Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg: Qucosa
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Agglomerationsneigung und Sinterverhalten von Kohleaschen
Get PDFIn der vorliegenden Arbeit werden verschiedene Methoden zur Bestimmung von Sintertemperaturen für Brennstoffaschen vorgestellt und verglichen, mit dem Ziel die Agglomerationsneigung von Aschen zu charakterisieren. Es wurden Untersuchungen an drei ausgewählten Kohleaschen unter inerten, oxidierenden und reduzierenden Bedingungen durchgeführt. Die Methoden Erhitzungsmikroskopie (ASV), Hochtemperatur-Röntgendiffraktometrie (HT-RDA), Thermogravimetrische Differenz-kalorimetrie (TG-DSC), Thermodynamische Gleichgewichtsberechnungen (GGW), Elektrochemische Impedanzspektroskopie (EIS), Untersuchung der Schereigenschaften (SV) und die Bestimmung der Kaltdruckfestigkeit (KDF) wurden angewendet. Die Kombination der Untersuchungen ließ eine umfangreiche analytische Charakterisierung der Sintervorgänge zu. Unter der Berücksichtigung einer guten Vergleichbarkeit hinsichtlich der ermittelten Sintertemperaturen, stellt die EIS eine Alternative zur etablierten aber zeitaufwändigen Bestimmung der KDF dar. In Abhängigkeit von der Aschezusammensetzung, der Korngröße und der Gasatmosphäre, ist bereits ab einer Temperatur von 650 °C eine Agglomeration von Aschepartikeln möglich
Gefügeausbildung und mechanische Eigenschaften von unlegiertem bainitischem Warmband mit Restaustenit
Get PDFSeit vielen Jahren wächst die Nachfrage bezüglich sparsamer Fahrzeuge; die Autohersteller konkurrieren miteinander und werben mit neuen Fahrzeugkonzepten, in denen hochmoderne Werkstoffe ihre Anwendung finden. In dieser Arbeit werden Legierungskonzepte und entsprechende Warmwalztechnologien einer ultrahochfesten bainitischen Stahlsorte mit Restaustenit vorgestellt, die der genannten Anwendung angepasst werden können. Der gewählte Werkstoff gehört zu den Stählen mit mittleren Kohlenstoffgehalten, die sich nach der - im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entwickelten - Behandlung durch hohe Zugfestigkeit bei vergleichsweise hoher Bruchdehnung auszeichnen. Es werden erweiterte Modelle zur Beschreibung der Phasenumwandlung von Stählen im Bainitgebiet vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse aus den Experimenten wurden genutzt, um die Modelle zu ergänzen und zu evaluieren. Dabei wird nicht nur der Warmwalzprozess, sondern auch die chemische Zusammensetzung der Stähle selbst optimiert. Die hier präsentierte Arbeit erstreckt sich über die gesamte Produktionskette und zeigt geeignete Herstellungsbedingungen, die in Betriebsanlagen leicht realisierbar sind und umgesetzt wurden.:1 Einführung 10
2 Literaturauswertung 12
3 Aufgabestellung 52
4 Eigene Arbeiten 53
5 Versuchsdurchführung 55
6 Ergebnisse 67
7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 129
8 Literaturverzeichnis 131
9 Abbildungsverzeichnis 141
10 Tabellenverzeichnis 144
11 Angewendete Simulationsanlagen 146
12 Anhang 15
Updating mining reserves with uncertainty data
Get PDFIn mining operations, the time delay between grade estimations and decision about the scheduling of stopes mining can result in seriously outdated information and, consequently, a substantial mined reserves bias. To mitigate this gap between the grade estimation of an orebody and its exploitation, this paper proposes a new method of speedily updating resources and reserves integrated into the concept of real-time mining. This consists in the continuous and swift update of mine reserves, which requires a continuous and fast stream of the measurements of stopes in an underground mine rather than the chemical lab analysis of core samples or chip/face samples. Here we propose using portable for the swift monitoring of ore grades. However, this “fast” data be highly uncertain. For this reason, the first step consists of creating a bidistribution function between “uncertain” XRF and the corresponding “hard” measurements, based on empirical historical data. Following this, the uncertainty of the XRF measurements is derived from those bi-distributions through the conditional distribution of real values given to the known XRF measurement.The second step involves updating the reserves by integrating this uncertain XRF data, which has been quantified by conditional distributions, in the grade characterization models. For this purpose, a stochastic simulation with point distributions is applied. A case study of a sulphide copper deposit illustrates the proposed methodology
