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Mvskoke Language Patterns
No full textMvskoke is spoken in east-central Oklahoma by members of the Muscogee Nation. This work is designed as a resource for those trying to learn the language. It describes the alphabet and basic patterns speakers use in daily conversation. It also includes a collection of phrases at the back.
Chapter 1: The Alphabet
Chapter 2: Parts of Speech
Chapter 3: The Present Tense and Grades
Chapter 4: Simple Sentence Patterns
Chapter 5: Parts of a Verb
Chapter 6: Mood: Statements, Questions, Commands
Chapter 7: Possession
Chapter 8: Plurals of Nouns: Hopuetake 'Children'
Chapter 9: 'Be' Sentences
Chapter 10: Numerals: Hvmken 'One', Hokkolen 'Two'
Chapter 11: Letkvs! 'Run'
Chapter 12: Person Markers
Chapter 13: Negative Sentences
Chapter 14: Plural Adjectives and Verbs
Chapter 15: Markers after Nouns
Chapter 16: 'With' and Comparisons
Chapter 17: Making New Nouns and Verbs
Chapter 18: Questions
Chapter 19: Grades
Chapter 20: Tense
Chapter 21: Adverbs
Chapter 22: Expressing Amount: Orēn ‘Very’
Chapter 23: Location and Direction
Chapter 24: Possibility and Helping Verbs
Chapter 25: Expressing 'And'
Chapter 26: Adverbial Clauses
Chapter 27: Relative Clauses
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An online, interactive, accessible version of this book with audio is available here: https://viva.pressbooks.pub/mvskokelanguagepatternsLinguistic
Primary Productivity of a Bermuda Reef Community in Relation to Irradiance and Flow
No full textPrimary production drives all important ecological processes on coral reefs, and, in turn, underpins several ecosystem services. Organic matter production by benthic autotrophs serves as the basis for the microbial, detrital, and traditional food webs. Additionally, primary production provides the energy needed to drive calcification, which in turn builds and maintains the physical structure of the reef. Certain environmental parameters, particularly irradiance, benthic cover, and water flow velocity affect primary productivity. Irradiance is the central driver of productivity as it provides the energy input. Hydrodynamic theory and organismal scale studies also support the hypothesis of a positive flow-productivity relationship. This relationship, however, has not previously been examined at the community scale under natural flow conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between productivity, irradiance, and water flow of a Bermuda reef community. Using the gradient flux approach, gross primary production was quantified over the course of 25 days in June and July of 2023. Alongside the gradient flux a Biospherical light sensor and CTD were deployed. The benthic cover of the reef community, which remained constant throughout the deployments, was quantified using photogrammetry. Fluctuations in productivity normalized by light were largely explained by flow. Both horizontal flow speed and wave amplitude were positively related to light-normalized productivity on the diurnal scale. These results support the hypothesis that a positive flow-productivity relationship exists at the community scale on reefs.BiologyBachelors of Science (BS
Estimating the Payoffs of Variance Swaps using GARCH(1,1) and COGARCH(1,2)
No full textThe variance swap has recently gained popularity as a financial instrument with considerable value in hedging volatility risk. This is due to its payoff being purely derived from the underlying asset’s volatility. In this thesis, estimations of variance swap payoffs are conducted using the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model and Continuous Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (COGARCH) model. Namely, we investigate the GARCH(1,1) model and the COGARCH(1,2) model. The former is widely used as a result of its mathematical comprehensibility. The latter is a relatively recent and less studied model conceived by Brockwell, Chadraa, and Lindner (2006). An Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) process is applied to obtain the squared residuals that are then used to fit the GARCH(1,1) and COGARCH(1,2) models. Our aim is to provide insight into which model outperforms the other, and whether there is a practical use for either with respect to variance swaps. A derivation of the fair strike of a variance swap is provided for each model in order to estimate payoffs. Ultimately, we analyze the models’ payoff estimations for three-year variance swap contracts using past closing prices of the S&P 500 as the underlying asset.MathematicsBachelors of Science (BS
Frogs with a Southern Drawl: Maintenance of Species Boundaries Between the Northern & Southern Cricket Frog
No full textHow do species form and remain distinct from one another? These questions are central to the concept of speciation: the evolution and subsequent maintenance of new species through the divergence of populations. Research on speciation usually concentrates on how female mate choice prevents interspecies matings. Male-male competition also plays an important role in reproduction but is relatively understudied as a mechanism of speciation. The present study investigates how sexual selection via male-male competition contributes to speciation in two local “sibling” species of frogs: northern and southern cricket frogs. I conducted a field playback experiment to discern to what extent male northern cricket frogs (Acris crepitans) can recognize male calls of their own species versus those of the southern cricket frog (Acris gryllus) and modulate their aggressive responses accordingly. Analysis of the behavioral data shows that A. crepitans males respond aggressively to calls ranging from average calls of their own species to average calls of A. gryllus, notably excluding extreme A. gryllus calls. Ergo, recognition space does not equal signal space in A. crepitans males. Overall, anecdotal observations and analyses of results point towards the misinterpretation of some A. gryllus advertisement calls as conspecific aggressive signals, or possible character convergence. This research provides insight into the interplay between speciation and competition in two closely related species and evinces how signal recognition might evolve with respect to the evolution of the signals themselves.BiologyBachelors of Science (BS
