Prizren Social Science Journal
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Independence, Sovereignty, Preponderance – The Prevalence and the Territorial Expansion of State Power
Get PDFState is society’s need for the existence of an organized power, equipped with the right equipments of coercion and able to run the society, by imposing the choices that seem reasonable to them, through legal norms. State is an organization of state power; it is an organized power which imposes its will to all the society and has a whole mechanism to execute this will. The state realizes its functions through power, which is a mechanism to accomplish its relevant functions. The power’s concept is a social concept, which can be understood only as a relation between two subjects, between two wills. Power is the ability to impose an order, a rule and other’s behavior in case that he doesn’t apply voluntary the relevant norm, respectively the right. Using state power is related to creation and application, respectively the implementation of law. To understand state power better, we have to start from its overall character. So, we notice that in practice we encounter different kinds of powers: the family’s one, the school’s one, the health’s one, the religion’s, culture’s etc. The notion of powers can be understood as a report between two subjects, two wills. Power is an order for other’s behavior. Every power is some kind of liability, dependence from others. In the legal aspect, supremacy of state presents the constitutive – legislative form upon the powers that follow after it. Supremacy, respectively the prevalence, is stronger upon other powers in its territory. For example we take the highest state body, the parliament as a legislative body, where all other powers that come after it, like the executive and court’s one, are dependable on state’s central power. We can’t avoid the carriage of state’s sovereignty in the competences of different international organizations. Republic, based on ratified agreements for certain cases can overstep state’s power on international organizations. The people legitimate power and its bodies, by giving their votes for a mandate of governance (people’s verdict). It is true that we understand people’s sovereignty only as a quality of people, where with the word people we understand the entirety of citizens that live in a state. The sovereignty’s case actualizes especially to prove people’s right for self-determination until the disconnection that can be seen as national – state sovereignty. National sovereignty is the right of a nation for self-determination. Sovereignty’s cease happens when the monopoly of physical strength ceases as well, and this monopoly is won by another organization. A state can be ceased with the voluntary union of two or more states in a mutual state, or a state can be ceased from a federative state, where federal units win their independence. In this context we have to do with former USSR’s units, separated in some independent states, like Czechoslovakia unit that was separated in two independent states: in Czech Republic and Slovakia. Former Yugoslavia was separated from eight federal units, today from these federal units seven of them have won their independence and their international recognition, and the Republic of Kosovo is one amongst them.
Every state power’s activity has legal effect inside the borders of a certain territory and inside this territory the people come under the relevant state’s power. Territorial expansion of state power is three dimensional. The first dimension includes the land inside a state’s borders, the second dimension includes the airspace upon the land and the third dimension includes water space. The airspace upon inside territorial waters is also a power upon people and the power is not universal, meaning that it doesn’t include all mankind. State territory is the space that’s under state’s sovereignty. It is an essential element for its existence. According to the author Juaraj Andrassy, state territory lies in land and water space inside the borders, land and water under this space and the air upon it. Coastal waters and air are considered as parts that belong to land area, because in every case they share her destiny.
Exceptionally, according to the international right or international treaties, it is possible that in one certain state’s territory another state’s power can be used. In this case we have to do with the extraterritoriality of state power. The state extraterritoriality’s institute is connected to the concept of another state’s territory, where we have to do with diplomatic representatives of a foreign country, where in the buildings of these diplomatic representatives, the power of the current state is not used. These buildings, according to the international right, the diplomatic right, have territorial immunity and the relevant host state bodies don’t have any power. Regarding to inviolability, respectively within this case, we have two groups to mention: the real immunity and the personal immunity, which are connected with the extraterritoriality’s institute.
Key words: Independence, Sovereignty, Preponderance, Prevalence, Territorial Expansion
Characters in Fatos Kongoli Novel
Get PDFThe greater philosopher,Aristotle,dealing with the characters would have said that “due to the fact that they imitate, they imitate acting people, and these people will, of course, be good or evil because characters almost always follow these two peculiarities and it is known that the difference of the character of all the people is done by the good or the evilâ€. Even though in the novels of our author, Fatos Kongoli, no such traditional line is followed, such distinction is perceptible in every literature and at any time, and of course, in the novels, we are analyzing. Literary scholar Anton Berisha says that "literary character is an important component element, especially of epic creations, may they be prose or poetryâ€. Berisha also adds that "they are known extremely successful realizations of the characters in the traditional novel, but also in contemporary and generally modern characters, are noteworthy, but also we do not miss the lyrical characters through which the subjective world is introduced.