Stochastic modeling of Brownian and turbulent coagulation
Get PDFAls Beitrag zu einer verbesserten Filtration von Metallschmelzen werden stochastische Modelle für den essentiellen Mechanismus der Koagulation von Brownschen Partikeln und Partikeln in turbulenten Strömungen entwickelt und untersucht. Formeln für die zeitliche Entwicklung der Partikelkonzentration in diesen Systemen erlauben die Bestimmung von physikalischen Parametern, welche die Koagulation und somit die Filtration begünstigen. Um wichtige Resultate im Zusammenhang mit der traditionellen Herangehensweise für Brownsche Partikel zu berichtigen und zu erweitern, wird ein neuer Ansatz in Form zweier Modelle entwickelt. Für beide werden Formeln für die Partikelkonzentration, auf Basis einer neuartigen Verallgemeinerung der Matérn Hard-Core-Punktprozesse, abgeleitet. Um im Hinblick auf die Koagulationsgleichung der fraktalartigen Gestalt der Agglomerate besser Rechnung zu tragen, wird deren Morphologie anhand zweier neuer Modelle quantifiziert. Die Arbeit wird durch Anwendung der Modelle und numerische Simulationen von Koagulation und Abscheidung in turbulenten Strömungen abgerundet
Bargeld quo vadis?
Get PDFNachdem eine Bargeldabschaffung schon vor längerem u.a. von Wissenschaftsvertretern wie Rogoff, Summers und Bofinger diskutiert und im Ergebnis befürwortet wurde, scheint das Thema aufgrund aktueller Entwicklungen sowie bereits vollzogener Maßnahmen verstärkt in Wissenschaft und Praxis angekommen zu sein, wo es kontrovers diskutiert wird. Dabei werden sowohl für als auch gegen Abschaffung bzw. Beschränkung des Bargeldes gewichtige Gründe ins Feld geführt. Aufgrund der großen Aktualität und Relevanz der Thematik wird sie zuerst aus theoretischer Sicht beleuchtet, bevor empirische Entwicklungen aufgezeigt, sowie die gegensätzlichen Argumentationslinien der Befürworter und Gegner einer Abschaffung bzw. Beschränkung des Bargeldes sowie bereits veränderte institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen dargestellt und bewertet werden.The topic of abolishing cash is discussed since some time, and economists such as Rogoff, Summers and Bofinger argue for it. Due to some current developments, as much as some already taken measures, the public is increasingly discussing it in a controversial way. There are good reasons for such a fundamental change, as well as against it. Against the backdrop of the current discussion, this paper emphasises the theoretical background, empirical developments and the competing argumentative lines of the supporters and opponents of an abolishing or limitation of cash, as well as the respective institutional change which has already happened
Environmental impact assessment on oil shale extraction in Central Jordan
Get PDFThis study focuses on the environmental impact assessment of trace elements concentrations in spent shale, which is the main residual besides gas and steam from the utilization of oil shale.
The study area El-Lajjun covers 28 km2, located in the centre of Jordan approximately 110 km south of Amman. It belongs mainly to the Wadi Mujib catchment and is considered to be one of the most important catchments in Jordan.
The Wadi El-Lajjun catchment area (370 km2) consists of two main aquifer systems: The intermediate aquifer (Amman Wadi As Sir Aquifer or B2/A7) and the deep sandstone aquifer (Kurnub/Ram Group Aquifer). The B2/A7 aquifer (Upper Cretaceous) is considered as the main source of fresh water in Jordan.
El-Lajjun oil shale was deposited in a sedimentary basin and comprises massive beds of brown-black, kerogen-rich, bituminous chalky marl. The oil shale was deposited in shallow marine environment. It is by definition a sedimentary rock containing organic material in the rock matrix. The shale oil extraction is an industrial process to decompose oil shale and to convert the kerogen into shale oil by hydrogenation, pyrolysis or by a thermal dissolution.
Several classifications of extraction technologies are known; the classification with respect to the location where the extraction takes place distinguishes between off-site, on-site, and in situ. The oil shale utilization may have serious repercussions on the surrounding environment if these issues are not investigated and evaluated carefully.
