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PSYNDEX Tests Review für GRAFOS-2 - Screening und Differentialdiagnostik der Grafomotorik im schulischen Kontext-2
No full textThis is a PSYNDEX Tests Review of GRAFOS-2 - Screening und Differentialdiagnostik der Grafomotorik im schulischen Kontext-2. PSYNDEX Tests Reviews are written in German and describe and evaluate psychological and educational tests used in the German-speaking countries. PSYNDEX Tests is offered by the Leibniz Institute for Psychology as open access documentation.Das ist ein PSYNDEX Tests Review zu GRAFOS-2 - Screening und Differentialdiagnostik der Grafomotorik im schulischen Kontext-2. PSYNDEX Tests Reviews beschreiben und bewerten zentrale psychologische und pädagogische Testverfahren, die in den deutschsprachigen Ländern eingesetzt werden, nach einem standardisierten Raster. PSYNDEX Tests wird durch das Leibniz-Institut für Psychologie als Open Access Dokumentation angeboten.Diagnostische Zielsetzung: GRAFOS-2 erlaubt die Feststellung des grafomotorischen Entwicklungsstandes sowie eine differenzierte Diagnostik von Förderbedarfen bei Kindergartenkindern und Schulkindern im Alter von 4 bis 9 Jahren. Aufbau: GRAFOS-2 besteht aus einem Screening-Teil und einem Differentialdiagnostik-Teil. Der Screening-Teil gliedert sich wiederum in einen Screeningbogen für Kindergarten und Schule (8 Aufgaben), einen weiteren Screeningbogen für Schulkinder (4 Aufgaben) und einen qualitativen Beobachtungsbogen (4 Bereiche). Die Screeningbögen ermitteln den aktuellen grafomotorischen Leistungsstand auf einer eindimensionalen Skala. Die GRAFOS-2-Differentialdiagnostik kommt zum Einsatz, wenn im GRAFOS-2-Screening ein Verdacht auf Förderbedarf festgestellt wurde. Sie umfasst 14 Aufgaben zu insgesamt 10 Entwicklungsbereichen. Bei den GRAFOS-2-Aufgaben handelt es sich meist um Zeichenaufgaben, die alle kindgerecht in eine gemeinsame Rahmengeschichte "Das Fest der Tiere" eingebettet sind. Grundlagen und Konstruktion: Die Entwicklung von GRAFOS-2 basiert auf der Klassischen Testtheorie. Theoretische Grundlage der GRAFOS-2-Differentialdiagnostik sind gängige Modelle der Entwicklung grafomotorischer Fähigkeiten. Bei GRAFOS-2 handelt es sich um Überarbeitung und Weiterentwicklung von GRAFOS aus dem Jahr 2016, in der vor allem die GRAFOS-2-Screeningbögen revidiert und erweitert wurden. Die Differentialdiagnostik und der Beobachtungsbogen blieben weitestgehend unverändert. Empirische Prüfung und Gütekriterien: Reliabilität: Die interne Konsistenz für die Screeningbögen liegt bei Alpha = .80 für Kindergartenkinder und Alpha = .77 für Schulkinder. In der Differentialdiagnostik beträgt die interne Konsistenz zwischen Alpha = .70 und Alpha = .93 für die einzelnen Entwicklungsbereiche. Zur Retestreliabilität sind keine Daten vorhanden. Validität: Inhaltliche Validität ist gegeben, da bei der Entwicklung und Itemkonstruktion etablierte entwicklungspsychologische Modelle des Handschrift- und Schriftspracherwerbs, Expertenurteile sowie inhaltlich verwandte Verfahren berücksichtigt wurden. Kriteriums- und Konstruktvalidität wurden für die Screeningbögen und die Differentialdiagnostik zumindest in Teilen empirisch belegt. Normen: Die Screeningbögen wurden neu normiert. Altersspezifische Normen liegen getrennt für den Einsatz in Schule (n = 2 046) und Kindergarten (n = 670) vor. Allerdings wird nur eine Einordnung in drei Gruppen (Werte im Bereich über dem Mittelwert der Normstichprobe oder bis zu einer Standardabweichung unter dem Mittelwert der Normstichprobe/Werte im Bereich einer bis zwei Standardabweichungen unter dem Mittelwert der Normstichprobe/Werte im Bereich von mehr als zwei Standardabweichungen unter dem Mittelwert der Normstichprobe) vorgenommen ohne Umrechnung in gängige psychometrische Normwerte. Angaben zum Normierungsjahr sowie zur angenommenen Repräsentativität der Normstichprobe fehlen.publishedVersio
Processing of pronouns with gender-inclusive –x in Spanish: An eye-tracking study
