Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law (MJSL)
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TAX AS ILLEGAL GOVERNMENT POLICY? A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF TAX LEGALITY IN CLASSICAL TEXTS THE MASLAHAT AMMAH PERSPECTIVE
No full textThe legality of taxation in Islam is always brought up because it is equated with the behaviour of max (the collection of tribute) which is prohibited in the hadith. Such a narrative has led to polemics over the legality and halalness of taxes, which has serious problems affecting many people. The author wants to shift the study of taxes so that it is not studied from the angle of the text, thus losing the substance and relevance to the main Islamic values. Taxes should be analysed through the benefit that is the essence of sharia. This is because there is no sharia message except for the purpose of benefit. This research is a literature study with a conceptual approach using descriptive-analytical. This research found that everyone is obliged to contribute to the government through taxes for the sake of benefit. This is because the relationship between the people and the government is symbiotic. The legality of this tax is based on the benefit in the form of priority, emergency, helping, and mitigation principles. As for the collection and tasaruf of taxes, it is based on prudential principles by not causing harm to the people and being optimal in tasaruf. Its management is likened to a guardian who manages his guardianship property.The legality of taxation in Islam is always brought up because it is equated with the behaviour of max (the collection of tribute) which is prohibited in the hadith. Such a narrative has led to polemics over the legality and halalness of taxes, which has serious problems affecting many people. The author wants to shift the study of taxes so that it is not studied from the angle of the text, thus losing the substance and relevance to the main Islamic values. Taxes should be analysed through the benefit that is the essence of shariah. This is because there is no shariah message except for the purpose of benefit. This research is a literature study with a conceptual approach using descriptive-analytical. This research found that everyone is obliged to contribute to the government through taxes for the sake of benefit. This is because the relationship between the people and the government is symbiotic. The legality of this tax is based on the benefit in the form of priority, emergency, helping, and mitigation principles. As for the collection and tasaruf of taxes, it is based on prudential principles by not causing harm to the people and being optimal in tasaruf. Its management is likened to a guardian who manages his guardianship property
STRATEGIC ROLES OF MAQASID SHARIAH ON DIGITAL ADOPTION BY B-40 MUSLIM ENTREPRENEURS: A QUALITATIVE INQUIRY
No full textThis study examines the experts\u27 insights into Maqasid-based strategic plans to forestall the challenges of digital adoption among B40 Muslim entrepreneurs. B40 businesses contribute up to 35% of the GDP and provide 70% of jobs in the Malaysian economy. Despite its significant contribution to the Malaysia economy, there seems to be a pocket of failure among the digital adoption of B40 Muslim entrepreneurs in Malaysia, triggering the dire intervention to help B40 Muslim entrepreneurs in digital adoption, particularly in the post-COVID-19 era where entrepreneurs are migrating from offline to online platforms across the globe. The study explores how Maqasid Shariah, which prioritizes the preservation of faith, life, intellect, progeny, and wealth, can guide ethical and inclusive digital transformation. The research involved focus group discussions with experts in various fields like entrepreneurship, digital tools, Islamic finance, and Maqasid Shariah using qualitative methods. We focused on Muslim entrepreneurs to offer valuable insights into how cultural and religious factors influence their digital strategies, thereby enhancing their empowerment and success. The FGD session investigates how Maqasid Shariah principles can guide the ethical and inclusive adoption of digital technologies. The study uses NVIVO-15 software to describe the implication of frequency terms and the consensus matrix among the informants. The results offer strategic insights and policy recommendations to improve digital inclusion, economic resilience, and well-being for B40 Muslim entrepreneurs while respecting their religious and cultural values. This approach could also serve as a model for other Muslim communities aiming to align digitalization with Islamic principles
