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The arrow and the trap. Figures of Human Finitudein a Funerary Discourse by Kierkegaard
No full textEste artículo elabora la posición de Kierkegaard ante la muerte, tal como ella comparece en un escrito exhortativo inscrito en su colección de Discursos Edificantes. Se defiende la tesis que la posición original elaborada en este escrito a la vez (i) se inspira en el célebre argumento de Epicuro contra el temor a la muerte y (ii) refuta ese argumento mediante consideraciones que no invalidan su estructura deductiva, pero ponen de manifiesto su insuficiencia fenomenológica. El elemento central de esa refutación consiste en habilitar un modo de referencia al morir por medio del cual dicho acontecimiento se vuelve coextensivo a la existencia como un todo y abandona su locación temporal hipotética o remota. Dicha referencia es lo que Kierkegaard designa como “serio pensamiento de la muerte”, que logra sustraer el límite de la existencia a su doble condición periférica y anónima. Para Epicuro, la muerte es periférica en cuanto circunscribe la existencia sin formar parte de ella; y la muerte es anónima en cuanto sobreviene a la especie, o al individuo solamente en cuanto adscrito a ella. El antídoto de Kierkegaard contra Epicuro personaliza el morir y lo convierte en una inminencia contemporánea a cada instante
Fortaleciendo el apoyo para el inicio de funciones de nuevos ministros/as y fiscales/as de Corte de Apelaciones en Chile: evaluación y propuestas de mejora al Programa de Habilitación de la Academia Judicial
No full textTesis (Magíster en Psicología Laboral - Organizacional)--Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 2024La Academia Judicial es una corporación de derecho público que prepara y capacita a los miembros del poder judicial, tanto actuales como futuros, para desempeñar correctamente sus funciones en el rubro. Dentro de sus programas, existe uno dedicado específicamente a capacitar y dar apoyo a los jueces que buscan asumir cargos de ministros/as o fiscales/as de Cortes de Apelaciones, llamado programa de Habilitación (PH). Abordar este tipo de transiciones laborales resulta desafiante en muchos aspectos, y una de las principales características que tiene este caso particular es que existen tiempos disímiles entre el egreso del programa por parte de los jueces y el comienzo de las nuevas funciones como ministros/as. Al egresar del programa los participantes quedan en un estatus de “candidatos”, ya que para trabajar como ministros/as o fiscales/as deben postular a concursos que están determinados por la liberación de los cupos de estos cargos en las Cortes de Apelaciones. Debido a esto, actualmente hay un margen de tiempo muy variado entre la capacitación otorgada por el programa y la utilización de lo aprendido, lo que puede dificultar el mantenimiento de los conocimientos en el tiempo y por consiguiente la inserción en los nuevos puestos de trabajo. Buscando consolidar el apoyo que el programa ofrece a sus egresados, se decidió en consecuencia realizar este proyecto para poder evaluar cómo el programa prepara a sus participantes para los cargos de ministros/as y fiscales/as y proponer mejoras para facilitar su inicio de nuevas funciones. Bajo esta línea, se utilizó un análisis mixto compuesto de una revisión documental, análisis de encuestas a egresados, docentes y tutores del programa, y entrevistas tanto a ministros como al encargado del programa. Dentro de la evaluación, se identificaron varias fortalezas en el PH, como por ejemplo su variedad de métodos de enseñanza, la calidad de los docentes y la posibilidad de realizar actividades prácticas que permiten acercar a los participantes a entornos reales de trabajo. Se identificaron también desafíos importantes, como la necesidad de preparación para el trabajo colegiado, la falta de temáticas correspondientes a los procesos y administración en las Cortes y la escasez de tiempo que tienen las etapas, sobre todo las pasantías. Finalmente, para el apoyo al inicio de funciones, se proponen mejoras como planificar actividades y tareas en las pasantías, generar materiales de apoyo sobre aspectos prácticos del trabajo en la Corte y generar instancias prácticas posteriores al programa donde se puedan tratar temas como el trabajo colegiado y la conducción de audiencias
Surgical training scalability through AI-based innovations
No full textTraining scalability in surgical education is challenged by the limited availability of expert instructors and the need for personalized feedback. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into surgical training offers promising solutions to these challenges. This narrative review examines how AI-based tools enhance surgical training scalability, focusing on automated assessments, feedback delivery, and simulation-based education. A comprehensive literature search identified relevant studies on AI applications in surgical training. The review discusses the educational foundations of simulation training, defines AI and its subsets (machine learning and deep learning), and explores the significance of phase/task segmentation in surgical procedures. It critically analyzes current AI applications in automated assessment and feedback, highlighting impediments to scalability such as the specificity of AI models to particular procedures and the need for new models across different domains. The findings suggest that while AI holds significant potential for improving surgical education, challenges remain in generalizing models and integrating AI tools into diverse training contexts
Seismic performance of damaged slender reinforced concrete walls with unconfined boundaries
