Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Series of Agrarian Sciences / Известия Национальной академии наук Беларуси. Серия аграрных наук
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Series of Agrarian Sciences / Известия Национальной академии наук Беларуси. Серия аграрных наукNot a member yet
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ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ НА ПОЧВУ УПЛОТНЯЮЩИХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ КОЛЬЧАТО-ПРУТКОВЫХ РАБОЧИХ ОРГАНОВ КАТКОВЫХ ПРИСТАВОК
Get PDFThe soil treatment system based on combined units application, allows to decrease energy and labor costs per output unit and to obtain the greatest economic effect while maintaining soil fertility. Various additional accessories are used to provide the required quality of the basic soil cultivation, shrinkage and surface treatment of formation in arable units. The most universal in this case are the star wheeled rollers with various forms of sealing elements, which crumble, smooth and compact the surface of the layers that were turned over. The quality of the process is influenced by the design, geometric dimensions of the rollers, the kinematic and dynamic parameters of operation, as well as condition of the cultivated agrophone. The purpose of the study was to substantiate the geometric parameters, the shape of the sealing elements, and the theoretical studies on their effect on soil. The article analyzes shapes of the sealing elements of star wheeled rod rollers, regularities of formation and propagation of the soil compaction kernel under their influence, on the basis of which the dependences for determining the technological parameters of star wheeled rollers have been obtained. As a result of the conducted studies of the effect of rods on the soil, the equations of its motion and compaction condition are obtained. The results of the studies supplement the theory of the interaction of reinforcing elements of star wheeled rod working organs on the soil, allow to determine their structural and technological parameters and can be used for design of soil-cultivating rollers.
ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ СИЛЫ РЕЗАНИЯ, РАЗВИВАЕМОЙ НОЖАМИ РОТАЦИОННОГО РАБОЧЕГО ОРГАНА КАНАЛООЧИСТИТЕЛЯ
Get PDFCurrently the world's drained land area makes over 210 million hectares. In the United States about 60 million hectares of land is drained, in Europe cultivated lands are 80–100% meliorated. In the Republic of Belarus the area of meliorated lands is about 2.9 million hectares, over the third part of crops are produced on these lands. However, at a long-time use the condition of drained lands has deteriorated, leading to rewetting and change of the soil surface condition. Maintaining melioration systems is one of the most important tasks for the efficient use of meliorated lands. The aim of research – development of theory of interaction of rotary working body with herbal plants and pumps, development of engineering tools for cleaning the melioration channels. Theoretical studies and calculations were carried out based on methods of mathematical analysis and elements of classical mechanics. The structural peculiarities of widely used equipment for cleaning melioration channels and perspective ways of its development are analyzed. Theoretical background for description of cutting processes for plants and cleaning the melioration channels are considered. Based on the research results, the calculated dependence for determining the cutting force applied by the blades of rotary working body of channel cleaner is obtained, taking into account the height of the plants stalks and the distance from the ground to the rotor rotation axis. The results and conclusions can be used as initial data for substantiation of rotary parameters of rotary working body of melioration machines
ИННОВАЦИОННАЯ СИСТЕМА ЗЕМЛЕДЕЛИЯ В ЗВЕНЕ СЕВООБОРОТА НА АНТРОПОГЕННО-ПРЕОБРАЗОВАННЫХ ТОРФЯНЫХ ПОЧВАХ ПОЛЕСЬЯ
Get PDFThe results of years of studies aimed at evaluation of the effect of combined application of different precursors, methods of the basic cultivation of anthropogenically transformed peat soils and fertilization systems on performance of crops in fodder crop rotation. It was determined that application of soil protection method for agricultural crops cultivation, including green manure cultivation in the form of strip crop of oil radish, and application of fertilizer doses balances with crops combined with trace elements and growth regulators, provides the same fodder crop rotation performance as the base one (autumn plowing of soil, application of increased mineral fertilizers dozes, etc.) – 11.5 and 11.6 t/ha per year to the unit, respectively. However, in case of soil protection technology, the need for autumn plowing of soil is eliminated, loss of soil OM and migration into underlying nitrogen, potassium, calcium and other mineral nutrients layers are reduced to minimum, its water regime and phytosanitary condition of crops is improved, the profit increases by 190 USD/ha and the prime cost of produce is decreased by 27% compared to the basic technology. The positive aspect of soil protection technology for crops cultivation in rotation is possibility to use it in remote fields. The cultivation of green manure in the form of a strip crop and introduction of differentiated dozes of mineral fertilizers defined for planned crop yield taking into account the new methods of soil diagnostics, application of trace elements and biologically active substances as fertilizers can be the basis for soil protection resource-saving technology for cultivation of agricultural crops in fodder crop rotations on anthropogenically transformed peat soils of Polessye
ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ВОСПРОИЗВОДИТЕЛЬНЫХ КАЧЕСТВ СВИНОМАТОК ПОРОДЫ ЛАНДРАС В УСЛОВИЯХ ПЛЕМФЕРМЫ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО ТИПА
Get PDFOver the past 5 years in the Republic of Belarus positive trends in growth of animal performance and their genetic potential have been determined. Currently the achievements of the world’s best breeding are used in this field for improvement of domestic breeds of pigs, rapid introduction of breeding material through regional SIO is carried out. In practice, methods of selection based on DNA technologies have been worked out and widely implemented. The purpose of the work is to obtain high-productive maternal genotypes of pigs in Landrace breed on the basis of selection and genetic methods and to predict their performance for a number of generations. Performance traits of pigs in several generations of imported Landrace breed in conditions of breeding farm were studied. The coefficients of heritability and the selection differential of selected key features by reproductive traits of sows in the initial generation were determined, on the basis of which the forecast of effect of selection on the number of generations was carried out. Target selection standards are developed for piglets selection for breeding process. The researches made it possible to make an accurate prediction of the performance traits of sows, as well as to form a highly productive herd of Landrace breed animals. To adapt them to the conditions of pork production on an industrial basis in a short time period. To prove that in case of target breeding in a number of generations, their reproductive traits can be substantially improved, and also based on genetic and population techniques and methods to predict their performance traits for a number of generations with a high degree of reliability