ISLAMIC SOCIAL FINANCE AND SDG 2: MEASURING THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS AND MALAY TRADITION COUNCIL IN PERAK STATE
Full text linkSustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are becoming the global pressure to ascertain sustainable development in a country or any institutional level worldwide. It affects the policymakers in providing future direction and responding to current developments. Thus, the study attempts to examine the performance of Majlis Agama Islam dan \u27Adat Melayu Perak/Islamic Religious and Malay Tradition Council in Perak State (MAIPk), Malaysia, on the SDGs achievement, which relates to the issue of zero hunger in the society. The study adopts in-depth interviews with the stakeholders of MAIPk and performs a survey of Islamic social finance recipients in Perak State, focusing on the monthly financial and food bank assistance programs, which the number of recipients is 11,769 and 25,144 recipients. The finding of the study reveals that MAIPk successfully contributes to the achievement of SDG 2, which create social impact for the recipients, such as an increase in the ability to access healthy food, increase physical and mental health, and motivate the recipient to be involved in altruism activities. The study pioneers the scientific examination of the social impact assessment in the State of Perak, Malaysia case. Additionally, the findings of the study imply that the Islamic social funds\u27 institution needs to increase its awareness of measuring social impact on society instead of only focusing on the output-based measurement
THE TRANSFORMATION OF RUKYAH AL-HILAL: INTEGRATING DIGITAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY IN ISLAMIC MOON SIGHTING PRACTICES
Full text linkRukyah is a method used to ascertain the start of the Islamic month by observing the sight of the new moon. The purpose of this study is to examine the transformation of traditional rukyah al-hilāl practices with the integration of modern technological tools, specifically digital imaging and telescopes. By analysing classical and contemporary Islamic scholarly perspectives, this research seeks to evaluate how these technological advancements impact the process of moon sighting, which is central to determining the Islamic calendar. The methodology employed in this study is qualitative, utilising a comparative analysis of classical juristic texts from scholars. Data was collected through literature review and analysis of relevant fatwas and scholarly discussions on the permissibility and effectiveness of technological aids in rukyah al-hilāl. The results indicate a clear transformation in the acceptance of technology, with contemporary scholars endorsing the use of telescopes and digital imaging to enhance the accuracy and reliability of moon sighting. While classical scholars acknowledged the use of basic visual aids, they emphasised the importance of direct visual observation. This study is original in its comprehensive examination of how Islamic jurisprudence is adapting to modern technological developments in moon sighting, an area that has not been extensively studied. The implications of this research are significant for Islamic legal institutions, as it provides a framework for integrating technology into religious practices while maintaining alignment with the principles of Islamic jurisprudence. It also highlights the potential for further advancements in the field, paving the way for future discussions on the intersection of faith and science
SHARĪ’AH SUPERVISORY BOARDS IN MALAYSIAN ISLAMIC BANKS: EMERGING ISSUES, CHALLENGES, AND RESPONSES
Full text linkThis study investigated the key challenges that Sharī’ah Supervisory Boards (SSBs) face while performing their duties in Islamic banking in Malaysia. These challenges included institutional, operational, legal, jurisprudential, and professional obstacles, which impede SSB members from carrying out their responsibilities and tasks effectively. A significant issue highlighted in the study is the shortage of experts in Fiqh MuꜤāmalāt (Islamic transactions jurisprudence), complicating the development of new financial products, exploring innovative Ijtihād (independent reasoning by an expert in Islamic law) trends, and discussing contemporary and emerging issues in Islamic finance. Given these challenges, the study aimed to analyze the hurdles facing SSBs and suggest solutions to address them. The study utilized both descriptive and analytical methods to understand the barriers and their link to directives issued by the Sharī’ah Advisory