Key words: Novel, Characters, Fatos Kongoli, Kosov
Public Policy on Safety and Security Railroad System in Indonesia
Get PDFImplementation of the new law on railways are yet to be seen due to government regulation as executors being discussed. Government regulations mandated by Law No. 23, 2007 set as fast as 1 (one) year from the entry into force of the Act. Nevertheless in his closing conditions stated that at the time the Act came into force. All the implementing regulations of Law No. 13 1992 declared still valid this does not contradict or replaced under the Act contained in Law No. 23 of 2007 in line with the implementation of regional autonomy and decentralization intended by the Act No. 32 of 2004 on Regional Government and Government Regulation No. 38 2007 on delegation of authority from central to local governments.
The quality of rail services, especially in economy class lately felt worse. Headway uncertain security condition, and the level of safety continues to decline. Train accident rate continues to rise, where in 2007 there were 116 accidents, an increase from the 2006 total of 107 times. More than 90% of accidents that occurred in 2007 caused by a Train derailment or overturned (Directorate of Railways, 2008).
Key words: Policy, Safety, Railway, Passengers
Maternal and Child Health Services in The Border Area of Indonesia-East Timor-Based on Community Empowerment
Get PDFHealth care is a human right for communities who arranged mandatory organized by government mandate bases on Constitution 1945. Maternal health services include antenatal, childbirth services and parturition. While children's services are, include the ministries of the newborn, baby and toddlers. In North Central Timor Regency (TTU) in the last five years maternal mortality (AKI), infant mortality (AKB) and Mortality Toddler (AKABA) is very fluctuating. This illustrates that the district health degree requires revamping TTU Regency thoroughly of all aspects related to it. The acceleration of the decline in the mortality rate of mothers, babies and toddlers will improve public health degrees in North Central Timor. This done through community empowerment approach in the field of maternal and child health in which the community does not placed as health development destinations but placed as subjects of health development to enhance the knowledge, attitudes and behavior as well as self-reliance community for healthy living. Community empowerment in the health field can be encouraged through the Health Efforts Resource of Community (UKBM) such as the village health post, a postal village, the construction of an integrated, unified service and post maternity huts are scattered in the whole area villages of North Central Timor. Through community empowerment in the health community field, getting involved is active in the health service because the public join the plan, monitor, evaluate and keep maternal and child health services According to applicable minimum service standard. It can also increase public awareness in the mindset and behave clean living and healthy because of the maternal and child health issues in North Central Timor Regency not only just the responsibility of the Department of Health of North Central Timor, but also be the responsibility of all elements in society. Therefore it takes cooperation of cross-program and cross-sector, i.e. Government Sectors, Private Sector, Community and Health Care in this area so as able to increase the degree of maternal and child health in North Central Timor Regency.
Key words: Public Health, North Central Timor Regency,Empowerment, Community HealthHealth Resources
Political Constellation and Decision-making – Case Study: Two Leaders in the Negotiation Process for the Normalization of Relations Between Serbia and Kosovo
Get PDFIn representative democracy, citizens with free vote, mainly political parties, elect their representatives to legislate, supervise, protect and make decisions that are in their interest. Given this, political leaders express the thoughts, wishes and will of the voters and act as their representatives when defending interest and making decisions that are related to the quality and the fate of their lives. Supporting their decisions can often be decisive for success and failure in their political career. Thus, in this paper work, it will be given views on how their decision-making is influenced by: leadership position and support from the coming party, constellation of political forces in parliament, achievement of a common platform and political consensus among political actors, constitutional norms, and broad civic support.
The methodology used will be in harmony with the purpose of the study. Here will be an analysis of the behavior and actions of the two leaders within the constellation built in their country. In the course of this, this study will be oriented to the analysis of the political circumstances prevailing in the respective countries, the position of leadership within the party, the position and constitutional functions that favor one or the other, the distribution of political forces in the respective parliaments and many other moments. For this purpose, the interviews of the two leaders, the statements of the opposition leaders in the respective countries, the statements of prominent politicians, the other political and legal documents will be analyzed with which they will provide sufficient evidence on how they can be influenced in the process of the decision-making process during the Serbia-Kosovo Normalization negotiations.
Key words: Negotiations, Decision – Making, Political Constellation, Transparency, Political Consensus, Unity Group.
