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Meta-Synthesis Older Adults' Spiritual Needs in Health Care Settings: A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis
Get PDFRecognizing that spiritual needs often emerge in health care settings, the Joint Commission requires spiritual assessments in numerous organizations frequented by older adults. Given that many gerontological practitioners have received little training in identifying spiritual needs, a qualitative meta-synthesis (N = 9 studies) was conducted to identify and describe older adults’ perceptions of their spiritual needs in health care settings. Five interrelated categories emerged: (a) spiritual practices; (b) relationship with God; (c) hope, meaning, and purpose; (d) interpersonal connection; and (e) professional staff interactions. The implications of the findings are discussed as they inform the spiritual assessment process
How far to the road not taken? The effect of psychological distance on counterfactual direction.
Get PDFUpward and downward counterfactuals serve the distinct motivational functions of selfimprovement
and self-enhancement, respectively. Drawing on construal level theory, which
contends that increasing psychological distance from an event leads people to focus on highlevel,
self-improvement versus low-level, self-enhancement goals, we propose that distance will
alter counterfactual direction in a way that satisfies these distinct motives. We found that people
generated more downward counterfactuals about recent versus distant past events, while they
tended to generate more upward counterfactuals about distant versus recent past events
(Experiment 1). Consistent results were obtained for social distance (Experiment 2). Experiment
3 demonstrated that distance affects the direction of open-ended counterfactual thoughts. Finally,
Experiment 4 explored a potential mechanism, demonstrating that manipulating temporal
distance produced changes in participants’ self-improvement versus self-enhancement
motivations when responding to negative events. Future directions and broader implications for
self-control, social support, empathy, and learning are discussed