Council (SAC) of the Central Bank of Malaysia. Additionally, the study discussed the continuous evolution in the Islamic banking sector, which requires Sharī’ah rulings to adapt to changes in time and place through the expertise of well-informed jurists. The study’s key findings revealed a range of institutional, legal, operational, and jurisprudential challenges, with proposed solutions including strengthening the role of SSBs in banks, diversifying investment instruments, and encouraging Islamic financial engineering to create alternative Islamic banking products that align with Sharī’ah principles while meeting customer needs. These results offer valuable insights into the operation of Islamic banking in Malaysia and guide for addressing and resolving the challenges and difficulties encountered by SSBs
THE INFLUENCE OF MALIKI JURISPRUDENCE ON THE FRENCH CIVIL LAW IN TERMS OF THE OPPOSABILITY OF THE RELATIVE EFFECT OF CONTRACT TO THIRD PARTIES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Full text linkتقدم هذه الورقة دراسة مقارنة لمواقف الفقه المالكي والقانون المدني الفرنسي فيما يتعلق بقضية حجية آثار العقود في مواجهة غير المتعاقدين. وتركز الدراسة على ثلاث دعاوى رئيسية تشكل استثناءات لمبدأ نسبية آثار العقود: الدعوى غير المباشرة، والدعوى البوليسية، والدعوى بإعلان المحاكاة. وقد أظهرت الورقة كيف أن الفقه المالكي، على الرغم من نشأته في سياق تاريخي متميز، قد قدم نهجًا متطورًا لهذه القضايا من خلال تطبيق قواعد مرنة وشاملة تتوافق بشكل أساسي مع المبادئ الراسخة للقانون المدني الفرنسي الحديث. وكشف التحليل المقارن عن تقارب كبير بين النظامين القانونيين من حيث المبادئ والأحكام الأساسية، على الرغم من مصادرهما وأسسهما المتباينة. وهذا يؤكد على إمكانية الاستفادة من التراث الفقهي الإسلامي لإعلام وتعزيز تطوير الأطر القانونية المعاصرة.This paper presents a comparative study of the stances of Maliki jurisprudence and French civil law regarding the opposability of the effects of contracts on non-contracting parties. The study focuses on three central claims that serve as exceptions to the principle of the relativity of contract effects: the indirect action, the Paulian action, and the action for declaration of simulation. This paper employs a qualitative methodology that combines analytical and inductive approaches. It draws on primary sources of Maliki jurisprudence, French legal codes, and contemporary legal studies to examine the historical trends and practical applications of these mechanisms in law. The paper demonstrates how Maliki jurisprudence, despite its origins in a distinct historical context, has offered a sophisticated approach to these issues through the application of flexible and comprehensive rules that fundamentally comply with the established tenets of modern French civil law, particularly in protecting creditors’ rights and regulating the effects of contracts on third parties. The study highlights a significant convergence between Maliki jurisprudence and French civil law regarding sources, foundational principles, and legal structures. While Maliki jurisprudence relies on general and flexible principles, French civil law establishes more precise and codified rules. Despite these differences, their substantial overlap offers a valuable opportunity to integrate elements of Maliki jurisprudence into French civil laws. Such an integration could enhance transactional fairness and strengthen the protection of contracting parties\u27 interests
SOCIAL FINANCE INNOVATION: QARDH-WA’AD FOR SUSTAINABLE BAZNAS MICROFINANCE DESA (BMD) FINANCING THROUGH PRODUCTIVE ZAKAT
Full text linkThis study examines innovations in the distribution of productive zakat carried out by BAZNAS Microfinance Desa (BMD) through a combination of qardh and wa\u27ad contracts, as well as the legal culture of the community in financing schemes in Bogor and Bukittinggi, Indonesia. Data were collected using multiple methods, including document analysis, in-depth interviews, direct observation, and Focus Group Discussions. The study finds that BMD employs the qardh contract as the foundation for distributing productive zakat funds. The use of a commitment sheet (wa’ad) as a guarantee for fund repayment further reinforces this mechanism. BMD adopts a community-based financing approach that aligns with the Indonesian cultural value of gotong royong, which emphasizes mutual cooperation. Data analysis, conducted through a cyclical approach, reveals that the application of qardh mechanism with wa’ad contract— alongside specific eligibility requirements—is effective in generating sustainable impact. The findings indicate that this community-based model significantly contributes to the success of fund recovery. The study suggests combining different contractual instruments in the allocation of productive zakat, within the framework of social financing, has the potential to yield substantial and enduring benefits for the wider community. The implications of this study extend to the realm of a novel approach to the distribution of productive zakat, one that utilizes the legal culture of the community
