Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 18. Sociology and Political Science / Вестник Московского университета. Серия 18. Социология и политология
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Между Джоном Стюартом Миллем и Алексисом де Токвилем: две концепции свободы
Get PDFThis paper presents an analysis of the two concepts of freedom, one of which was developed in line with classical liberalism, the second within the conservative tradition. Individual freedom as the supreme value, good and the goal of social development was considered an English liberal thinker John Stuart Mill. Another approach found expression in the works of the brightest representatives of the French conservative thought of Alexis de Tocqueville. In despite of the similarity of some theses, this polemic initiated the development of the two traditions in understanding the concept of civil liberties, continues to create and maintain the discussion of modern theoretical sociology. The research methodology of these concepts, to better understand the fundamental essence of the dispute between liberals and conservatives, seeking to find a balance between individual freedom in various aspects of its expression and the public interest.В статье представлен анализ двух концепций свободы, одна из которых получила свое развитие в русле классического либерализма, вторая - в рамках консервативной традиции. Индивидуальная свобода как высшая ценность, благо и цель социального развития была рассмотрена английским либеральным мыслителем Джоном Стюартом Миллем. Иной подход нашел воплощение в трудах ярчайшего представителя французской консервативной мысли Алексиса де Токвиля. Несмотря на очевидную схожесть многих рассмотренных тезисов, заочная полемика авторов положила начало развитию двух традиций в осмыслении понятия гражданской свободы, продолжающих создавать и поддерживать дискуссионное поле современной теоретической социологии. Исследование методологических оснований рассматриваемых концепций позволяет лучше понять принципиальную суть современного спора между лагерем либералов и лагерем консерваторов, стремящихся найти баланс между индивидуальной свободой в различных аспектах ее проявления и общественным интересом
Артикуляция понятия культуры в современном социологическом знании
Get PDFThe phenomenon of culture is the subject of scientific discourse, in which the researchers suggest multifactorial and multifaceted understanding of the concept of culture. The genesis of the concept of “culture” in the sociological knowledge reflects the development and formation of modern civilization, human reason and scientific knowledge, goes from a purely practical interpretation to the modern understanding of this phenomenon, as a spiritual and creative - activity beginning.Феномен культуры является объектом научного дискурса, в рамках которого исследователи предлагают многофакторное и многоплановое понимание понятия культуры. Генезис понятия “культура” в социологическом знании отражает развитие и формирование современной цивилизации, человеческого разума и научного знания, проходя путь от чисто практической трактовки к современному пониманию данного феномена как духовного и творческо-деятельностного начала
Манифестация исторической памяти в политической практике
Get PDFWe consider the manifestation of historical memory in the collective action by example of the referendum in Greece July 5, 2015 on the adoption of conditions of the financial assistance from the EU. The results of referendum are analyzed in historical context of Greece’s entry into World War II and its occupation by Axis countries, especially Germany. These events in the collective memory of the Greek society are associated with deep traumatic experiences that form specific patterns of perception and interpretation of contemporary social, political and economic context. We think that the historical memory becomes an important motivational factor that can influence social behavior. This factor can be initiated through an appeal in the public political discourse to the “places of memory” (lieux de memoire), one of which is the Greek national holiday Anniversary of “No” (Επέτειος του “‘Οχι”).В статье рассматривается манифестация исторической памяти в коллективных действиях на примере референдума в Греции 5 июля 2015 г. по вопросу о принятии условий финансовой помощи со стороны европейских кредиторов. Результаты референдума анализируются в контексте истории вступления Греции во Вторую мировую войну и оккупации ее территории странами Оси. Эти события в коллективной памяти греческого общества связаны с глубокими травматическими переживаниями, которые формируют соответствующие паттерны восприятия и оценки современного социально-политического и экономического контекста. Выдвигается тезис о том, что историческая память становится важным мотивационным фактором, способным влиять на социальное поведение. Этот фактор может быть инициирован путем обращения в публичном политическом дискурсе к “местам памяти” (lieux de memoire), одним из которых для греков является общенациональный праздник «Годовщина “Нет”» (Επέτειος του “‘Οχι”)
Современный священник: профессия или служение
Get PDFThe article analyses the Russian Orthodox Church strategy with regard to forming core competence of modern Orthodox clergy for educative and social work. The question about the Church demand for a new generation of clergymen able to combine spiritual life with continuous intellectual and cultural development is raised. It is settled on the basis of combining professional competence and the idea of service. The moving trends of spiritual education reform directed at training a well-qualified priest capable of solving conventional spiritual and new tasks of vicarial service are considered.В статье проводится анализ стратегии Русской Православной церкви по формированию профессиональных качеств современного православного духовенства для просветительной и социальной работы. Поставлен вопрос о необходимости воспитания и обучения нового поколения священнослужителей, умеющих объединять духовную жизнь с непрерывным интеллектуальным и культурным развитием. Он решается на основе совмещения профессионализма и идеи служения. Рассматривается динамика реформы духовного образования, направленная на подготовку компетентного священника, способного решать традиционные духовные и новые задачи пастырского служения
“Институциональные условия” как социологическое понятие и его роль в выработке социальных и профессиональных требований к руководителю органа внутренних дел (результаты опроса экспертов)
