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Literární věda, komparatistika a slavistika jako tvůrčí trojúhelník : jubilejní rozhovor s prof. PhDr. Milošem Zelenkou, DrSc., připravil prof. PhDr. Ivo Pospíšil, DrSc.
Full text linkRůžena Svobodová (1868–1920), a writer on the boundary of two epochs, and the contexts of her creation : (the formation of a creative writer as a specific type of a literary artist and the alternative "Soft" transition)
Full text linkАвтор настоящей статьи занимаетя проблемой формирования креативной писательницы как особого типа художника и альтернативной транзиции на примере чешской писательницы Ружены Свободовой (1868–1920), относящейся к belle époque в период, когда усиливается процесс женской эмансипации и, одновременно, и значение, даже культ культуры и искусств в целом, которые во время перед Первой мировой войной кульминируют – в отличие от подобного переходного времени в первой трети 21 века.The author of the present study deals with with the problem of the formation of a creative female writer as a specific type of an artist and the alternative transition on the example of the Czech writer Růžena Svobodová (1868–1920) belonging to the belle époque in the period when the process of women\u27s emancipation and, at the same time, also the significance, even the cult of culture and arts in general which at the time before the First World War culminates – in contrast to the similar transitive time of the first third of the 21st century
Living anniversaries – 1918–2018 and 1920–2020: commemorating the End and the Beginning in Romania and Hungary
Full text linkIn my paper I focused on the anniversary of the Romanian "Great Union" (The Declaration of Alba Iulia, 1. 12. 1918) and of the Hungarian signing of the Trianon Peace Treaty (4. 6. 1920). Although these two anniversaries are closely connected, they play very different roles in the national narratives and in the collective memories of Romanians and Hungarians. No wonder that also the ways and aims of their commemoration are significantly different. First, I tried to explain in short what had happened on those two dates a century ago, then I sum up the history of the two anniversaries along the 20th century, and finally I took a look at their commemoration and instrumentalization in the present, with the occasion of the centenary
Reflection of the tragedy of the village of Lidice in the Protectorate, British and American press
Full text linkThe news of the destruction of Lidice shocked people of all the continents throughout the world and the name of Lidice has remained globally known until today. The purpose of this study is to interpret a very important period in the history of the Czech Lands from the point of view of the contemporary Protectorate media, but also from the viewpoint of the British and American press. The study is interdisciplinary as it relates not only to the field of historical sciences but at the same time it is linked to media studies. The analysis was carried out with the help of content analysis, comparative historical analysis and discourse analysis. At the core of our interest here is the way the reflection of the destruction of Lidice was presented by the media, what aspects were of particular interest, in what way the local population was depicted and what characteristic features were attributed to Lidice inhabitants
The future of AI : Stanisław Lem\u27s philosophical visions for AI and cyber-societies in Cyberiad
Full text linkLooking into the future is always a risky endeavour, but one way to anticipate the possible future shape of AI-driven societies is to examine the visionary works of some sci-fi writers. Not all sci-fi works have such visionary quality, of course, but some of Stanisław Lem\u27s works certainly do. We refer here to Lem\u27s works that explore the frontiers of science and technology and those that describe imaginary societies of robots. We therefore examine Lem\u27s prose, with a focus on the Cyberiad stories, to see what challenges our future technological societies may face when they entrust their lives to AI technology. For example, what questions should we ask, and what questions do we forget to ask, when developing AI systems and allowing these systems to control our lives. The technologically honed minds of our current technocrats are perhaps too limited to guide us into this future, because AI-based technology is relatively unchartered territory, as any new, complex technology is by nature. Lem\u27s visions of future societies oriented around AI and robotics portray AI technology in a deeper and more nuanced way than the current technological visions offered by our leading technological prophets. Based on Lem\u27s visions, what is to come may not turn out to be an AI-driven nirvana
The irrelevance of the Turing test in current deep learning
Full text linkÚlohou umelej inteligencie (UI) v Turingovom teste je imitovať človeka do takej miery, aby vyšetrovateľ nebol schopný rozlíšiť stroj od človeka. S príchodom hlbokého učenia (DL) (podkategória UI) sa však situácia mení, pretože sa tieto systémy namiesto simulovania ľudskej inteligencie zameriavajú na riešenie konkrétnych problémov. Z dôvodu, že tieto umelé systémy nesimulujú ľudskú inteligenciu, sa otvára otázka, či nie je Turingov test v problematike hlbokého učenia irelevantný. Na problém sa je možné pozrieť v troch častiach. Po prvé, sa je potrebné zamerať na aplikačné využitie Turingovho testu v Loebnerovej cene, v ktorej sú kladené otázky zamerané na aspekty ľudskej inteligencie – učenie, usudzovanie a porozumenie. Po druhé, je možné považovať za problém, že sa v Turingovom teste rozumie pod inteligenciou iba všeobecná ľudská inteligencia. Keďže ani DL touto formou inteligencie nedisponuje, je možné bez pochýb označiť túto UI za neinteligentnú? Nakoniec je otázne, či by vlastne malo zmysel, aby účelovo zameraná UI, akou je DL, absolvovala Turingov test, nakoľko samotný test žiadne ďalšie poznatky o analýze problémov alebo inteligencii neprináša.The role of artificial intelligence in the Turing test is to imitate human beings to such an extent that people will not realize it is a machine. With the rise of deep learning (a subcategory of AI), the situation is changing rapidly as the new systems do not focus on imitating human intelligence but emphasize thorough solutions to specific issues. The main difference between predefined AI and deep learning (DL) is that these systems are self-learning and have verifiable results. Firstly, we need to analyse the application of the Turing test in the Loebner Prize because, there, the primary emphasis is on aspects of human intelligence – learning, reasoning and understanding. Secondly, in the Turing test, only general intelligence is considered, and this can be questionable. If DL does not possess this form of intelligence, by this reasoning, we should consider it unintelligent. However, is such understanding correct? The third and last aspect questions whether the Turing test is beneficial for an AI designed for specific tasks because the results do not bring any new data and conclusions
Effect sizes and their confidence intervals: examples of their use in education
Full text linkPředložený článek je teoreticko-metodologického charakteru a pojednává o možnostech využití měr věcné významnosti a jejich intervalů spolehlivosti na příkladu didaktických testů jako jedné z klíčových metod pedagogického výzkumu. Obsahově je rozdělen na tři částí: V první je blíže popsána a komparována problematika používání statistické a věcné významnosti; následně se text v obecné rovině věnuje základním mírám věcné významnosti a v třetí části otázce jejich praktického využití včetně intervalů spolehlivosti. V závěru autoři prezentované informace kriticky zhodnocují a syntetizují. Za cíl si kladou přiblížit tuto problematiku čtenářům natolik, aby byli schopni se dané otázce sami věnovat a využívat zmiňované analýzy ve svých výzkumech.The presented article has a theoretical and methodological character and discusses the possibilities of using measures of effect size, including their confidence intervals, on the example of tests in education. The article is divided into three parts. The first part describes and compares the issues of using statistical significance and measures of effect size. The text then deals with the basic measures of effect size and with the questions of their use. In conclusion, the authors try to critically evaluate and synthesize the presented information. The authors aim to bring this issue closer to the readers so that they are able to address the issue themselves and use the mentioned analyses in their research. The entire presentation is performed on the basis of real data