Scientific Journals of INIA (Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria)
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Climatic zoning of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) in Chile using a species distribution model
Get PDFSalvia hispanica L., known as chia, is a plant species originally from tropical and subtropical Mesoamerica. It is economically important because its seeds produce omega-3, thus its demand has increased in Chile and internationally. As there is no commercial production in Chile, we investigated the places in the country where this species could be cultivated in order to satisfy at the least the national demand. The aim of the study was to quantify the main climatic requirements of chia and to produce a climatic aptitude map for chia cultivation in Chile. The methodology was based on the Maxent species distribution model. We used 78 georeferenced data points where chia is grown throughout the world, mostly from the GBIF database, along with raster climatic layers from the Worldclim project. We estimated the performance curves of annual precipitation and temperature along with their respective optimal and critical values, in analogy with the Ecocrop method. The maps used two scenarios for crops in different conditions, with and without irrigation. The results indicated that the intermediate depression and coastal edge of mainly the Arica y Parinacota, Tarapacá, Antofagasta and Atacama regions have optimum conditions for irrigated crops, but it would be impossible in rainfed conditions. We conclude that chia’s cultivation niche is reduced due to its tropical climate requirements; however, it can be cultivated under irrigation in northern Chile
Influence of plum rootstocks on agronomic performance, leaf mineral nutrition and fruit quality of ‘Catherina’ peach cultivar in heavy-calcareous soil conditions
Get PDFThe agronomic performance and leaf mineral nutrition of the non-melting clingstone peach cv. ‘Catherina’ was evaluated on seven hexaploid plum rootstocks, as well as one Prunus persica seedling. They were assessed over a period of 15 years in a field trial at the Experimental Station of Aula Dei-CSIC (Zaragoza, Spain), located in the Ebro Valley (NE Spain). Growing conditions generated varying levels of tree mortality, the highest with Constantí 1, Monpol and Montizo, whereas all Adesoto, GF 655/2 and PM 105 AD trees survived well. GF 655/2 and P. Soto 67 AD proved to be the most dwarfing rootstocks, while Constantí 1 and Monpol were the most invigorating and generated greater cumulative yields. However, the highest yield efficiency was recorded on GF 655/2 and Montizo, although they did not differ significantly from Adesoto and P. Soto 67 AD. The highest average values for fruit weight were observed on PM 105 AD and the lowest on GF 655/2, but they did not differ significantly from the rest of the rootstocks. The highest average values for the soluble solids content was observed on the Pollizo rootstocks Adesoto and PM 105 AD, followed by P. Soto 67 AD. All rootstocks induced N deficiency, with the exception of Constantí 1, GF 655/2 and Montizo, and iron deficiency, except PM 105 AD. The invigorating rootstock Constantí 1 seems to induce higher SPAD values. According to the ΣDOP index, Montizo presented the most suitable balanced nutritional index, but it did not differ significantly from the rest of the rootstocks except GF 655/2 and P. Soto 67 AD
Model of acceptance of a new type of beverage: application to natural sparkling red wine
Get PDFWine is a traditional beverage with a saturated market, in which consumers are open to innovation. In this context, an innovative experience was launched to create a new natural sparkling red wine with a view to diversifying production and studying its acceptance. This paper uses an original acceptance model for new foods called the Cognitive-Affective-Normative (CAN) model. The model was tested on a sample of 500 Spanish consumers in a real-world test context and explains 64.1% of the intention to consume the new wine. The results showed the importance of the cognitive factor in consumer intention. In particular, sensory and price benefits were found to be the key criteria explaining the intention to consume (41.34%). The results also confirmed the usefulness of expanding the factors that determine new food acceptance to include the emotional and normative dimensions of consumer behaviour. The social norm (18.54%) and affective factors (4.2%) contributed to the explanation of the underlying reasons influencing consumers’ assessments of the product. It is proposed that efforts focus on new visual, olfactory and taste-related sensations with a view to producing an appetising product that offers good value for money. Research and development institutes should innovate towards products that highlight these sensations. Therefore, attention should be drawn to the importance of acting on potential consumers’ reference groups and membership groups, with a view to involving them in recommending the product. Managers should focus on measuring and influencing social opinion, working on marketing communication to achieve acceptance
The significance of the interconnection of second-level cooperatives and their peer-associated cooperatives for productivity growth
Get PDFCooperatives are especially important in current agri-food markets. These companies have responded to the current demand requirements with greater market orientation strategies to attract and satisfy customers. To do so, cooperatives have adopted different collaboration alternatives. In Spain, the most common alliance between cooperatives is materialised in second-level cooperatives, which are cooperatives integrated by at least two first-level cooperatives. The aim of this study was to analyse the interaction effects between first- and second level agri-food cooperatives on their productive growth and its components. To get this purpose, a Cobb-Douglas specification with spatial econometrics techniques was applied to evaluate this relationship. We included a spatial connectivity matrix to establish the interconnection among cooperatives of first- and second-level. Our results show a positive interaction effect highlighting the importance of these alliances on the productivity growth in the agri-food sector. The scarce amount of empirical papers explaining how second-level cooperatives influence the performance of first-level cooperatives shows the relevance of our study