Seba’s Snakes: Exploring the Shifting Relationship between Art, Economy, and Science in 18th-century Europe
No full textBefore photographs, the most reliable method for communicating new scientific discoveries was through art. Natural history illustration became particularly commercialized during the eighteenth century, as global exploration opened European eyes to the natural wonders of the world. One of the most prolific names in eighteenth-century natural science was Albertus Seba (1665-1736), a wealthy Dutch apothecary whose impressive collection of exotic specimens made him an international celebrity. My thesis analyzes his seminal publication, Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri Accurata Descriptio et Iconibus Artificiosissimus Expressio per Universam Physices Historiam [A Careful Description and Exceedingly Artistic Expression in Pictures of the Exceedingly Rich Treasury of Nature Throughout the Entire History of Natural Science], published initially in two volumes in 1734 and 1735 and supplemented with two additional posthumous volumes in 1759 and 1765 respectively. Commonly referred to as Seba’s Thesaurus (or Treasury), this magnum opus features descriptions of each specimen in the author’s collection accompanied by elaborate illustrations which are world-renowned for their beauty and intricacy. I focus on the Thesaurus’s second volume featuring snakes, a class of species which Seba particularly admired for their diversity and widespread range. Seba rejected the popular opinion that snakes were ugly and sinful creatures and instead argued that they exemplified God’s creativity. Seba’s Thesaurus provides a unique lens to understand the commodification of scientific knowledge and the interplay of scientific accuracy, aesthetics, and cultural appeal in early natural history illustration.Art and Art HistoryBachelors of Science (BS
Unearthing Yale’s Oldest Black Student Organization: Zeta Chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity
Get PDFThis study examines the criteria for charter membership within Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Incorporated, during the early 20th century and explores how these qualifications presently impact the organization’s historical memory. Using its Zeta Chapter as a case study, my primary objectives are to examine how charter members are chosen, evaluate if any unrecognized individuals qualify as charter members, and formally acknowledge their contributions to the fraternity’s legacy. The broader goal of this curated methodology is to provide underrepresented student organizations with the means to reconcile similar inconsistencies and continually strive for accurate depictions of their history for future generations
Probing With Displacements For Variance Reduction And The Effectiveness Of Sketched Krylov Eigenvalue Solvers
No full textScientific Computing is a multidisciplinary field that intersects Computer Science, Mathematics, and some other discipline to address complex problems utilizing computational systems. Numerical Linear Algebra (NLA), a subfield within Scientific Computing, develops and analyzes numerical algorithms for tasks involving linear operators such as matrices and their transformations. This dissertation focuses on developing kernels for two specific areas of NLA. Firstly, we explore variance reduction methods for trace approximation. In Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics (LQCD), computing the trace of a matrix inverse is crucial for investigating interactions among quarks and gluons in subatomic space. However, directly computing a matrix inverse is computationally expensive, motivating the use of stochastic methods to estimate the trace directly. Higher accuracy models result in a high variance of the trace estimator, resulting in techniques such as Probing that leverage the structures of LQCD matrices to reduce this variance. More recently, the development of so-called ``disconnected diagrams'' in LQCD necessitate the sum of certain off-diagonal elements in the matrix inverse, rendering Probing ineffective. In this work, we propose an extension to the Probing method that can lessen the variance of the trace estimator in such scenarios. Secondly, we investigate the viability of a technique that uses randomized subspace projections in Krylov-based iterative methods to approximate a subset of the eigenpairs of a large matrix. A common computational bottleneck for iterative methods comes from the need to consistently reorthogonalize the basis being constructed to ensure the accurate extraction of eigenpair approximations. While randomized subspace projections, often referred to as ``sketching'' methods, were originally introduced to reduce the size of large least-squares problems into more manageable ones, it was later observed that sketching techniques can be integrated into iterative methods to extract information from a non-orthogonal basis with minimal accuracy lost. We investigate the efficiency of these sketching methods using two iterative methods, Lanczos and Generalized Davidson, with and without restarting, within the high-performance software library PRIMME.Computer ScienceDoctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.