No full textReinforced Concrete (RC) wall buildings are extensively used in seismic prone regions. These buildings may be subjected to several earthquakes and aftershocks during their life span. Such reiterative demands generate damage accumulation in RC walls, affecting their seismic performance on future earthquakes. Buildings structured with RC walls with unconfined boundaries are of deep concern because of the large stock of such buildings and their expected limited ductility. Even though several studies have evaluated the seismic performance of undamaged RC walls, limited research has evaluated the seismic performance of priorly damaged RC walls. Thus, the objective of this study is to experimentally evaluate the seismic performance of damaged slender RC walls with different levels of prior damage. Four identical slender RC walls with unconfined boundaries were tested under different loading protocols to cause prior damage and subsequent failure of the walls. Results suggest that the seismic performance of damaged slender RC walls with unconfined boundaries is reduced by a sequence of previous cycles, if the drift ratio of such cycles exceeds 1 %. Therefore, a drift ratio of 1 % can be assumed as a threshold for repair of the slender RC walls tested on this study
Techno-economic evaluation of hybrid solar thermal and photovoltaic cooling systems in the industrial sector implementing a dynamic load estimation method
No full textHybrid solar cooling systems (HYBS) that combine air-to-water and absorption chillers driven by photovoltaic and solar thermal collector fields could improve the techno-economic performance of renewable cooling technologies in industrial applications. However, the limited access to dynamic cooling load data is a notable barrier to evaluating these systems. This research evaluates and compares the techno-economic performance of HYBS with conventional solar and fossil-powered alternatives. For this purpose, a dynamic cooling load profile method for the winemaking industry based on the conduction time series and the heat balance methods was developed, which only requires meteorological data and the annual volume of wine production. The HYBS were evaluated considering Chilean wine regions (high, medium and low solar radiation). The results showed that the HYBS could achieve the highest solar fraction values in all evaluated scenarios. Moreover, HYBS reaches a reduction of 7% of the levelized cost of heating and cooling in medium and low solar radiation sceneries, and the economic performance is highly influenced by the local cost of fossil energy. This research contributes to identifying the potential of HYBS in the industry and presents a useful method to generate dynamic cooling loads from commonly available data
The trajectory of sleep after critical illness: a 24-month follow-up study
No full textAbstract Background Survivors of critical illness endure long-lasting physical and mental challenges. Despite the persistence of poor sleep quality in a considerable proportion of patients at the 12-month follow-up, studies with assessments exceeding this period are limited. We aimed to investigate the trajectory of sleep over the 24 months following critical illness. Methods Observational, prospective study. Patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection were recruited during the intensive care unit stay. Evaluations of sleep (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI]), mental health (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS]), quality of life (12-item Short Form Survey [SF-12]), and other factors were performed in the short-term, and at 12 and 24 months after hospital discharge. Good sleep quality was defined as a PSQI score of ≤ 5. Minimal clinically important improvement (MCII) was defined as a decrease of ≥ 4 points in the PSQI score between the short-term assessment and the 24-month follow-up. Results The cohort included 196 patients (69.9% males), with a median [p25;p75] age of 62.0 [53.0;67.2] years. The global population showed a mean (95% CI) change of − 0.91 ( − 1.50 to − 0.31) points in the PSQI score from the short-term assessment to the 24-month follow-up. Based on PSQI score trajectories, three distinct groups of patients were identified: (i) the healthy group, consisting of patients with good sleep quality in the short-term that was maintained throughout the follow-up period; (ii) the MCII group, consisting of patients with poor sleep quality in the short-term, but with improvement over time, ultimately reaching levels comparable to the healthy group; (iii) the non-MCII group, consisting of those with consistently poor sleep quality across the entire follow-up. Further analyses revealed that PSQI score trajectories were closely aligned with those of the HADS and SF-12 mental scores. Conclusions Our findings reveal that a subset of critical illness survivors requires up to 24 months after the acute phase to fully restore their sleep quality, while a significant proportion does not experience a clinically significant improvement in sleep quality over this period. These distinct sleep trajectories are strongly correlated with mental health status, highlighting the importance of addressing sleep alongside mental health within the framework of post-intensive care syndrome.Background
Survivors of critical illness endure long-lasting physical and mental challenges. Despite the persistence of poor sleep quality in a considerable proportion of patients at the 12-month follow-up, studies with assessments exceeding this period are limited. We aimed to investigate the trajectory of sleep over the 24 months following critical illness.
