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Predicción de sobrecarga del cuidador en contexto de cuidados paliativos mediante el uso de indicadores fácilmente medibles
No full textTesis (Magíster en Salud Pública)--Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 2024Introducción: La sobrecarga subjetiva del cuidador en el contexto de pacientes en cuidados paliativos es un hecho relevante tanto por su magnitud como por sus consecuencias negativas, y muchas veces es un problema invisibilizado. Se requieren indicadores simples en nuestro país para identificar y priorizar a los cuidadores que presentan una sobrecarga severa, para destinar y focalizar estrategias e intervenciones.Objetivos Describir y analizar de manera longitudinal la asociación entre la funcionalidad de los pacientes en cuidados paliativos, intensidad de síntomas del enfermo, con la presencia de sobrecarga intensa reportada por el cuidadorMétodo Estudio longitudinal usando datos secundarios de diada paciente – cuidador, atendidos en una unidad de cuidados paliativos del sistema público chileno. Se analizaron variables demográficas, de la enfermedad, funcionalidad, carga de cuidado percibida, entre otros. Se usará estadística descriptiva y analítica para buscar asociaciones y la fuerza de correlación, ajustando por variables confundentes.Resultados se analizaron 95 diadas. La edad promedio de los cuidadores fue 47 años, 74,2% son mujeres, 30% corresponden a la pareja, 44,9% a un hijo o hija, y 24,7% otro familiar. 38% de los cuidadores refieren sobrecarga intensa percibida en algún momento del seguimiento. La presencia de agotamiento, somnoliencia y nerviosismo del enfermo se asociaron de forma independiente a la sobrecarga intensa reportada por el cuidador.Conclusión La presencia de sobrecarga intensa en el cuidador es multifactorial, no logrando establecer una asociación en el tiempo con la funcionalidad de la persona dependiente en esta muestra, pero mostrando una relación con intensidad de algunos síntomas del enfermo
Large earthquakes are more predictable than smaller ones
No full textLarge earthquakes have been viewed as highly chaotic events regardless of their magnitude, making their prediction intrinsically challenging. Here, we develop a mathematical tool to incorporate multiscale physics, capable of describing both deterministic and chaotic systems, to model earthquake rupture. Our findings suggest that the chaotic behavior of seismic dynamics, that is, its sensitivity to initial and boundary conditions, is inversely related to its magnitude. To validate this hypothesis, we performed numerical simulations with heterogeneous fault conditions. Our results indicate that large earthquakes, usually occurring in regions with higher residual energy and lower b-value (i.e., the exponent of the Gutenberg-Richter law), are less susceptible to perturbations. This suggests that a higher variability in earthquake magnitudes (larger b-values) may be indicative of structural complexity of the fault network and heterogeneous stress conditions. To further validate our findings, we compare our theoretical predictions with real seismicity in Southern California; specifically, the relationship between the b-value and the fractal dimension of hypocenters with our model predictions finding good agreement. The statistical similarities observed between the simulated and real earthquakes support the hypothesis that large earthquakes may be less chaotic than smaller ones; hence, more predictable
Askintun, Allkütun ka Süngun: experiencia estética desde el ser mapuche
No full textTesis (Magíster en Estéticas Americanas)--Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 2024El presente proyecto de investigación busca poner en discusión, desde la experiencia estética, la relevancia de los conceptos Askintun, Allkütun y Süngun (observar, escuchar y hablar) para la formación y desarrollo de las personas mapuche-williche en su cultura y su lengua. El punto de partida será la definición y descripción de dichos conceptos por medio de recopilación de antecedentes y entrevistas a personas mapuche-williche. Se abordarán experiencias de desarraigo obligado de la cultura y la lengua y también se explorará la experiencia estética como parte fundamental en el aprendizaje y desarrollo integral del ser humano.The present research project seeks to discuss, from the aesthetic experience, the relevance of
the concepts Askintun, Allkütun and Süngun for the formation and development of MapucheWiliche people in their culture and language. The starting point will be the definition and
description of these concepts through collection of background information and interviews with
Mapuche-Wiliche people. Experiences of forced uprooting of culture and language will be
addressed and the aesthetic experience will also be explored as a fundamental part of the
learning and integral development of the human being
Aging and multigenerational co-residency in Chile between 1982 and 2017