التحديات القانونية للخطر السيبراني على المعاملات التجارية: LEGAL CHALLENGES OF CYBER RISK ON COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS
Full text linkأصبح الخطر السيبراني من أبرز التهديدات التي تواجه المجتمعات الحديثة، حيث يعتمد المهاجمون على الفضاء السيبراني لتنفيذ هجمات إلكترونية غير قانونية تستهدف البيانات والمعلومات الحساسة. هذه الهجمات، التي تتزايد مع التحول الرقمي وانتشار المعاملات التجارية الإلكترونية، تشكل تحديًا كبيرًا في مجالات الأمن السيبراني والقانوني على حد سواء. ومع أن الخطر السيبراني يختلف عن المخاطر التقليدية بكونه غير ملموس وغير مرئي، فإن تأثيره يمكن أن يكون واسع النطاق على الأفراد والشركات والمؤسسات. يهدف هذا البحث إلى تسليط الضوء على التحديات القانونية المرتبطة بالخطر السيبراني وتأثيره على المعاملات التجارية الإلكترونية. يتناول البحث كيفية مواجهة هذه التحديات من خلال تحليل الآليات القانونية المتاحة والبحث عن حلول يمكن أن تقلل من تأثير الهجمات السيبرانية. كما يركز على أهمية تعزيز الأمن السيبراني، الذي يشكل وسيلة أساسية لحماية المعلومات والمعاملات التجارية في العصر الرقمي، مع التأكيد على ضرورة توفير الموارد التقنية والبشرية لتحقيقه. اعتمد البحث على المنهج الوصفي والتحليلي في دراسة ظاهرة "الخطر السيبراني" وتحديد أبعاده وسبل التصدي له. كما تم تحليل مفهوم "الأمن السيبراني" من جوانب متعددة، بما في ذلك التحديات التقنية والقانونية التي تعيق تحقيقه بفعالية. توصلت الدراسة إلى عدة نتائج مهمة، منها أن الخطر السيبراني يشكل تهديدًا غير مرئي يكتشف بعد مرور وقت معين على حدوثه، مما يزيد من صعوبة التصدي له. كما أن تحقيق الأمن السيبراني يحتاج إلى موارد بشرية وتقنية كبيرة للحد من تلك الهجمات. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، أشارت الدراسة إلى الصعوبات التي تواجه شركات التأمين في التعامل مع التأمين على المخاطر السيبرانية، حيث بدأت هذه الشركات تدريجيًا في التأمين عليه بحذر، نظرًا لتعقيداته. أوصت الدراسة بعدة مقترحات للتصدي للخطر السيبراني، منها وضع استراتيجيات وطنية للأمن السيبراني، وتعزيز البنى التحتية لنظم المعلومات والاتصالات، ونشر الوعي بين الأفراد والشركات حول أهمية الأمن السيبراني وضرورة استخدام التكنولوجيا بشكل آمن وفعال.Cyber risk has become one of the most prominent threats facing modern societies, as attackers rely on cyberspace to carry out illegal cyber-attacks targeting sensitive data and information. These attacks, which are increasing with the digital transformation and the spread of electronic commercial transactions, pose significant challenges in both cybersecurity and legal domains. While cyber risk differs from traditional risks by being intangible and invisible, its impact can be widespread on individuals, companies, and institutions. This research aims to shed light on the legal challenges associated with cyber risk and its impact on electronic commercial transactions. The study addresses how to confront these challenges by analyzing the available legal mechanisms and exploring solutions that may mitigate the effects of cyber-attacks. It also focuses on the importance of enhancing cybersecurity, which is a fundamental means to protect information and commercial transactions in the digital age, emphasizing the need to provide both technical and human resources to achieve it. The research employed a descriptive and analytical approach to study the phenomenon of "cyber risk", define its dimensions, and explore ways to address it. Additionally, the concept of "cybersecurity" was analyzed from multiple perspectives, including the technical and legal challenges that hinder its effective realization. The study arrived at several important findings, including that cyber risk constitutes an invisible threat that is often discovered after a certain period, making it more difficult to counteract. Achieving cybersecurity requires significant human and technical resources to minimize these attacks. Moreover, the study pointed out the difficulties faced by insurance companies in dealing with cyber risk insurance, as they have cautiously begun insuring it due to its complexities. The study recommended several proposals to combat cyber risk, including the development of national cybersecurity strategies, strengthening the infrastructure of information and communication systems, and raising awareness among individuals and companies about the importance of cybersecurity and the necessity of using technology safely and effectively.
