Expresní Astronomické Informace
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Indonesians do not believe in lying : new results of replicating Coleman and Kay\u27s study
Get PDFFor most people, a lie would be defined solely as a false statement. However, many philosophers argue that a statement does not need to be false to be considered a lie, what is important is that the speaker believes that the statement is false. In a prototype semantic analysis, there are three elements of a lie, namely factual falsity, belief, and intention (Coleman and Kay, 1981). As in the case of philosophers\u27 arguments, English, Spanish, Arabic and Hungarian speakers consider belief as the main element of a prototypical lie. By replicating Coleman and Kay\u27s study of Indonesian speakers, the present paper tries to answer the following research questions. (1) Does the Indonesian word bohong \u27lie\u27 consist of the Coleman & Kay\u27s prototype elements? (2) If it does, what is the order of the elements? (3) Do Indonesians interpret the situation in which a lie occurs similarly to speakers of other languages? And (4) how to interpret the results of this experiment from the philosophical perspective? The results reveal that not all elements suggested by Coleman and Kay (1981) are present in lying according to Indonesians and the factuality of the statement is more important to Indonesians than belief. Thus, Indonesians have a perception of a lie that is different from the definitions suggested by the philosophers
Educational trajectories of non-traditional students : stories behind numbers
Get PDFThis article aims to identify, measure, and deeply understand the educational trajectories of non-traditional students (students over the age of 26 who are enrolled following a break in their formal educational trajectory) studying for education degrees in the Czech Republic. To fulfill the aims, we adapted previously identified types of educational trajectories that are traveled by non-traditional students to the circumstances of the Czech higher education system. We measured the distribution of three types (deferrers, returners, and recurrent learners) in a sample of 713 non-traditional students. We found that the types were nearly evenly distributed, with a slight prevalence of deferrers. For a deeper understanding of these types, we analyzed 30 narrative interviews. Qualitative data revealed each group\u27s specific features, including their attitudes toward higher education studies, their academic enculturation, and their academic skills. We suggest that the returner type should be split into two categories for more specific quantitative analysis. On the basis of our research, we offer tailored recommendations for supporting particular groups of non-traditional students
Parental views of children\u27s needs and their role in the decision to homeschool
Get PDFVnímání dětství je v současnosti silně zaměřené na význam naplňování potřeb dětí, zejména s ohledem na vliv primární pečující osoby. S tím souvisí i v naší společnosti časté diskuse týkající se toho, kdy je pro děti vhodný věk pro vstup do vzdělávací instituce. Zřejmě nejmarkantnějším přístupem kritizujícím ranou separaci dítěte a následně odsouvajícím moment vstupu do vzdělávací instituce je iniciativa domácího vzdělávání. V našem výzkumu jsme se zaměřily na to, jak rodiče, kteří doma vzdělávali své děti, zdůvodňují tuto volbu v kontextu potřeb svých dětí. Analyzovaly jsme kvalitativní rozhovory (50) s cílem lépe porozumět jejich motivaci. Prezentujeme tři témata popisující rodiči vnímaný soulad dětských potřeb a možností domácího vzdělávání: (1) Potřeba bez pečného prostoru pro dozrání, (2) Potřeba individuálního rozvoje, (3) Potřeba osamostatnit se. Text poukazuje na to, jak je rozhodnutí vzdělávat děti doma propojené s aktuálními trendy v porozumění dětství a rodičovství. Analýza konkrétních zkušeností přináší praktické využití, zejména pro psychology a pedagogy.Contemporary perceptions of childhood strongly emphasize the importance of meeting the needs of children, especially when taking into account the influence of the primary caregiver. This is reflected in the common discussion as to the most suitable age for children to enter educational institutions. In this discussion, the home-education initiative noticeably criticizes child separation and postpones children\u27s entrance into educational institutions. In our research, we focused on how parents who educated their children at home justify this choice in the context of their children\u27s needs. We analyzed qualitative interviews (50) to gain better insight into their motivations. This study presents three themes perceived by parents that describe the perceived harmony of children\u27s needs and the possibilities of home education: (1) the need for a safe space to mature, (2) the need for unique development, and (3) the need for independence. This study highlights how the decision to educate children at home is linked to current trends in understanding childhood and parenthood. Our analysis of specific experiences identifies practical implications that are especially useful for psychologists and educators