Methods
Observational, prospective study. Patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection were recruited during the intensive care unit stay. Evaluations of sleep (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI]), mental health (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS]), quality of life (12-item Short Form Survey [SF-12]), and other factors were performed in the short-term, and at 12 and 24 months after hospital discharge. Good sleep quality was defined as a PSQI score of ≤ 5. Minimal clinically important improvement (MCII) was defined as a decrease of ≥ 4 points in the PSQI score between the short-term assessment and the 24-month follow-up.
Results
The cohort included 196 patients (69.9% males), with a median [p25;p75] age of 62.0 [53.0;67.2] years. The global population showed a mean (95% CI) change of − 0.91 ( − 1.50 to − 0.31) points in the PSQI score from the short-term assessment to the 24-month follow-up. Based on PSQI score trajectories, three distinct groups of patients were identified: (i) the healthy group, consisting of patients with good sleep quality in the short-term that was maintained throughout the follow-up period; (ii) the MCII group, consisting of patients with poor sleep quality in the short-term, but with improvement over time, ultimately reaching levels comparable to the healthy group; (iii) the non-MCII group, consisting of those with consistently poor sleep quality across the entire follow-up. Further analyses revealed that PSQI score trajectories were closely aligned with those of the HADS and SF-12 mental scores.
Conclusions
Our findings reveal that a subset of critical illness survivors requires up to 24 months after the acute phase to fully restore their sleep quality, while a significant proportion does not experience a clinically significant improvement in sleep quality over this period. These distinct sleep trajectories are strongly correlated with mental health status, highlighting the importance of addressing sleep alongside mental health within the framework of post-intensive care syndrome
Impacto de las Narrativas y Modelos Mal Especificados en la Toma de Decisiones Estratégicas: Análisis de Modelos Económicos
No full textTesis (Magíster en Economía)--Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 2024.Este trabajo explora el impacto de las narrativas y los modelos mal especificados en las decisiones económicas y las interacciones estratégicas. Se desarrollan tres modelos principales que contribuyen a la literatura existente. Primero, se extiende el modelo de Eliaz y Spiegler (2020) al incluir múltiples agentes, introduciendo interacciones estratégicas entre narrativas y decisiones. Segundo, se analiza un caso asimétrico donde un agente racional, consciente de las narrativas y acciones de un agente público, ajusta sus decisiones estratégicamente para maximizar su beneficio. Finalmente, se presenta un modelo de agente-principal que demuestra cómo la adopción de modelos consistentes, aunque mal especificados, puede alinear los incentivos de los agentes con los objetivos del principal, promoviendo comportamientos óptimos para este. Estos modelos destacan la importancia de la consistencia empírica en las narrativas, no solo como herramienta para comprender decisiones individuales y colectivas, sino también como mecanismo para influir en incentivos y resultados estratégicos. Los hallazgos abren nuevas líneas de investigación sobre el papel de las narrativas en contextos económicos
Términos de intercambio, condiciones financieras globales y ciclo económico de las economías emergentes
No full textTesis(Magíster en Economía)--Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 2024¿Las condiciones financieras globales atenúan los efectos macroeconómicos de losshocks positivos a los términos de intercambio? Este estudio investiga dicha hipótesisutilizando datos de ocho economías emergentes de América Latina. Los resultadosempíricos, obtenidos mediante modelos de Vectores Autorregresivos Estructurales(SVAR), revelan que un shock puro en los términos de intercambio explica el 20% delas variaciones del PIB. Sin embargo, este efecto disminuye al 1% cuando se consideranlas condiciones financieras globales. A partir de un modelo estándar de economía pequeña y abierta se racionaliza que el principal mecanismo que explica estos resultadoses un deterioro del capital en el sector transable de la economía
The Multiscale physics behind the Rikitake time, general friction law, and precursory-coseismic energy scaling
No full textEarthquakes, capable of causing widespread devastation, are complex multiscale phenomena. The Gutenberg-Richter law describes the power-law relationship between earthquake frequency and magnitude, while fault roughness, also exhibiting power-law behavior, influences rupture processes. The Rikitake time, an empirical relationship linking earthquake magnitude to the time required for stress accumulation, is affected by these multiscale characteristics. However, the underlying physics of this relationship remains poorly understood. This study demonstrates that the Rikitake time can be derived from the principles of multiscale thermodynamics, where energy dissipation at various scales governs system evolution. This supports the notion that faults evolve into smoother interfaces, capable of storing more stress prior to large earthquakes due to friction increase. Moreover, it also shows that multiscale thermodynamics can accurately describe different friction laws that are commonly employed in seismic modeling. It is also found a scaling between precursor and coseismic activity. This research provides a general friction law that incorporates multiscale thermodynamic principles, offering a deeper understanding of earthquake dynamics