“Resurrecting Petersburg, Virginia: Harnessing Black History, Community Heritage, and Cultural Tourism for the Renewal of an Overlooked City”
No full textThis thesis explores the historical and cultural significance of Petersburg, Virginia, highlighting its rich heritage and emphasizing the pivotal role of its Black history in shaping its identity. Through an examination of historic buildings and community engagement, the study underscores the importance of involving residents in revitalization efforts. Facing economic challenges and social disparities, Petersburg stands at a crucial moment in its history, seeking to reconcile its diverse past while revitalizing its economy through tourism. By preserving historic sites, celebrating its Black history, and fostering community unity, Petersburg aims to attract visitors, stimulate economic growth, and cultivate a renewed sense of pride. Through commitment, collaboration, and inclusivity, Petersburg has the potential to emerge as a nationally significant cultural destination, embodying resilience, creativity, and community spirit.American StudiesBachelors of Arts (BA
Middle School Students' Pathways To College: An Investigation Of Middle School Math Placement And College-Going Self-Efficacy
Get PDFMiddle school offers an entryway onto the path of college readiness. However, many practitioners and researchers have focused their efforts on high school students. Remaining is a population of potential college-going students, whose opportunities to prepare for college at an earlier stage are overlooked because middle school is not viewed as the appropriate time for students to begin exploring postsecondary options. Admittedly, not every student will pursue a college degree, nor will every student take advanced math classes. This action research study evaluated the college-going self-efficacy perspectives of 90 sixth-grade students, at one middle school, who were placed in three different levels of math—Regular, Honors, and Advanced. Albert Bandura’s Self-Efficacy of Motivation (1997) and Social Cognitive Theory (1986) serve as a theoretical framework. A pre-experimental study, this research aimed to evaluate sixth graders’ college-going self-efficacy before and after the intervention. The College-Going Self-Efficacy Scale (CGSES; Gibbons, 2005) was designed specifically for middle school students and is used as both the pretest and the posttest. Two focus groups were facilitated to illuminate the quantitative data. A repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) along with descriptive analysis were completed. The data collected suggests that math placement is not the only influential factor; students’ preconceived beliefs, notions and experiences seemed to have a noteworthy impact. There are other factors outside of mathematics that contribute to how students view themselves as potential college-going individuals. This study offered some policy and college-going initiatives to pursue in future cycles of action research. For diverse and underserved students, gaining access to college degree attainment through overlooked on ramps, can be crucial to their success. The results can be generational.EducationDoctor of Education (Ed.D.
Association of Intermuscular Fat and Physical Activity Levels on Exercise Capacity in Breast Cancer Survivors
No full textAbstract Background: Women treated for breast cancer (BC) with anthracyclines and other chemotherapeutic agents experience decreased exercise capacity, thereby increasing their risk of developing heart failure.We determined in women treated for BC and in comparators if baseline physical activity (PA) levels and muscle quality were associated with changes in submaximal exercise capacity. Methods: This longitudinal cohort study included 128 female breast cancer survivors who underwent MRI of the paraspinal muscles and completed a six-minute walk distance (6MWD) test prior to and 3 months after initiating potentially cardiotoxic chemotherapy.The study also included 76 female comparators who underwent abdominal MRI and 6MWD at baseline and three months later. The participants were categorized as active or inactive based on self-reported Godin-Shephard Leisure-Time PA questionnaire scores, and MRIs were analyzed in a blinded read for intermuscular fat (IMF) indexed to skeletal muscle (SM) within the paraspinal muscles. Participants were grouped by baseline IMF:SM into groups above or below the median. Associations were examined using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) models. Results: The majority of the participants were of white race. There were no significant differences in average age, race, or BMI between the cancer patients and the comparators (p=0.14, p=0.85, p=0.2). The BC survivors experienced declines in 6MWD over three months relative to the comparators (p=0.0045), with a difference of -25.1 meters compared to +9.8 meters, respectively, in their 6MWD. The group of comparators who were active with good muscle quality exhibited a 51.7 meter increase in 6MWD from baseline to three months. This was significantly greater than all of the changes in 6MWD in the cancer group, except for the cancer patients who were active with low intermuscular fat. This group walked 9.8 meters farther after three months of chemotherapy than they did at baseline. The rest of the cancer groups saw declines in 6MWD during this time frame. The changes in 6MWD were not influenced by race (p=0.079), age (p=0.55), hematocrit (p=0.11), serum creatinine (p=0.44), tobacco use (p=0.38), cardiovascular risk factors (p=0.22), or history of myocardial infarction (p=0.61). Conclusion:In BC survivors receiving three months of potentially cardiotoxic chemotherapy, sufficient physical activity and low IMF:SM is associated with maintenance of submaximal exercise capacity, indicating decreased risk of heart failure. Insufficient physical activity and/or high IMF:SM is associated with decreased exercise capacity.NeuroscienceBachelors of Science (BS