上に非常に重要な役割を果たしている。しかし、激しい市場競争の中で顧客は多くの製品やサービスプロバイダから容易に選択することができ、企業では顧客の流出が発生する可能性がある。一方、パレート法則によると、企業の80%の利益は20%の顧客から生み出す。これで、企業が市場の優位性を維持するために、既存の顧客資源をどのように流出を避けるか、そして、既存の顧客をどのように利用するかはすでに企業が直面している重要な問題となっている。
顧客関係管理（Customer Relationship Management：CRM）とは情報技術の援用、すなわちデータを用いて顧客を識別し、顧客に対して顧客ごとに合ったダイレクト・メッセージを配信するなどで満足させ、顧客維持につなげていくものとされて、顧客と企業とのあらゆる接点や接触履歴を全て管理し、それをもとに顧客との関係性を深めて維持することで顧客満足度や顧客のロイヤルティを向上させ、収益の拡大を目指すマネジメント手法である。顧客ロイヤルティを高めるためには顧客データの分析が不可欠である。顧客関係管理に関する先行研究によると、顧客流出予測技術を用いて流出する可能性がある顧客を識別して、予測結果に基づいてマーケティング戦略を改善し、既存の顧客を維持することで業績損失を効果的に防止することができる。そのため、実務と理論の両側面から見ると、企業と顧客の関係性を構築するCRMシステムが重視しなければならない。
ほとんどのショッピングサイトでは、 Webサーバとデータベースサーバが連携して動作している。データベースサーバには、顧客情報、商品情報、在庫情報、販売情報などが保管され、Webサイトの訪問者が入力した情報が、リアルタイムにデータベースに書き込まれて更新される。一方、ビッグデータとクラウドコンピューティングなど情報技術の発達によって、消費者の購買データなどの消費者行動データは容易に収集、保存できるようになった。CRMは2000年頃から研究対象となったものの、データを活用するマーケティング手法である。しかし、EC企業にとってもCRMにおける顧客の購買行動データの分析と顧客流出予測に関する研究はあまり進んでいない。多様なデータに顧客流出予測手法が完全に対応されないため、各業界が多くのデータを保有しているにも関わらず適切な活用方法がまだ確立されていない。そのため、本文はCRMに関する先行研究文献の調査により、機械学習に基づくイーコマースにおける新たな顧客流出予測モデルを提案した。
近年では機械学習が実務でも浸透し始めたが、顧客流出予測に関する研究の多くは電信、銀行、小売などの業界に集中して、B2Cイーコマースの顧客流出予測に関する研究は少ない。さらに従来の研究はPOSデータに基づいて消費者セグメンテーションを行うこと多かったが、機械学習を用いてネットビジネスユーザーデータにおける顧客流出予測モデルの構築と消費者行動の予測が少ない。本研究の目的は機械学習AdaBoostを採用して「セグメンテーション・ファースト」（Segmentation-First）モデルの有効性を検討し、CRMの観点からB2Cイーコマースのために新しい顧客セグメンテーションと顧客流出予測の手法を提供し、人工知能技術を利用して顧客関係管理を行う。最終の目的は企業のために合理的で有効なマーケティング戦略を制定し、経営のコストを下げることである。
本研究では、イーコマースの発展とEC顧客購買行動の多様性及びビッグデータ情報技術の背景に基づいて、オンライン購買行動と購買時間の特徴を分析し、B2Cイーコマースのマーケティングの顧客セグメンテーションと顧客流出予測の学術論文におけるセグメンテーションと予測実施の手法を総括した上で、RF−PACVモデルと「セグメンテーション・ファースト」モデルを提案した。多種類の機械学習アルゴリズムを用いた顧客流出予測の精度を考察して、その後、各種の機械学習アルゴリズムの予測性能を比較し、B2Cイーコマースデータ分析における機械学習の有効性・実用性を議論する。
本論文は7つの章で構成されている。はじめに序論として本研究の背景と目的を説明し、イーコマース環境における消費者のオンラインショッピングの発展傾向とビッグデータ情報技術がイーコマース企業の管理に与える影響を分析した。イーコマース企業が競争しているため、オンラインショッピングの顧客はある会社から別の
会社に転換しやすく、このような現状は企業の顧客の流出を招く可能性がある。そこで、本論文では顧客の流出予測の研究を展開する。
第Ⅰ章「顧客セグメンテーションとCRMに関する先行研究」では、従来の研究はRFMモデル分析に基づいて顧客セグメンテーションを行うことが多かったが、顧客の購買行動、購買意識と意思決定などの情報を把握することが難しい。このため、本章はKotler と Keller（2008）が提示した顧客セグメンテーションの基準に基づき、各種顧客セグメンテーション方法の特徴を詳しく分析し、B2Cイーコマース顧客セグメンテーション方法を提示し顧客セグメンテーションの研究構想を明示する。一方、近年、企業と顧客との関係性の構築を重要視するマーケティングが注目されている。本章で、CRMの概念からCRM におけるデータと分析方法、およびCRM におけるデータの必要性とデータの位置づけを説き、また、CRMの先行研究について説明している。
第Ⅱ章「顧客流出予測に関する先行研究」では、まず機械学習の基本概念、機械学習におけるデータ活用の流れ、および基本手法とその応用を述べる。また、顧客流出は企業の経営業績に直接影響し、流出する可能性がある顧客をどのようにして残すかということに注目する。そのため、本章では先行研究の現状を分析し、電信、銀行、小売などの業界に顧客消費データを用いて顧客行動を予測しているマーケティングの先行研究についてレビューを行うとともに、顧客流出予測の手法について述べる。