ملخص البحث
أصبح الخطر السيبراني من أبرز التهديدات التي تواجه المجتمعات الحديثة، حيث يعتمد المهاجمون على الفضاء السيبراني لتنفيذ هجمات إلكترونية غير قانونية تستهدف البيانات والمعلومات الحساسة. هذه الهجمات، التي تتزايد مع التحول الرقمي وانتشار المعاملات التجارية الإلكترونية، تشكل تحديًا كبيرًا في مجالات الأمن السيبراني والقانوني على حد سواء. ومع أن الخطر السيبراني يختلف عن المخاطر التقليدية بكونه غير ملموس وغير مرئي، فإن تأثيره يمكن أن يكون واسع النطاق على الأفراد والشركات والمؤسسات. يهدف هذا البحث إلى تسليط الضوء على التحديات القانونية المرتبطة بالخطر السيبراني وتأثيره على المعاملات التجارية الإلكترونية. يتناول البحث كيفية مواجهة هذه التحديات من خلال تحليل الآليات القانونية المتاحة والبحث عن حلول يمكن أن تقلل من تأثير الهجمات السيبرانية. كما يركز على أهمية تعزيز الأمن السيبراني، الذي يشكل وسيلة أساسية لحماية المعلومات والمعاملات التجارية في العصر الرقمي، مع التأكيد على ضرورة توفير الموارد التقنية والبشرية لتحقيقه. اعتمد البحث على المنهج الوصفي والتحليلي في دراسة ظاهرة "الخطر السيبراني" وتحديد أبعاده وسبل التصدي له. كما تم تحليل مفهوم "الأمن السيبراني" من جوانب متعددة، بما في ذلك التحديات التقنية والقانونية التي تعيق تحقيقه بفعالية. توصلت الدراسة إلى عدة نتائج مهمة، منها أن الخطر السيبراني يشكل تهديدًا غير مرئي يكتشف بعد مرور وقت معين على حدوثه، مما يزيد من صعوبة التصدي له. كما أن تحقيق الأمن السيبراني يحتاج إلى موارد بشرية وتقنية كبيرة للحد من تلك الهجمات. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، أشارت الدراسة إلى الصعوبات التي تواجه شركات التأمين في التعامل مع التأمين على المخاطر السيبرانية، حيث بدأت هذه الشركات تدريجيًا في التأمين عليه بحذر، نظرًا لتعقيداته. أوصت الدراسة بعدة مقترحات للتصدي للخطر السيبراني، منها وضع استراتيجيات وطنية للأمن السيبراني، وتعزيز البنى التحتية لنظم المعلومات والاتصالات، ونشر الوعي بين الأفراد والشركات حول أهمية الأمن السيبراني وضرورة استخدام التكنولوجيا بشكل آمن وفعال
REGIONAL GOVERNMENT AUTONOMY IN INDONESIA: THE AMBIGUITY OF THE FEDERALISM OR REPUBLIC MODEL
Full text linkOver the years, there has been ongoing debates regarding the optimal role and status of regional governments as representatives of the central government, with a primary focus on the degree of autonomy afforded to local governments. This paper provides a critical analysis of the issues surrounding regional government autonomy within a republican framework. Central to this examination are significant concerns about the relationship between the central government and regional administrations, extending down to the grassroots level, as well as the dynamics between regional governments and village-level administrations. The research methodology employed in this study is doctrinal, scrutinising the Constitution of Indonesia and other relevant legal frameworks concerning regional governance. The findings reveal that constitutional provisions in Indonesia serve as a basis for unwarranted central government interference in regional affairs. Despite the constitutional mandate to free regional governance from central control and allow for independent regional management, practical and ideological challenges persist. The results indicate that while the Indonesian Constitution aims to provide regional governments with significant autonomy, in practice, the central government retains substantial control over regional affairs. This central interference often undermines the effectiveness and independence of regional administrations, particularly at the village level. The study highlights the need for a clearer delineation of powers to enable more effective regional governance. In conclusion, the paper asserts that the republican governmental system inherently supports the existence of regional administrations capable of independent operation. However, constitutional constraints pose significant challenges to achieving a fully autonomous regional governance system. The study proposes that further delegation and realisation of broad and independent regional management should be entrusted to regional governments through comprehensive decentralisation. Nonetheless, achieving this remains challenging due to the prevailing dualistic paradigm of regional autonomy. The paper calls for a more robust framework to ensure true autonomy for regional governments, involving a significant shift in both legal and administrative practices to reduce central government interference and enhance local governance capabilities
MEKANISME PENGUATKUASAAN KESALAHAN MATRIMONI PERKAHWINAN TANPA KEBENARAN BAGI ORANG ISLAM DI NEGERI JOHOR: MECHANISMS FOR THE ENFORCEMENT OF UNAUTHORIZED MATRIMONIAL MARRIAGE FOR MUSLIMS IN THE STATE OF JOHOR