Whole-plant mineral partitioning during the reproductive development of rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Get PDFMinimal information exists on whole-plant dynamics of mineral flow. Understanding these phenomena in a model plant such as rice could help in the development of nutritionally enhanced cultivars. A whole-plant mineral accumulation study was performed in rice (cv. Kitaake), using sequential harvests during reproductive development panicle exertion, grain filling, and full maturity stages in order to characterize mineral accumulation in roots, non-flag leaves, flag leaves, stems/sheaths, and panicles. Partition quotient analysis showed that Fe, Zn, Cu and Ni are preferentially accumulated in roots; Mn and Mg are accumulated in leaves; Mo, Ca, and S in roots and leaves; and K in roots, leaves and stems/sheaths. Correlation analysis indicated that changes in the concentrations of mineral pairs Fe-Mn, K-S, Fe-Ni, Cu-Mg, Mn-Ni, S-Mo, Mn-Ca, and Mn-Mg throughout the reproductive development of rice were positively correlated in all four of the above ground organs evaluated, with Fe-Mn and K-S being positively correlated also in roots, which suggest that root-to-shoot transfer is not driven simply by concentrations in roots. These analyses will serve as a starting point for a more detailed examination of mineral transport and accumulation in rice plants
In vitro fermentation pattern and acidification potential of different sources of carbohydrates for ruminants given high concentrate diets
Get PDFThe in vitro fermentation pattern of five sources of carbohydrates of differing nature (maize grain, MZ; sucrose, SU; wheat bran, WB; sugarbeet pulp, BP; and citrus pulp, CT) under conditions of high concentrate diets for ruminants was studied. A first 8 h incubation trial was performed under optimal pH using inoculum from ewes given a fibrous diet, to compare fermentative characteristics of substrates. As planned, incubation pH ranged within 6.3 to 6.6. The gas produced from CT was higher than MZ, SU and BP from 4 and 6 h onwards, and at 8 h, respectively (p<0.05). There were no differences (p>0.05) on total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, nor on acetate or propionate proportions, but butyrate was lowest (p<0.05) with CT and BP. The second incubation trial was performed in a poorly-buffered medium, with inoculum from ewes given a concentrate diet. All substrates showed a gradual drop of pH, being lowest with SU after 4 h (p<0.05). Throughout the incubation, gas production was highest with CT and lowest with MZ and BP (p<0.05). Total 8 h VFA concentration was higher with CT than BP, SU and MZ (p<0.05). Acetate proportion was higher, and that of propionate lower, with BP than WB (p<0.05), butyrate proportion being higher with MZ and WB than with BP and CT (p<0.05). Lactic acid concentration was higher (p<0.05) with SU than WB and BP. Fermentation characteristics and acidification potential of feeds depend on the nature of their carbohydrate fraction, and must be considered for practical applications
Disponibilidad y costos de producción de biomasa forestal como materia prima para la producción de bioetanol
Get PDFLa biomasa forestal es una alternativa ecológica y económicamente viable para la generación de bioetanol debido a que su fuente es abundante, renovable y contribuye a la reducción de gases efecto invernadero. En este estudio, se propone y analiza una metodología para la estimación de la disponibilidad y costos de producción del uso potencial de la biomasa forestal como materia prima para la producción de bioetanol en bosques de pinos del estado de Durango, México. Se usó información del Inventario Forestal Periódico, programas de manejo forestal y datos de empresas de aserraderos e industriales forestales para estimar la biomasa forestal que incluye los restos de aprovechamientos forestales (puntas, ramas) y desperdicios industriales (aserrín, costeras). Se utilizaron simulaciones Monte Carlo para estimar costos de producción de la recolección, extracción y transporte de la biomasa a centros de transformación. Los resultados indican que alrededor de 322.000 toneladas pueden utilizarse para la producción de 38 millones de litros de etanol por año. Las simulaciones Monte Carlo indican que el costo promedio de residuos forestales es de US 0,20 L–1 etanol) mientras que el de residuos industriales es de US 0,19 L–1 etanol). Los factores más importantes en el análisis de sensibilidad fueron el costo pagado a dueños del material, eficiencia tecnológica y distancia de transporte. En el corto plazo, el uso de la biomasa forestal para la generación de biocombustibles tiene varios retos entre los que se encuentran los costos de transporte y la competencia generada por industrias similares como pulpa, papel y tableros aglomerados. Como alternativa se encuentra el desarrollo de biorefinerías integradoras y el uso de medios de transporte más eficientes.La biomasa forestal es una alternativa ecológica y económicamente viable para la generación de bioetanol debido a que su fuente es abundante, renovable y contribuye a la reducción de gases efecto invernadero. En este estudio, se propone y analiza una metodología para la estimación de la disponibilidad y costos de producción del uso potencial de la biomasa forestal como materia prima para la producción de bioetanol en bosques de pinos del estado de Durango, México. Se usó información del Inventario Forestal Periódico, programas de manejo forestal y datos de empresas de aserraderos e industriales forestales para estimar la biomasa forestal que incluye los restos de aprovechamientos forestales (puntas, ramas) y desperdicios industriales (aserrín, costeras). Se utilizaron simulaciones Monte Carlo para estimar costos de producción de la recolección, extracción y transporte de la biomasa a centros de transformación. Los resultados indican que alrededor de 322.000 toneladas pueden utilizarse para la producción de 38 millones de litros de etanol por año. Las simulaciones Monte Carlo indican que el costo promedio de residuos forestales es de US 0,20 L–1 etanol) mientras que el de residuos industriales es de US 0,19 L–1 etanol). Los factores más importantes en el análisis de sensibilidad fueron el costo pagado a dueños del material, eficiencia tecnológica y distancia de transporte. En el corto plazo, el uso de la biomasa forestal para la generación de biocombustibles tiene varios retos entre los que se encuentran los costos de transporte y la competencia generada por industrias similares como pulpa, papel y tableros aglomerados. Como alternativa se encuentra el desarrollo de biorefinerías integradoras y el uso de medios de transporte más eficientes