No full textPsycholinguistic research on gender-inclusive language has mainly focused on the processing of stereotyped nouns, while other work has centered on the processing of gender-inclusive morphemes (GIMs). This study focuses on Spanish and, by means of an eye-tracking technique, it examines the early and late processing of pronouns ending with the gender-inclusive morpheme –x, in comparison to those ending with the canonical masculine morpheme –o and the feminine morpheme –a. It also considers emerging trends between –x and extralinguistic factors, such as gender identity, sexual orientation, experience with gender studies, and attitudes towards GIMs. Spanish-speaking university students in Puerto Rico completed a sentence reading task and a questionnaire that collected information pertaining to four extralinguistic factors. Linear mixed-effects models display that processing –x is more costly than –o in all early and late reading measures, but more costly than –a only in some early and late reading measures. Furthermore, the random-effects structure showed an inverse relationship between these differences: the smaller the difference between –x and –o, the larger the difference between –a and –x. Emerging trends with extralinguistic factors suggest future studies should further explore their relationship with gender-inclusive morpheme –x. For a holistic understanding of gender-inclusive Spanish processing at the intersection of language and gender, these findings evince the importance of examining GIMs in comparison to both canonical morphemes and measuring both early and late processing.peerReviewedpublishedVersio
Kognition Testheft der 5. Wiederholungsbefragung 2004 (6. Welle der Berliner Altersstudie)
No full textCognition test booklet of the 5th follow-up survey 2004 used during the sixth wave of the Berlin Aging Study. The multidisciplinary Berlin Aging Study (BASE) was conducted by the Research Group on Aging and Societal Development of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences in collaboration with institutes and research centers belonging to the Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and the Max Planck Institute for Human Development. The study was initially directed by a steering committee consisting of the late Paul B. Baltes (chair), head of the BASE Psychology Unit, Karl Ulrich Mayer (vice-chair), head of the BASE Sociology and Social Policy Unit, Hanfried Helmchen, head of the BASE Psychiatry Unit, and Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen, head of the BASE Internal Medicine and Geriatrics Unit. The project was supported financially by several organizations including the German Federal Ministry for Research and Technology (1989–1991, 13 TA 011 + 13 TA 011/A) and the German Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women, and Youth (1992–1998, 314-1722-102/9 + 314-1722-102/9a) as well as by the institutions involved. From 2008 to 2011, it was co-sponsored by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (01UW0808). The Center for Lifespan Psychology at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development has led the project since 2008 and Ulman Lindenberger has meanwhile become the speaker of BASE (see also https://www.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/research/research-centers/lip/projects/aging/base).BASE was established in 1989 to investigate questions about old and very old age from the joint and collaborative perspectives of four disciplines: psychiatry, psychology, sociology, and geriatrics/internal medicine (see Baltes et al., 1993, 2001). The initial goal of BASE (1990–1993) was to obtain extensive baseline information about old and very old age using a 14-session multidisciplinary Intensive Protocol covering older people’s mental and physical health, psychological functioning, and social and economic situation. The study design called for an age-by-sex stratified heterogeneous (locally representative) sample of 70- to over-100-year-olds. The central goal of the longitudinal study was to follow-up the core sample of participants who completed this Intensive Protocol. Extensive information about the baseline sample selectivity, assessment procedures, and cross-sectional findings are reported in Mayer and Baltes (1996; Baltes & Mayer, 1999; Baltes & Smith, 1997; Lindenberger et al., 1999).Kognition Testheft der 5. Wiederholungsbefragung 2004 von der sechsten Welle der Berliner Altersstudie. Die multidisziplinäre Berliner Altersstudie (BASE) wurde von der Forschungsgruppe Altern und gesellschaftliche Entwicklung der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Zusammenarbeit mit Instituten und Forschungszentren der Freien Universität Berlin, der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin und dem Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung durchgeführt. Geleitet wurde die Studie zunächst von einem Lenkungsausschuss, bestehend aus dem verstorbenen Paul B. Baltes (Vorsitz), Leiter des BASE-Referats Psychologie, Karl Ulrich Mayer (stellvertretender Vorsitz), Leiter des BASE-Referats Soziologie und Sozialpolitik, Hanfried Helmchen, Leiter des