Ten representative oil shale rock samples with a total weight about 20 kg were collected from different localities of oil shale exposures in the study area. A standardized laboratory Fischer Assay test was performed with the samples to determine oil shale characteristics and to obtain spent shale, which was used in this study for further investigations. Sequential extraction was used to evaluate the changes in the mobility and distribution of the trace elements: Ti, V Cr, Co, Zn, As Zr, Cd, Pb and U. Column leaching experiments were performed to simulate the leaching behavior of the above elements from oil shale and spent shale to evaluate the possible influence on the groundwater in the study area. The concentrations in the leachate were below the maximum contaminant levels of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for drinking water and the Jordanian standards for drinking water.
An immobilization method by using Kaolin was applied to reduce the mobilization and bioavailability of the trace elements fraction that are contained in the spent shale. Immobilization was evaluated as a function of liquid-solid ratio (solid-liquid partitioning) and as a function of pH. A comparison between the results obtained from column leaching experiments and the results that were obtained from immobilization for the oil shale and spent shale samples indicated that the immobilization reduced the mobility of the trace element except for Ti, V, and Cr. However, even the concentrations of these elements were lower than the maximum acceptable limits of the Jordanian Standard Specifications for waste water.
The catchment of the study area (Wadi El-Lajjun catchment) is ungauged. Therefore, the soil conservation service (SCS) runoff curve number method was used for predicting direct runoff from rainfall. The results obtained showed that the infiltration of water is very small (approximately 0.6 cm/year) and rarely can´t reach the groundwater through the oil shale beds. Thus, a contamination of groundwater is unlikely under normal conditions.
DRASTIC was used to assess groundwater vulnerability for the B2/A7 aquifer with respect to pollution by oil shale utilization. The aquifer vulnerability map shows that the area is divided into three zones: low (risk index 10-100; intermediate (risk index 101–140) and high groundwater vulnerability (risk index 141-200). The high risk areas are small and mainly located in the northeastern corner of the El-Lajjun graben, where the hydraulic conductivity is relatively high and rocks are highly fractured and faulted.
The water table of the deep sandstone aquifer (Kurnub/Ram group) in the El-Lajjun area is relatively deep. At least two geological formations above the Kurnub aquifer are aquitards and protect the deep aquifer. However, the area is highly fractured and thus there is a certain possibility for contact with surface pollutants.
Finally, further research with respect to trace elements including REE elements and isotopes in the intermediate and deep sandstone aquifers are highly recommended. Isotopic signatures will be very helpful to investigate to which extend hydraulic connections between the aquifers exist.
Further and in particular mineralogical studies on the spent shale and the possibilities for industrial utilization are recommended because huge quantities of spent shale are expected. Because most oil shale extraction technologies especially the power generation require considerable amounts of water detailed studies on water supply for the oil shale treatment have to be performed
Herstellung, Simulation und Charakterisierung thermoelektrischer Generatoren auf Basis anisotroper Oxidmaterialien
Get PDFDie thermoelektrische Energiekonversion auf der Basis des Seebeck-Effekts ist eine Methode zur direkten Erzeugung elektrischer Energie aus thermischer Energie. Für die wesentlichen anwendungsrelevanten Parameter Temperaturbereich, elektrische Leistung und Herstellungskosten sind Materialauswahl und Aufbau der TEG entscheidend. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden erstmalig thermoelektrische Oxidkeramiken in monolithischen TEG verwendet, die auf der Grundlage des transversalen thermoelektrischen Effekts arbeiten. Die TEG wurden mit industriell skalierbaren Keramiktechnologien hergestellt, untersucht und hinsichtlich ihrer Parameter detailliert theoretisch und experimentell bewertet.