次に第Ⅲ章「顧客流出予測モデリングの基礎理論」では、予測モデルを構築するためには、多種類の機械学習アルゴリズムが必要になる。そこで、本章は既存の顧客流出予測アルゴリズムの理論とその方法を述べる。各種のアルゴリズムの手順をそれぞれ紹介する。本章で用いたアルゴリズムは、k平均法（k-means）、ランダムフォレスト（Random Forest：RF）、ロジスティック回帰（Logistic Regression:LR）、サポートベークタマシン（Support Vector Machine: SVM）、誤差逆伝播法によるニューラルネットワーク（Back Propagation Neural Network: BPNN）、アダブースト（AdaBoost）である。これらのアルゴリズムは第Ⅳ章の実証研究に用いられ、その後、これらの性能とその応用についても考察する
次に第Ⅳ章「顧客流出予測の実証研究」では、B2Cのオンライン購入行動と購入時間は他の購入方式と大きく異なるためである。本章は顧客流出予測に関する先行研究に基づき、実証研究を展開する。本研究はAlibaba Cloud Tianchiプラットフォームからデータベースからのデータセットをもとに原始データセットとして用いて、顧客流出予測モデル構築には、それぞれロジスティック回帰、サポートベクターマシン、誤差逆伝播法によるニューラルネットワークとアダブーストの4種類の予測アルゴリズムを用いた。そして、この4つのアルゴリズムの予測性能を比較する。これらの結果は、企業管理者または企業の顧客関係管理のための顧客保持ポリシーの策定に参考になる。
第Ⅴ章「考察」では、顧客セグメンテーションの結果に基づいて、顧客セグメンテーション後の顧客群の消費行動の特徴を検討する。また、4種類のアルゴリズムの予測モデルの結果を基に、予測モデルの有効性・有用性と理論価値を検討する。
最後に結論では、顧客セグメンテーションと各モデルの予測性能の結果について、顧客セグメンテーション方法と予測モデルがイーコマース企業のマーケティング戦略の制定に与える影響を議論する。実証研究の結果についての考察に基づき、本研究の学術的な貢献とB2Cイーコマース企業の顧客関係管理の現実的意義についてまとめ、今後の課題を述べる。doctoral thesi
Pedagogical Materials in Museums for French Language Learning: an Analitical Case Study of the Carnavalet Museum
Get PDFThis study focuses on language learning activities in museums and analyzes French pedagogical materials in the Carnavalet Museum, namely, （i） resources used to facilitate learning, （ii） the linguistic features of instruction to learners, and （iii） the socio-cultural knowledge embedded in learning activities. Results show, （i） maps, photographs, pictograms and illustrations are used to facilitate visual comprehension;（ii） the use of choice-type questions that can be answered by novice learners and second-person questions that encourage the learners’ self-expression; and（iii） knowledge of Paris’ geography, transport system, exhibits and social rules of the museum are found embedded in the process of engaging in French language learning activities.departmental bulletin pape
Examination of Analytical Method for Acetaminophen Metabolites in River Water to Complement Wastewater-based Epidemiology
Get PDFThe outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease （COVID-19） is a global threat, and the introduction of sewage surveillance to detect viral genomes in sewage is being considered. However, there are challenges in the cost-effectiveness of this wastewater-based epidemiological study. In this study, we focused on antipyretic analgesics, which are frequently used during the onset of infectious diseases, and investigated methods for the analysis of acetaminophen and acetaminophen metabolites in environmental water. By optimizing the pre-treatment and analysis methods, it became possible to recover and measure target substances in river water, including impurities, and we found this to be a possible method to complement wastewater-based epidemiology.departmental bulletin pape