No full textThe article describes the evolution of the multigenerational co-residence in Chile, with emphasis on the variables associated with it among people aged 60 or over, using the complete databases of the National Population Censuses of 1982, 1992, 2002, 2012 and 2017. Multigenerational co-residence is defined as an older people living with a son or daughter aged 25 or older and/or with a grandchild with or without the intermediate generation. While three-generation arrangements were halved in the period studied, the number of older people co-residing only with adult children aged 25 or over (without grandchildren) increased, so the decline in the proportion of Chilean older people living in multigenerational arrangements has not been so abrupt. It can be concluded that multigenerational co-residence occurs mainly due to adult children who stay longer in their parents’ homes and for elderly widows who go to live to a child’s home
New urban scales, social housig and territorial identities in the study of developmental Santiago de Chile
No full textEl artículo aborda la historia urbana de Santiago de Chile a través de dos dimensiones y enfoques metodológicos en el análisis de espacios metropolitanos específicos. Ambos enfoques se centran en la evolución de áreas de Santiago que, inicialmente consideradas residuales, se han transformado en lugares residenciales con identidades propias. Mientras el primero de los espacios, la zona surponiente de la capital, fue discutido y analizado desde fuentes históricas institucionales, ligadas al constructo socioeconómico que explica su derrotero, el segundo espacio, ubicado en la zona oriente de la capital, contiene una descripción y corpus analítico proveniente de fuentes ligada primordialmente a los estudios socioculturales. Ambas miradas ofrecen perspectivas complementarias sobre la historia urbana de Santiago, ilustrando cómo diferentes enfoques metodológicos pueden revelar diversas facetas de la transformación urbana. Todo ello en medio de una heurística que consolida el valor y significado de la interdisciplinariedad de fuentes y saberes en que este artículo se inscribe
Beyond the standard model with scalars: long-lived particles and dimuon Higgs decay
No full textTesis (Doctorado en Física)--Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 2025This thesis explores two extensions of the Standard Model. The first modifies the Scotogenic Model to explain deviations in Dimuon Higgs decays, while satisfying LFV constraints. The second extends the Georgi-Machacek model by incorporating a type-II seesaw, leading to a long-lived doubly charged scalar. Both models offer collider signatures, with one probing loop-induced Higgs decays and the other emphasizing LLP searches. Future experiments will be crucial in testing these predictions.ANI
An in-depth system-level assessment of green hydrogen production by coupling solid oxide electrolysis and solar thermal systems
No full textThis study presents a comprehensive techno-economic analysis of green hydrogen production utilizing a third-generation Concentrated Solar Power system integrated with Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells, examining system configurations under variable climatic conditions in Chile and Spain. By employing dynamic simulation models that consider hourly and sub-hourly datasets, the research assesses the impact of solar irradiance variability on hydrogen production efficiency. The integration approach explores the efficacy of utilizing high-temperature solar power-derived heat for enhanced electrolysis operation, highlighting the critical influence of solar resource quality and data temporal resolution in system performance. Several scenarios involving different solar multiples, thermal energy storage capacities, and electrolyzer sizes were analyzed to identify their effects on the Levelized Cost of Hydrogen. The economic analysis reveals that this cost is notably sensitive to operational parameters and system configurations, suggesting that optimal integration and scaling of solar power and electrolysis technologies could significantly reduce hydrogen production costs. The findings underscore the need for targeted energy policies and investments in renewable technologies to support cost-effective hydrogen production, promoting future research focusing on advanced materials for electrolysis cells and improved system integration strategies. This work enhances the understanding of integrating advanced solar thermal and electrolysis technologies, providing a robust framework for advancing global sustainable energy solutions
Coverage of expert women in the press: framing of female researchers in education in Chile