Als Modellsystem für die Materialien wurde La1-xSrxCuO4 in Kombination mit Ag bzw. Ag6Pd1 verwendet. Es konnte belegt werden, dass diese monolithischen TEG im Bereich kleiner elektrischer Leistungen eine vorteilhafte Alternative zu herkömmlichen
longitudinalen thermoelektrischen Generatoren sein können
Aktuelle Entwicklung in der Endlagerbranche
Get PDFDie Endlagerbranche steht vor einem tiefgreifenden Wechsel. Die bisherigen Organisationseinheiten DBE mbH, ASSE GmbH, Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (BfS) werden neu sortiert und in der neugegründeten Bundes-Gesellschaft für Endlagerung verschmolzen. Eine neue Genehmigungsbehörde, das Bundesamt für Kerntechnische Entsorgungssicherheit (BfE) wird geschaffen. Im Ergebnis dieser Neustrukturierung gibt es eine klare Aufgabentrennung zwischen Regulator und Operator. Darüber hinaus führt die Zusammenlegung der bisher verteilten Aufgaben vom Bauherr und ausführender Baufirma zu Synergieeffekten und einer größeren Umsetzungskompetenz in den Endlagerprojekten. Die neue Bundes-Gesellschaft für Endlagerung (BGE) wird sowohl in der Tiefe als auch in der Breite ihre Aktivitäten jede der bisher bestehenden Organisationen übertreffen und daher eine höhere Schlagkraft haben
Der Einsatz unbemannter Flugsysteme zur Charakterisierung von gesprengtem Haufwerk
Get PDFDie erreichte Zerkleinerung und die Form des Haufwerks sind die beiden wichtigsten Ergebnisse einer Tagebausprengung. Schnelle Informationen über die Eigenschaften des gesprengten Haufwerks ermöglichen eine zielgerichtete und effiziente Produktionsplanung und Kenntnisse über die erreichte Zerkleinerung ermöglichen außerdem Anpassungen in der weiteren Zerkleinerungskette. Durch den Einsatz von UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) gemeinsam mit modernen Algorithmen aus dem Bereich Computer Vision und des maschinellen Lernens soll eine schnelle Erfassung und Interpretation der Daten bei gleichzeitiger Integration in die herkömmlichen betrieblichen Abläufe ermöglicht werden, und außerdem können Schwächen bodengebundener Systeme hinsichtlich Vollständigkeit
und Repräsentativität umgangen werden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird einerseits auf den relevanten Stand des Wissens und der Technik eingegangen und andererseits wird die verfolgte Stoßrichtung bei der Systementwicklung dargelegt sowie erste Arbeiten präsentiert.The fragmentation and the shape of the muck pile are the two major outcomes of open pit mine and quarry blasts. Fast information about the muck pile properties will help to improve the production scheduling and furthermore this information could be used to optimize the blasting patterns of future production blasts. The combined use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and modern machine learning and computer vision systems offers a new way of acquiring spatial data to determine on-site fragment size distribution, while at the same time enabling integration into common work flows and mitigating the weaknesses of ground-based systems with special regard to completeness and representativeness. In the present paper, we will discuss the relevant related work, present the planned path for system development and give examples of first work
Viscosity of slags
Get PDFSlags plays a significant role at high temperature processes. The estimation of the slag viscosity is vital for the safe run of e.g. entrained flow gasifiers. One opportunity of determination is rotational viscometry. This technique is disadvantageous in view of elevated temperatures, applied materials and the necessary time. Additionally, the viscosity can be predicted by the help of viscosity models, where viscosity is a function of slag composition and temperature. Due to changing slag properties within the technical processes, the calculated viscosities can hugely differ from measured ones.
In this work, the viscosities of 42 slags where measured up to 100 Pa s and temperatures up to 1700 °C. Oxidizing and reducing conditions were applied. Additionally, selected slag samples were quenched at defined temperatures to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the formed minerals by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Differential temperature analysis (DTA) was applied to find the onset of crystallization for the complementation of investigations.