ВЛИЯНИЕ ФИТОНЦИДОВ РАСТЕНИЙ НА ЖИЗНЕСПОСОБНОСТЬ И ВИРУЛЕНТНОСТЬ ЭТИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ АГЕНТОВ БАКТЕРИАЛЬНЫХ ИНФЕКЦИЙ У РЫБ
Get PDFПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ УКРЕПЛЕНИЯ ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВЕННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ
Get PDFIn modern conditions food safety is the basis for economic and social development, important element of economic and national security of a state. The main stages of the food security system development in Belarus are analyzed in the paper, as well as factors and conditions for food security at the present stage, the relevancy of developing a new strategic document is demonstrated, which is the doctrine of the food security of the Republic of Belarus till 2030. Scientific and practical problems are determined that are to be solved during substantiation of food security strategy, including development of an efficient monitoring system under international criteria, prediction of continuing threats of physical and economic accessibility and quality of food, creation of conditions for transition of the national food system to a new level of development, when the foodstuff structure will allow improving the public health and welfare. New methodological approaches are proposed for construction of a food security model and forecast of development of food markets till 2030, including the developing segments (baby food, organic agriculture and healthy food). The recommendations for threat assessment in the food sector are developed based on international practice, contributing to development of efficient tools, methods and mechanisms of prediction atdifferent levels (international, national, regional and household level). The fundamental provisions of the strategy in the field of food security were substantiated, as well as the ways for saturation of the domestic market with domestic food products, competitiveness of these products, as well as the planned level of social and economic efficiency was reached
СЕПТОРИОЗЫ ЗЕРНОВЫХ КУЛЬТУР И ИХ ВРЕДОНОСНОСТЬ
Get PDFNowadays septoria has become widespread in many countries of the world, including in the Republic of Belarus, in winter and spring wheat crops and winter triticale. Septoria of cereal crops is caused by several types of pathogens: on leaves in the crops of studied cultures this disease is caused mainly by fungus Septoria tritici Desm., and since paniculation phase – Stagonospora nodorum (Berk.) E. Castell. & Germano. Development of leaves septoria depends on hydrothermal conditions of growing season and varietal characteristics. Analysis of cereal crops damage by septoria over the last 20 years indicates significant changes in phytopathological state of crops. For instance, in winter and spring wheat crops, the development of a complex of diseases of the leaf apparatus, with the dominance of septoria, reached its maximum in the vegetation seasons of 2006–2010 compared with those of other five-year periods, when the average index of disease development reached 34.3 % with deviations from 22.4 to 55.9 % and 40.9 % with fluctuations from 31.0 to 75.1 %, respectively. In recent years (2011–2015), the development of the disease in the crops of these crops has decreased to 15.7 % (4.3–40.5 %) and 32.2 % (0.2–73.0 %). There was a higher damage degree of leaves with a complex of diseases in winter triticale crop (38.8 %) was recorded in conditions of 2001–2005 at fluctuation of this indicator within the range of 14.9–72.5 %, whereas in 1996–2000 (the lowest development) on average 11.3 % with deviations from 1.6 to 20.0 %. There is a tendency to damage degree reduction in winter wheat septoria development from 36.7 % (2001–2005) to 19.7 % (2011–2015), in winter triticale on the contrary, growth in these periods from 26.3 to 36.3 %. Head of spring wheat was more intensively damaged by septoria during all the years of observations – 34.8 % in 2001–2005, 62.3 % in 2006–2010, and 44.7 % in 2011–2015
РЫНОК АГРАРНОЙ РАБОЧЕЙ СИЛЫ: ПАРАМЕТРЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ И РАЗВИТИЯ
Get PDFImplementation of the State program for agricultural business development in the Republic of Belarus for 2016–2020 is determined by the highly skilled agricultural workforce performance able to carry out the production processes at a high technical and technological level. The agrarian workforce market has its own characteristics and is determined by a complex of conditions (demographic, economic and social). An efficient mechanism of its regulation should be established for timely problems solving. The quantitative and qualitative parameters of the formation and development of the agrarian workforce market in Belarus are analyzed in the article, trends and reasons of supply and demand imbalance were identified. Study of the agrarian workforce market formation shows that the demand for labor in the agro-industrial complex is determined by requirements of its enterprises and industries, and supply for labor is determined by territorial size and population structure. Households, education institutions and demographic factors are important aspects of labor supply sources in the market. When mostly economic parameters of agrarian enterprises and industries in AIC determine the labor demand. There is a lack of trained personnel and skilled workers in agricultural organizations. At the same time there are an excessive number of trained agricultural personnel. Moreover a high flow index of agricultural personnel is observed for a number of years. Based on research findings it was concluded that regulation of the agrarian workforce market should be carried out via strengthening of cooperation between educational institutions and potential employers, as well as by elaboration of new labor motivation instruments. Along with this, the importance of adapting agricultural organizations personnel to technical and technological and social changes is emphasized