Full text linkThe enforcement of Shariah criminal offenses and civil offenses is generally the primary duty of Islamic Enforcement Officers in each jurisdiction. Among the offenses that these officers are responsible for enforcing are matters related to the marriage of Muslims, including unauthorized marriages. However, the guidelines and mechanisms for enforcing unauthorized marriage offenses are less extensively discussed in theoretical terms, as their enforcement procedures are perceived as less complex compared to more intricate criminal cases. This study aims to examine the guidelines and mechanisms utilized by Islamic enforcement authorities in the State of Johor for the enforcement of unauthorized marriage offenses, with reference to the concept of hisbah in Islamic administration and the pertinent elements of Islamic legal provisions. The study employs a qualitative approach using library documentation methods to gather information regarding the enforcement of marriage offenses, focusing primarily on the Islamic Enforcement Division of Johor. Additionally, the research incorporates semi-structured interviews with two Shariah enforcement officers and one Shariah prosecutor to acquire data on enforcement mechanisms, which are then subjected to content analysis. The findings indicate that the enforcement of unauthorized marriage offenses aligns with the concept of hisbah within its administrative framework, and the concept of unauthorized marriage is consistent with specific elements of the Johor State Islamic Family Law Enactment. The study also identifies four principal guidelines that empower Islamic Enforcement Officers in Johor to carry out their duties. Furthermore, it highlights four key mechanisms employed in the enforcement of unauthorized marriage offenses in the state, which include the receipt of complaints, investigative processes, witness examinations, and searches. This study is deemed necessary to provide a comprehensive understanding of the enforcement of unauthorized marriage offenses, similar to the discourse on Shariah criminal offenses. The study also offers recommendations for addressing the challenges related to the enforcement of unauthorized marriage offenses among Muslims in Johor.
Abstrak
Penguatkuasaan kesalahan jenayah syariah dan kesalahan mal secara umumnya merupakan tanggungjawab utama Pegawai Penguat Kuasa Agama Islam di setiap negeri. Antara kesalahan yang perlu dikuatkuasakan oleh Pegawai Penguat Kuasa Agama Islam termasuklah hal ehwal perkahwinan orang Islam seperti kesalahan matrimoni perkahwinan tanpa kebenaran. Namun, garis panduan dan mekanisme penguatkuasaan kesalahan perkahwinan tanpa kebenaran kurang dibahaskan secara teori dengan lebih terperinci berikutan prosedur pelaksanaannya dianggap lebih mudah berbanding kes jenayah yang lebih kompleks menurut sesetengah pihak. Justeru, kajian ini akan membincangkan mengenai garis panduan dan mekanisme penguat kuasa agama Islam di negeri Johor dalam menjalankan penguatkuasaan kesalahan perkahwinan tanpa kebenaran bersandarkan kepada konsep hisbah dalam pentadbiran Islam dan elemen-elemen perundangan Islam. Kajian yang bersifat kualitatif ini menggunakan metode dokumentasi perpustakaan bertujuan mendapatkan sumber mengenai penguatkuasaan kesalahan matrimoni dengan memfokuskan Bahagian Penguatkuasaan Agama Islam Negeri Johor sebagai objektif utama. Kajian turut mengaplikasikan metode temu bual semi struktur dengan dua orang pegawai penguat kuasa syariah dan seorang pegawai pendakwa syariah untuk mendapatkan data mekanisme penguatkuasaan serta dianalisis secara kandungan. Keseluruhan kajian mendapati penguatkuasaan kesalahan matrimoni perkahwinan tanpa kebenaran adalah selaras dengan konsep hisbah dalam pentadbirannya dan konsep berkahwin tanpa kebenaran bertepatan dengan elemen tertentu dalam peruntukan Enakmen Undang-undang Keluarga Islam negeri Johor. Selain berhasil mengenal pasti empat garis panduan utama yang menjadi punca kuasa setiap Pegawai Penguat Kuasa Agama Islam negeri Johor dalam menjalankan tugas, hasil kajian turut menemui empat mekanisme utama yang diamalkan dalam menguatkuasakan kesalahan berkaitan perkahwinan tanpa kebenaran di negeri ini bermula daripada penerimaan aduan, proses siasatan, pemeriksaan saksi dan penggeledahan. Kajian ini dianggap wajar dilakukan untuk memberi pendedahan dengan lebih terperinci berkenaan penguatkuasaan kesalahan matrimoni perkahwinan tanpa kebenaran seperti mana perbahasan mengenai kesalahan jenayah syariah. Kajian turut mengutarakan cadangan terhadap isu penguatkuasaan kesalahan perkahwinan tanpa kebenaran orang Islam di negeri Johor ini