The Einstein-Roscoe equation was chosen to improve the classic viscosity models. Reducing atmosphere decreased viscosity and the number of formed minerals was increased. Slags show a shear-thinning behavior above ca. 10 vol.-% of solid mineral matter. Also, Newtonian behavior was observed up to 60 vol.-%. To overcome problems with the kinetic cooling behavior of the slags, a viscosity approximation method was applied afterwards. This can result in optimized viscosity predictions when several preconditions are fulfilled.:List of Tables ............................................................................................................ vi
List of Figures ........................................................................................................ viii
Symbols and Abbreviations .................................................................................. xviii
1. Introduction and Aim ....................................................................................... 1
2. General Overview of Slag ............................................................................... 2
2.1 Viscosity ...................................................................................................... 2
2.1.1 Viscosity Introduction ........................................................................... 2
2.1.2 Flow behavior of fluids ......................................................................... 3
2.2 Slag Definition and Phase Diagrams ........................................................... 4
2.3 Solid Slag Structure .................................................................................... 5
2.4 Liquid Slag Structure ................................................................................. 10
2.5 Basicity and B/A-ratio ................................................................................ 11
2.6 Slag Components...................................................................................... 13
2.6.1 Silicon dioxide .................................................................................... 13
2.6.2 Aluminum oxide ................................................................................. 13
2.6.3 Calcium oxide .................................................................................... 15
2.6.4 Iron oxide ........................................................................................... 16
2.6.5 Magnesium Oxide .............................................................................. 18
2.6.6 Potassium Oxide ................................................................................ 19
2.6.7 Sodium Oxide .................................................................................... 20
2.6.8 Titanium Oxide ................................................................................... 21
2.6.9 Phosphorous ...................................................................................... 22
2.6.10 Sulfur .............................................................................................. 22
2.7 Summary of Last Chapters ........................................................................ 23
3. Slag Viscosity Toolbox .................................................................................. 25
3.1 Slag Viscosity Predictor............................................................................. 25
3.2 Slag Viscosity Database............................................................................ 26
3.3 Prediction Quality of Viscosity Models ....................................................... 27
4. Classic Slag Viscosity Modelling ................................................................... 30
4.1 Selected Classic Viscosity Models ............................................................ 31
4.1.1 S2 ....................................................................................................... 32
4.1.2 Watt-Fereday ..................................................................................... 32
4.1.3 Bomkamp ........................................................................................... 32
4.1.4 Shaw .................................................................................................. 32
4.1.5 Lakatos .............................................................................................. 33
4.1.6 Urbain ................................................................................................ 33
4.1.7 Riboud ............................................................................................... 33
4.1.8 Streeter .............................................................................................. 34
4.1.9 Kalmanovitch-Frank ........................................................................... 34
4.1.10 BBHLW .......................................................................................... 34
4.1.11 Duchesne ....................................................................................... 34
4.1.12 ANNliq ............................................................................................ 35
4.2 Need of Improvement in Viscosity Literature ............................................. 35
4.3 Summary of Last Chapters ........................................................................ 36
5. Advanced Slag Viscosity Modelling .............................................................. 37
5.1 Crystallization ............................................................................................ 37
5.1.1 Nucleation .......................................................................................... 38
5.1.2 Crystallization Rate ............................................................................ 39
5.1.3 Crystallization Measurement Methods ............................................... 39
5.2 Slag Properties Changes During Crystallization ........................................ 40
5.2.1 Slag Density ....................................................................................... 40
5.2.2 Solid Volume Fraction ........................................................................ 46
5.2.3 Estimation of Slag Composition During Cooling ................................. 46
5.3 Viscosity Depending on Particles and Shear Rate..................................... 47
5.3.1 Einstein-Roscoe Equation .................................................................. 48
5.3.2 Improved Modelling Approach by Modified Einstein-Roscoe .............. 49
5.4 Summary of Last Chapters ........................................................................ 50
6. Experimental Procedures ............................................................................. 52
6.1 Viscosity Measurements ........................................................................... 52
6.1.1 Estimating Parameter Ranges of Viscosity Measurements ................ 53
6.1.2 Viscosity Measurement Procedure ..................................................... 54
6.2 Thermal Analysis of Slags ......................................................................... 55
6.2.1 Experimental Conditions of DTA ........................................................ 55
6.3 Phase Determination ................................................................................. 55
6.3.1 Quench Experiment Processing ......................................................... 56
6.3.2 Phase Determination on XRD Results ............................................... 56
6.4 Summary of Last Chapters ........................................................................ 57