BASE-Referats Psychiatrie, und Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen, Leiterin des BASE-Referats Innere Medizin und Geriatrie. Das Projekt wurde u.a. durch das Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie (1989-1991, 13 TA 011 + 13 TA 011/A) und das Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (1992-1998, 314-1722-102/9 + 314-1722-102/9a) sowie durch die beteiligten Institutionen finanziell unterstützt. Von 2008 bis 2011 wurde es vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01UW0808) mitgefördert. Das Center for Lifespan Psychology am Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung leitet das Projekt seit 2008 und Ulman Lindenberger ist inzwischen Sprecher von BASE (siehe auch https://www.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/research/research-centers/lip/projects/aging/base).BASE wurde 1989 ins Leben gerufen, um Fragen zum Thema Alter und sehr hohes Alter aus der gemeinsamen und kooperativen Perspektive von vier Disziplinen zu untersuchen: Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Soziologie und Geriatrie/Innere Medizin (siehe Baltes et al., 1993, 2001). Ursprüngliches Ziel der BASE-Studie (1990-1993) war es, mit Hilfe eines multidisziplinären Intensivprotokolls, das 14 Sitzungen umfasste und die geistige und körperliche Gesundheit, das psychologische Funktionieren sowie die soziale und wirtschaftliche Situation älterer Menschen abdeckte, umfassende Basisinformationen über das Alter und das sehr hohe Alter zu erhalten. Das Studiendesign sah eine nach Alter und Geschlecht geschichtete, heterogene (lokal repräsentative) Stichprobe von 70- bis über 100-Jährigen vor. Das Hauptziel der Längsschnittstudie bestand darin, die Kernstichprobe der Teilnehmer, die das Intensivprotokoll absolviert haben, weiter zu verfolgen. Ausführliche Informationen über die Auswahl der Ausgangsstichprobe, die Beurteilungsverfahren und die Querschnittsergebnisse sind in Mayer und Baltes (1996; Baltes & Mayer, 1999; Baltes & Smith, 1997; Lindenberger et al., 1999) zu finden.notReviewedunknow
Mental Health Interventions for Mitigating "Social Botox" Effects: A Systematic Review of Evidence-Based Strategies
No full textBackground: The omnipresence of social media has fostered a sociocultural phenomenon termed "Social Botox," encapsulating both the use of aesthetic procedures and the psychological pressures for aesthetic perfection driven by digital platforms. This review synthesizes scholarly literature to delineate the psychological mechanisms underlying Social Botox and evaluate evidence-based mental health interventions to mitigate its adverse effects, focusing on social comparison, digital narcissism, and false self-presentation. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted across PsycINFO, Web of Science, and PubMed for peer-reviewed articles, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews published between 2014 and 2025. Keywords included "Social Botox," "social media," "body image," "mental health interventions," and "digital narcissism." Over 40 sources were narratively synthesized to examine psychological mechanisms and intervention efficacy. Non-peer-reviewed sources and non-English articles were excluded unless foundational. Data were analyzed thematically to identify trends and gaps. Results: Three psychological mechanisms drive Social Botox: (1) Social comparison and self-discrepancy, where exposure to idealized content fosters a gap between actual and ideal selves, predicting body dissatisfaction (40% prevalence) and low self-esteem; (2) Digital narcissism, characterized by a feedback loop of validation-seeking, with 70% of users reporting increased self-focus; (3) False self-presentation, linked to fear of negative evaluation and poor mental health outcomes. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and mindfulness-based programs significantly outperform simplistic strategies like digital detoxes, reducing body dissatisfaction by 30–50% in controlled trials. Conclusions: Social Botox, driven by social media’s idealized standards, exacerbates body dissatisfaction, narcissistic tendencies, and inauthentic self-presentation. Evidence-based interventions like CBT, ACT, and mindfulness effectively address underlying cognitive and emotional drivers, unlike behavioral strategies such as screen time reduction. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess long-term efficacy, and ethical social media design is critical to reduce aesthetic pressures. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to promote psychological well-being in digital contexts.This research was funded by the https://premiumdoctors.org/ Research and Development Group in California.notReviewedothe