No full textEste estudio analiza la presencia de las académicas e investigadoras en educación y los encuadres sobre su figura en El Mercurio, diario chileno considerado como referente por los tomadores de decisión. A través de la teoría del framing se condujo un análisis cuantitativo de 295 noticias publicadas entre 2018 y 2022 en la sección de Educación. Se identificaron cinco encuadres: mujer experta, autora de la producción de conocimiento, de interés humano, mujer cuidadora y comentarista. Los resultados arrojaron que las expertas en el área no presentan una diferencia significativa en la frecuencia de apariciones en las noticias respecto de los hombres, aunque sí se encuentran representadas en menor medida como fuentes principales. Los encuadres predominantes de las mujeres fueron los de cuidado y comentarista, relacionados, especialmente, con temas de educación escolar, educación inicial y pandemia. En tanto, el encuadre en el que las expertas obtuvieron menos presencia fue el de conocimiento, definido como aquel donde dan cuenta de los resultados de sus estudios
Influence of Joint Reinforcement on the Shear Behavior of Masonry Panels: Experimental and Numerical Assessment
No full textIn seismic-prone regions, providing shear reinforcement is crucial for controlling the damage to masonry structural elements. In this context, shearresistant behavior has been the focus of several investigations due to its complexity and importance to withstand seismic demands. Different studies have intended to understand more in-depth how shear reinforcement improves the performance of reinforced masonry; despite these efforts, many questions remain open. For instance, it has been observed that shear reinforcement starts interacting with masonry only after cracks are developed. However, the pre-cracking behavior of reinforced and unreinforced masonry walls somewhat differ. Furthermore, it has been proven that the behavior of masonry built with different unit types (i.e., multi-perforated clay bricks, hollow concrete blocks, and solid clay bricks) may exhibit significant variations, implying that masonry built with all unit types must be evaluated. Motivated by this knowledge gap, this study assesses the behavior of masonry panels about 0.8 × 0.8 m made of multi-perforated clay brick, with and without shear reinforcement, and subjected to diagonal compression. Ladder-type steel reinforcement was placed at the mortar bed-joints. The experimental results are complemented with numerical simulations (detailed micro-models) to extend the achieved understanding. The study concluded that the horizontal reinforcement ratio did not significantly influence the behavior of the panels based on the findings that shear strength, shear strain, and shear modulus did not exhibit significant differences. Also, the reinforcement started collaborating with masonry only after the shear strength was achieved when specimens were too damaged to gain higher stresses
Relationship between perceived stress and health literacy on family satisfaction among family members of critically ill patients: A multicenter exploratory study
No full textBackground: Intensive care unit (ICU) admission is often a stressful experience that can negatively influence family satisfaction (FS) with patient care, communication, and decision-making. Health literacy (HL) is associated with the patient's ability to obtain, process, and understand health-related information. Few studies have explored the influence of perceived stress and HL on FS simultaneously. Objective: To examine the association of perceived stress and HL with FS among family members of ICU patients. Design: A multicenter exploratory cross-sectional study. Methods: An exploratory, cross-sectional, multicenter study was conducted in three ICUs from different hospitals in Chile. Family members of ICU patients with >= 48 h of stay and respiratory support were eligible. The Family Satisfaction in the Intensive Care Unit-24 questionnaire and the Perceived Stress Scale were used. HL was evaluated using three screening questions. Multiple beta regressions were fit to explore the association between perceived stress, HL, and FS. Results: A total of 101 family members with 63.4% identified as at risk of low HL were included. Multiple beta regression revealed that low HL was not associated with FS. Conversely, FS was negatively associated with perceived stress, being admitted to the ICU of the central or southern region, and having a close personal relationship with a healthcare provider but positively associated with the number of communications with ICU staff. Conclusions: While perceived stress can be detrimental to FS, HL seems not to impact FS levels among family members of ICU patients. Further studies are required to explore the influence of HL on FS. Implications of the clinical practice: This study advances the knowledge regarding variables affecting FS in the ICU. Evaluating the family members' emotional status may help ICU healthcare providers in the allocation of resources to support family members and to properly assess their satisfaction. Patient or public contribution: Family members of ICU patients participated in this study.Research and Doctorate Directorate of the School of Nursing of the Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chil