7. Results and Discussion ................................................................................ 58
7.1 Selected Slag Samples ............................................................................. 58
7.1.1 Slag Sample Composition Before Viscosity Measurements ............... 58
7.1.2 Slag Sample Composition After Viscosity Measurements .................. 59
7.2 General Results of Viscosity Measurements ............................................. 60
7.2.1 Viscosity under Air Atmosphere ......................................................... 63
7.2.2 Viscosity under Reducing Atmospheres ............................................. 65
7.2.3 Viscosity under Constant Partial Oxygen Pressure ............................ 66
7.2.4 Summary of Last Chapter .................................................................. 68
7.3 Mineral Formation ..................................................................................... 69
7.3.1 General Results on Primarily Mineral Formation ................................ 69
7.3.2 Influences on Primarily Mineral Formation ......................................... 70
7.3.3 Mineral Formation over Wide Temperature Ranges ........................... 71
7.3.4 Summary of Last Chapter .................................................................. 77
7.4 Results Obtained by DTA .......................................................................... 78
7.4.1 Comparing Results obtained by DTA and Quenching ........................ 80
7.4.2 Summary of Last Chapter .................................................................. 82
7.5 Shear Rate Influence on Slag Viscosity ..................................................... 82
7.5.1 Shear Rate Influence under Oxidizing Atmospheres .......................... 83
7.5.2 Shear Rate Influence under Reducing Atmospheres .......................... 87
7.5.3 Shear Rate Influence under Constant Atmospheres .......................... 91
7.5.4 Summary of chapter ........................................................................... 92
7.6 Atmospheric Influence on Viscosity ........................................................... 93
7.6.1 Summary of Last Chapter .................................................................. 95
7.7 Cooling Rate Influence on Slag Viscosity .................................................. 95
7.7.1 Summary of Last Chapter .................................................................. 97
8. Advanced Viscosity Modelling Approach ...................................................... 99
8.1 Prediction Quality of Classical Viscosity Models ........................................ 99
8.1.1 Selecting the Best Viscosity Model for Newtonian Flow ..................... 99
8.1.2 Summary of Last Chapter ................................................................ 103
8.2 Predicting Liquidus Temperature ............................................................. 103
8.2.1 Comparing Liquidus Calculations and Quenching Experiments ....... 103
8.2.2 Comparing DTA Results and Liquidus Calculations ......................... 105
8.2.3 Summary of Last Chapter ................................................................ 107
8.3 Predicting Liquid Slag Composition ......................................................... 108
8.3.1 Results of Slag Composition Calculations at Oxidizing Conditions ... 108
8.3.2 Results of Slag Composition Calculations at Reducing Conditions ... 110
8.3.3 Summary of Last Chapter ................................................................ 111
8.4 Modelling Approach ................................................................................ 112
8.4.1 Development of Datasets for Advanced Viscosity Modeling ............. 113
8.4.2 Summary of Last Chapter ................................................................ 116
8.5 Results of Advanced Slag Viscosity Modelling Approach ........................ 116
8.5.1 Summary of Last Chapter ................................................................ 121
9. Summary .................................................................................................... 123
10. Appendix: Information on Classic Viscosity Modelling ................................. 126
10.1 Backgrounds of Applied Viscosity Models............................................ 126
10.2 Viscosity Model of the BCURA (S2) ..................................................... 129
10.3 Watt-Fereday ....................................................................................... 130
10.4 Bomkamp ............................................................................................ 130
10.5 Shaw ................................................................................................... 131
10.6 Lakatos Model ..................................................................................... 132
10.7 Urbain Model ....................................................................................... 133
10.8 Riboud Model ...................................................................................... 134
10.9 Streeter Model ..................................................................................... 136
10.10 Kalmanovitch-Frank Model .................................................................. 137
10.11 BBHLW Model ..................................................................................... 137
10.12 Duchesne Model .................................................................................. 139
10.13 ANNliq Model ...................................................................................... 141
11. Appendix: Settings of Equilibrium Calculations ........................................... 143
12. Appendix: Parameters of Einstein-Roscoe Equation ................................... 153
13. Appendix: Ash and Slag Sample Preparation ............................................. 155
14. Appendix: Experimental Procedures: Viscometer ....................................... 159
14.1 General Viscometer Description .......................................................... 159
14.2 Temperature Calibration ...................................................................... 160
14.3 Viscometer Calibration ......................................................................... 160
14.4 Accuracy and Reproducibility of HT-Viscosity Measurements .............. 161
14.5 Influence of Inductive Heating .............................................................. 163
14.6 Influence of Measurement System Materials ....................................... 164
15. Appendix: Experimental Procedures: Quenching Furnace .......................... 167
16. Appendix: Slag Sample Parameters and Composition ................................ 168
17. Appendix: Slag Viscosity Measurements Results ....................................... 175
18. Appendix: Viscosities at Different Cooling Rates ........................................ 182
19. Appendix: Slag Viscosity Modelling: AALE Calculations ............................. 187
20. Appendix: Advanced Viscosity Modelling: a-factors .................................... 193
21. Appendix: Slag Mineral Phase Investigations and Modelling ...................... 197
22. Appendix: Results of DTA Measurements on Slags .................................... 207
23. Appendix: Advanced Slag Viscosity Modelling Approach ............................ 211
References ........................................................................................................... 22