The Autonomic Dynamics and Performance Tuning (ADAPT) Framework
No full textThis manuscript introduces the Autonomic Dynamics and Performance Tuning (ADAPT) framework. ADAPT takes the perspective that the central autonomic nervous system (ANS), traditionally recognized for its role in physiological regulation and survival reflexes, serves as the ancestral core of modern human cognition and its underlying neurocognitive circuitry. Working forward from that premise, the framework describes how the ANS modulates the expression of underlying neurocognitive ‘atoms’ to shape flexible, adaptive behavior in the immediate term, and shapes plastic adaptation over time as emergent properties of its role in physiological regulation. In doing so, ADAPT ties together canonical behavioral and neuroimaging findings, reconciles disparate interventional results, and suggests broad implications for the development, maintenance, and decline of neurocognitive function and dysfunction across the lifespan. Rather than a repudiation of existing paradigms and frameworks, ADAPT provides a complementary perspective that can account for some of the imprecision of current approaches, as well as adding explanatory leverage and suggesting novel lines of inquiry within existing approaches and paradigms. Indeed, the manuscript concludes with suggestions for methodological and conceptual consideration to improve assessment of ANS integrity, neurocognitive performance and dysfunction, behavioral variability, and guidance for interventional approaches.Support for this research was provided by the National Institute on Aging (R01 AG047596) and National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH124045).notReviewedothe
Dataset for: Response Selection Can Feed Back on Task Selection Through Episodic Retrieval
No full textThis is the project folder of the manuscript Response Selection Can Feed Back on Task Selection Through Episodic Retrieval. Abstract: Goal-directed behaviour is thought to subsume integration, or binding, of perceptual and action features. In task-switching settings, this entails forming a task–response binding in each trial that can then be retrieved in the following trial. Accordingly, repeating the same response in a trial supposedly retrieves the previously relevant task (the N−1 task). In task switches, the retrieved task mismatches with the current task, which causes costs for response repetitions in task-switch trials (RR costs). In the present study (two re-analyses of published data: N = 255, N = 39, and two new experiments: Ns = 96 each), we tested such a binding and retrieval account of the RR costs by isolating specific task confusion errors, namely the erroneous re-application of the N−1 task. Coupled with the use of Multinomial Processing Tree (MPT) models, we could test the prediction, unique to the binding account of RR costs, that selecting a repeating response triggers retrieval of the N−1 task. Coherent with this prediction, the MPT model results showed a larger probability of selecting the N−1 task when the response should be repeated compared to switched. These results challenge strict feedforward processing flowing from task selection to response selection. In fact, selecting a repeating response may divert task selection from the N task towards the N−1 task, via retrieval of the bound N−1 task. Taken together, this study provides novel evidence for episodic retrieval in task switching while specifying the interplay of task and response selection.unknow
Dataset for research regarding the translations of Sussex-Oxford Compassion Scales (SOCS) into Finnish
No full textDataset of 1100 participants from a consumer panel responding to SOCS, life satisfaction and stress inventory PSS-10.Dataset for: Hannukkala, M. S., Grandell, R., & Levänen, S. (2025). Psychometric Properties of the Sussex-Oxford Compassion Scales: Associations with Perceived Stress and Life Satisfaction in Finnish Adolescents and Young Adults. Mindfulness. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-025-02637-1Objectives: Compassion, toward others or oneself, is a key human virtue linked to well-being, sparking growing interest in its definition and measurement. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Finnish translation of the Sussex-Oxford Compassion Scales, comprising two 20-item scales, Sussex-Oxford Compassion for Others Scale (SOCS-O) and Sussex-Oxford Compassion for the Self Scale (SOCS-S), to address the research gap in language-appropriate measures and advance understanding of their interplay. Method: Participants (n = 1100), aged 15–32 years, were recruited via a consumer panel. The construct validity of the Finnish SOCS was assessed using Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling, and polychoric correlations examined its links to stress and life satisfaction. Results: Analyses supported a five-factor structure for SOCS-S and a four-factor structure for SOCS-O, while bifactor models did not converge and hierarchical models showed better yet mixed validity. Compassion and self-compassion were strongly correlated, with SOCS components demonstrating strong interrelationships. Higher stress was moderately linked to lower self-compassion but not compassion. Life satisfaction moderately correlated with self-compassion and positively with recognizing and tolerating others’ suffering. Conclusions: These findings highlight the multifaceted nature of compassion and support the validity of the Finnish SOCS for assessing compassion and self-compassion in Finnish adolescents and young adults, provided subscale scores are used. Using total sum scores for SOCS-O and SOCS-S likely oversimplifies these complex constructs. The results also suggest self-compassion may buffer against stress and enhance life satisfaction, underscoring its relevance in mental health interventions. Distinguishing between self-compassion and compassion could inform targeted well-being programs and mental health support strategies. Preregistration: This study is not preregistered.unknow
Supplementary materials to "A practical guide to conducting dose-response meta-analyses in epidemiology" [ResearchData]
No full textSupplementary materials [ResearchData]. The related article is Jiang, H., Rehm, J., Probst, C., Tran, A., Lange, S., & Llamosas-Falcón, L. (2025). A practical guide to conducting dose-response meta-analyses in epidemiology. Methodology, 21(2). https://doi.org/10.5964/meth.14733The supplementary material contains the liver disease dataset.unknow
Sitzungsprotokoll der 6. Wiederholungsbefragung 2005 (7. Welle der Berliner Altersstudie)
No full textSession protocol of the 6th follow-up survey 2005 used during the seventh wave of the Berlin Aging Study. The multidisciplinary Berlin Aging Study (BASE) was conducted by the Research Group on Aging and Societal Development of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences in collaboration with institutes and research centers belonging to the Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and the Max Planck Institute for Human Development. The study was initially directed by a steering committee consisting of the late Paul B. Baltes (chair), head of the BASE Psychology Unit, Karl Ulrich Mayer (vice-chair), head of the BASE Sociology and Social Policy Unit, Hanfried Helmchen, head of the BASE Psychiatry Unit, and Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen, head of the BASE Internal Medicine and Geriatrics Unit. The project was supported financially by several organizations including the German Federal Ministry for Research and Technology (1989–1991, 13 TA 011 + 13 TA 011/A) and the German Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women, and Youth (1992–1998, 314-1722-102/9 + 314-1722-102/9a) as well as by the institutions involved. From 2008 to 2011, it was co-sponsored by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (01UW0808). The Center for Lifespan Psychology at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development has led the project since 2008 and Ulman Lindenberger has meanwhile become the speaker of BASE (see also https://www.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/research/research-centers/lip/projects/aging/base).BASE was established in 1989 to investigate questions about old and very old age from the joint and collaborative perspectives of four disciplines: psychiatry, psychology, sociology, and geriatrics/internal medicine (see Baltes et al., 1993, 2001). The initial goal of BASE (1990–1993) was to obtain extensive baseline information about old and very old age using a 14-session multidisciplinary Intensive Protocol covering older people’s mental and physical health, psychological functioning, and social and economic situation. The study design called for an age-by-sex stratified heterogeneous (locally representative) sample of 70- to over-100-year-olds. The central goal of the longitudinal study was to follow-up the core sample of participants who