 
Appropriate Natural Disaster Management Policy in Guarantee Accuracy of Target Post Disaster Assistance
Get PDFIndonesia is a region that disaster-affected which often arise, it is because of Indonesia is an equatorial boundary is the line where a slab of earth impact of catastrophes. Against such conditions it is with the frequent disasters continue to occur so it is necessary prepared in disaster response. So far it has provided device regulatory disaster management, namely Law No. 24 of 2007 which provides a framework for disaster management, including pre-disaster, emergency response and post-disaster. Indonesia is a country that is very rich, dazzling beauty of the panorama, so many interesting foreign tourists to come and see the beauty. In addition, Indonesia is a country that often mengalmi natural disasters, ranging from floods, volcanoes to the tsunami, Indonesia is a disaster-prone geographical location. Disasters can be caused by natural factors and due to the irresponsible behavior of the use and management of natural resources (SDA) and the environment. Although the law has outlined a comprehensive disaster management provisions, so far the response is still focused on emergency response issues. Further action such as mitigation, rehabilitation and reconstruction seems not be the main priority of disaster management activities. Another problem that is still experiencing problems is coordination, speed of relief, aid accuracy and evenness of distribution logistics. Institutional: On the mandate of Law 24/2007 also institutional been formed National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) at the regional level throughout and Indonesia. BNPB also formed a technical executing unit area (UPTD) 12 units. BNPB Institution supported by trained human resources (HR) who are ready to be deployed to the hardest terrain even though this certainly must be supported by adequate and measurable funding in the APBN (state budget) and APBD (regional budget). Institutional Strengthening: Grand designs required in order to strengthen institutional capacity and disaster management standard that is fast, responsive, and professional in accordance with international standards.
Key words: Policy, Disaster Relief, On Targe
Perception Research on Developing Brand Identity for Small Cities
Get PDFGlobal competition between countries at the macro level has turned into a competition between cities at micro level. Many successful examples across the world have shown local governments and other stakeholders willing to attract more tourists or investment to their cities that more production and consumption, in other words, prosperity is associated with strategic marketing of cities. Branding, which is part of marketing of cities willing to use their assets and resources to distinguish themselves from others, is highly popular in both the literature and in practice. The aim of this perception study is to determine the current image of small cities with few marketable resources in order to help them create brand identity and an emotional bond between themselves and their target audience. This study established the structural validity of a city-specific perception scale and determined how the city was perceived both by its inhabitants and foreigners in terms of its concrete and abstract elements.
Key words: City Marketing, City Branding, Brand Identity, Perception Research, Köprübaşı
Genes Involved in both Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Pathways and Financial Decision Making
Get PDFOne of the most important assumption of rational choice theory is that individuals are purely self-interested utility maximizers. However research in economics and other social sciences has found that people can also be irrational and their choices can also be taken with some heuristics and biases. Laboratory experiments have documented substantial heterogeneity in irrational preferences, but little is known about the origins of such irrational financial behavior. Especially in recent studies, it is seen that the inheritance estimates of these differences are investigated by using quantitative and molecular genetic methods.
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of dopamine and serotonin-related genes on financial decisions. For this purpose, genes associated with dopamine and serotonin were identified. Some of the studies investigating the effects of these genes on financial decision making process have been examined.
Key words: Genoeconomics, Financial Decision, Dopamine, Serotonin, MAOA gene
Adults Impact on the Reliability and Suggestibility of Children’s Eyewitness Testimony
Get PDFThe aim of the study was to determine the influence of authority on the susceptibility of child witnesses and the reliability of their testimonies. This study, consisting of experimental and control groups, included 20 girls and 20 boys, totalling 40 children. It took place in two phases; an initial phase (“eyewitnessâ€, “post-event interviewâ€) and, one week later, a final phase (“recallâ€). In the individual interviews held with the children, a questionnaire consisting of a free narrative question and 18 open-ended questions was used. The free narrative question asked the children to specify the details they remembered about the animated film. The open-ended questions focused on the events and characters in the film. However, 12 of the open-ended questions could be answered correctly since they were about characters and situations in the film that the children had watched, while six of the questions were trick questions that were about characters and situations that were not shown in the film. For data analysis, both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to reach the deeper level of perception and memories that children shared about the film. In conclusion, after analysis, it was found that even when the interview takes place immediately after the event, children are significantly affected by the misinformation given by an adult and their knowledge on the event in question is shaped according to this misinformation. It was observed that children create "a new event" based on the information they receive from an adult.
Key words: Child, Eyewitness testimony, Reliability, Suggestibility, Suggestive interview, Memory
The Unsolved Problem of Traffic Accidents Worldwide
Get PDFThe problem of traffic accidents is not generally discussed as an issue with any political, philosophical, psychological, or cultural implications. What might such implications be? In terms of policing, countries and nations worldwide generally have quite a narrow focus on prophylaxis (road safety education, awareness campaigns, warning signs about speed limits, dangerous corners, etc.) and punishment (fines, trials, sometimes prison sentences for those who cause accidents). This paper argues that a broader and deeper analysis of the issue is needed, in order to understand (principally) and possibly pre-empt or at least remediate (secondarily) the harm and damage of traffic accidents. Methodology: systemic analysis and culture-critical analysis combined with perspectives from public policy, philosophy, democratic and libertarian political theory, and psychology. Conclusions will promote improved clarity and refreshed thinking about this important but misunderstood issue on the part of researchers and practitioners alike.
Key words: Traffic, Accidents, Policing, Democracy, Liberty, Culture, Civilization