Get PDFThe article quantified the relative importance of social, general and specific professional requirements for the individual head of the internal affairs; requirements are considered as an empirical analogue of the institutional conditions for its performance, reliability estimates as the degree of unity experts. Methods of determining the evaluation of the significance and reliability of these estimates are based on the use of statistical analysis techniques. Thus, the assessment of the value is defined as the arithmetic mean of the ordinary, the reliability of which, however, as the main result of the survey of experts is far from obvious: big themselves magnitude of significance, however, may prove to be very unreliable values. In view of the foregoing, in this case it can be lost very feasibility of obtaining the individual assessment of the head as well as his activities as unreliable foundation as low reliability significances means a loss of confidence in the guarantees of the individual manager. The mathematical tool for evaluating the reliability indicator here is the spread of expert data - the dispersion of experts’ opinions expressed in quantitative terms, which allows comparison of significances, placing them on the priorities. To improve the reliability assessment of the arithmetic mean pre-treatment censoring sample expert values has been made - prior their ordering ascending (construction of an ordered series), followed by cutting off in equal amounts (10% of the sample size), the extreme members of the series, on what basis and carried out the final calculation the arithmetic mean. Increased reliability is achieved at the same time due to exclusion from the collection of expert data of those who could potentially be the result of being obsessed with excessive caution or individual experts
Теория контроля идентичности
Get PDFThis article is about identity control theory based on traditional symbolic interaction views by Peter J. Burke and Jan E. Stets. According to this theory meanings in the situation are compared to the identity standard. The comparator measures the degree of correspondence between the two sets of meanings. Any differences between the meanings and the identity standart are represented in an error signal that generates positive or negative emotions.Данная статья посвящена рассмотрению теории контроля идентичности, разработанной в рамках концепции символического интеракционизма П. Берком и Я. Стетс. Согласно данной теории значения, полученные в ситуации взаимодействия, сравниваются со стандартом идентичности. Блок контроля измеряет степень соответствия между двумя наборами значений. Любые различия между воспринятыми значениями и стандартом идентичности производят сигнал ошибки, который генерирует позитивные или негативные эмоции
Средний класс в современном российском обществе: проблемы и основные достижения эмпирических исследований
Get PDFIn article research of middle class in modern Russian society is considered. The middle class is one of the main directions of studying of social structure. It is one of the most controversial and actual problems for researchers. The author analyzes some problems and the main achievements of empirical researches. Being one of the most actual problems of domestic sociology at the same time it is represented also to one of the most difficult. Facing a huge number of problems in the theoretical, methodological plan, domestic scientists keep the scientific interest in the field of studying of this problem. Carrying out empirical researches and practical projects of reforming demonstrate that sociologists, politicians and the population in general attribute to middle class a special important role. At the same time often connect difficulties of development of the Russian society with backwardness of this element of social structure and vice versa with its registration hopes for progressive development are associated. So obvious is a fact that from a strict scientific problem in domestic sociology special importance was received by a practical task of forming of middle class
Катастрофа “Титаника”: социально-классовая структура и шансы на спасение
Get PDFThe author undertakes the first in the Russian and, maybe, world scientific literature sociological research into the disaster of the Titanic. It is researched the social and class structure of the community of passengers of the Titanic on the ground of statistical data on prices of tickets and on occupations of passengers. This data discovers that passengers of the Titanic belonged to different social classes. The author researched the connection between social and class structure and chances of survival. The destiny of passengers and the crew were determined by regulated and unregulated chances of survival. The regulated chances of survival were connected with the politics of the command of the Titanic, that was foremost pointed to, firstly, the rescue of passengers (but not the crew), secondly, passengers of 1st and 2nd classes (but not passengers of 3rd class) and thirdly, women and children (but not men). The unregulated chances of survival were connected with ethnic, linguistic and age-related characteristics of passengers. The author considers the disaster of the Titanic within the framework of globalization
Либерализм - неолиберализм - рыночный фундаментализм: от концепции свободы к тоталитарной догме (Окончание)
No full textThe article further describes the ideological, historical, socio-political and economic circumstances, responsible for the specific direction of a new form of the ideology of liberalism - contemporary liberalism (neo-liberalism). The special attention, along with the analysis of the ideas of the founder of original theory of the state intervention in the economic life of the society of John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946), is given to “neoliberal” economic constructions of an ideological orientation of Friedrich August von Hayek (1899-1992) and Milton Friedman (1912-2006), defenders of a liberal principle of self-regulation of economy, free from any regalements. The author, on the basis of the analysis of primary sources and examples from a political and social life of some States, shows that in theory the resurgence of liberalism in the form of neo-liberalism personified the idea of the priority of the individual to society and the State, the market - before planning and regulation, the human rights - before the power authority and the team. However in practice this revival was accompanied by displacement of accents and growth of ideological tendencies. Thus, theorists and practitioners of neo-liberalism lined up quite utopian model not only of economic, but also of social relations. Article details the mechanisms by which the theoretical constructions of economists-neoliberals were emasculated by politicians who gradually reduced them to the primitive and convenient theses, justifying any actions of the authorities. Over time, these points have become “undeniable truths”, through which neo-liberalism became dogmatic, and its economic credo has got obvious fundamentalist character, having turned to market dogma of totalitarian type