completed this Intensive Protocol. Extensive information about the baseline sample selectivity, assessment procedures, and cross-sectional findings are reported in Mayer and Baltes (1996; Baltes & Mayer, 1999; Baltes & Smith, 1997; Lindenberger et al., 1999).Sitzungsprotokoll der 6. Wiederholungsbefragung 2005 von der siebten Welle der Berliner Altersstudie. Die multidisziplinäre Berliner Altersstudie (BASE) wurde von der Forschungsgruppe Altern und gesellschaftliche Entwicklung der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Zusammenarbeit mit Instituten und Forschungszentren der Freien Universität Berlin, der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin und dem Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung durchgeführt. Geleitet wurde die Studie zunächst von einem Lenkungsausschuss, bestehend aus dem verstorbenen Paul B. Baltes (Vorsitz), Leiter des BASE-Referats Psychologie, Karl Ulrich Mayer (stellvertretender Vorsitz), Leiter des BASE-Referats Soziologie und Sozialpolitik, Hanfried Helmchen, Leiter des BASE-Referats Psychiatrie, und Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen, Leiterin des BASE-Referats Innere Medizin und Geriatrie. Das Projekt wurde u.a. durch das Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie (1989-1991, 13 TA 011 + 13 TA 011/A) und das Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (1992-1998, 314-1722-102/9 + 314-1722-102/9a) sowie durch die beteiligten Institutionen finanziell unterstützt. Von 2008 bis 2011 wurde es vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01UW0808) mitgefördert. Das Center for Lifespan Psychology am Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung leitet das Projekt seit 2008 und Ulman Lindenberger ist inzwischen Sprecher von BASE (siehe auch https://www.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/research/research-centers/lip/projects/aging/base).BASE wurde 1989 ins Leben gerufen, um Fragen zum Thema Alter und sehr hohes Alter aus der gemeinsamen und kooperativen Perspektive von vier Disziplinen zu untersuchen: Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Soziologie und Geriatrie/Innere Medizin (siehe Baltes et al., 1993, 2001). Ursprüngliches Ziel der BASE-Studie (1990-1993) war es, mit Hilfe eines multidisziplinären Intensivprotokolls, das 14 Sitzungen umfasste und die geistige und körperliche Gesundheit, das psychologische Funktionieren sowie die soziale und wirtschaftliche Situation älterer Menschen abdeckte, umfassende Basisinformationen über das Alter und das sehr hohe Alter zu erhalten. Das Studiendesign sah eine nach Alter und Geschlecht geschichtete, heterogene (lokal repräsentative) Stichprobe von 70- bis über 100-Jährigen vor. Das Hauptziel der Längsschnittstudie bestand darin, die Kernstichprobe der Teilnehmer, die das Intensivprotokoll absolviert haben, weiter zu verfolgen. Ausführliche Informationen über die Auswahl der Ausgangsstichprobe, die Beurteilungsverfahren und die Querschnittsergebnisse sind in Mayer und Baltes (1996; Baltes & Mayer, 1999; Baltes & Smith, 1997; Lindenberger et al., 1999) zu finden.notReviewedunknow
Do they sound gay? Positive bias in the promotability of gay-sounding speakers
No full textGay-sounding men are often perceived as not suitable for leadership roles. However, this bias may depend on the type of role they apply for since gay men are seen as a better fit for stereotypically feminine than masculine roles. Hence, gay-sounding men may have an advantage when applying for feminine leadership roles. In a pilot study, we identified Italian male speakers who were perceived as either gay- or straight-sounding by British listeners. In the main study, we tested the perception and career advancement to more senior roles of candidates who already held managerial positions. British participants (N = 113) listened to foreign (Italian) male candidates who either sounded gay or straight. They then judged their suitability for stereotypically feminine, masculine, and neutral senior roles and rated them in terms of agency and communion. Results showed a positive bias such as that gay-sounding candidates were seen as more suitable for stereotypically feminine senior roles than straight-sounding candidates because they were seen as more communal. Such positive bias was stronger among those participants who reported the lowest level of negative attitudes toward gay men. These findings contribute to the current literature on voice-based discrimination by showing positive stereotyping and positive biases toward gay-sounding men.peerReviewedpublishedVersio