Biosystems Diversity (E-Journal - Dnipro National University)
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Influence of the herbaceous layer and litter depth on the spatial distribution of litter macrofauna in a forest plantation
Get PDFThe litter invertebrate community consists of species from different size, trophic and taxonomic groups. The distribution of the animal population of the litter horizon depends upon many factors, especially the content of the phytocoenosis, the projective herbaceous plant cover, moisture, litter thickness and the soil texture. This article analyses the variability of the main characteristics of litter invertebrate communities (total number, number of species, diversity according to the Shannon–Wiener and Pielou indices) on plots with different herbaceous plant composition and cover in plantations of Robinia pseudoacacia L. in the South steppe zone of Ukraine (territory of the “Tiligulsky” Regional Landscape Park). The taxonomic structure of the litter communities in the Robinia plantation was dominated by predatory groups of invertebrates (Carabidae, Aranea, Formicidae). The abundance of Julidae, Isopoda, Silphidae and Staphylinidae was relatively low. The studied forest plots were characterized by the simplified size structure of the litter macrofauna. The absence of species with body length of 16–20 mm and length over 20 mm indicates damage to the most significant trophic chains. The forest belt studied is in a highly disturbed condition, the plots being dominated by steppe species of herbaceous plants. The analyzed factors (diversity and extent of cover of herbaceous plants) do not determine the structure of the litter macrofauna community but affect it indirectly: a slight increase in the total number of invertebrates was observed in areas with minimal and maximum number of species of herbaceous plants. The relationship between the abundance of invertebrates and the percentage of herbaceous plant cover is manifested insignificantly. We noted a tendency for the number of invertebrate species to decrease along the gradient of herbaceous plant cover due to the concentration of dominant predatory species which exterminate other trophic groups of macrofauna.The litter invertebrate community consists of species from different size, trophic and taxonomic groups. The distribution of the animal population of the litter horizon depends upon many factors, especially the content of the phytocoenosis, the projective herbaceous plant cover, moisture, litter thickness and the soil texture. This article analyses the variability of the main characteristics of litter invertebrate communities (total number, number of species, diversity according to the Shannon–Wiener and Pielou indices) on plots with different herbaceous plant composition and cover in plantations of Robinia pseudoacacia L. in the South steppe zone of Ukraine (territory of the “Tiligulsky” Regional Landscape Park). The taxonomic structure of the litter communities in the Robinia plantation was dominated by predatory groups of invertebrates (Carabidae, Aranea, Formicidae). The abundance of Julidae, Isopoda, Silphidae and Staphylinidae was relatively low. The studied forest plots were characterized by the simplified size structure of the litter macrofauna. The absence of species with body length of 16–20 mm and length over 20 mm indicates damage to the most significant trophic chains. The forest belt studied is in a highly disturbed condition, the plots being dominated by steppe species of herbaceous plants. The analyzed factors (diversity and extent of cover of herbaceous plants) do not determine the structure of the litter macrofauna community but affect it indirectly: a slight increase in the total number of invertebrates was observed in areas with minimal and maximum number of species of herbaceous plants. The relationship between the abundance of invertebrates and the percentage of herbaceous plant cover is manifested insignificantly. We noted a tendency for the number of invertebrate species to decrease along the gradient of herbaceous plant cover due to the concentration of dominant predatory species which exterminate other trophic groups of macrofauna.The litter invertebrate community consists of species from different size, trophic and taxonomic groups. The distribution of the animal population of the litter horizon depends upon many factors, especially the content of the phytocoenosis, the projective herbaceous plant cover, moisture, litter thickness and the soil texture. This article analyses the variability of the main characteristics of litter invertebrate communities (total number, number of species, diversity according to the Shannon–Wiener and Pielou indices) on plots with different herbaceous plant composition and cover in plantations of Robinia pseudoacacia L. in the South steppe zone of Ukraine (territory of the “Tiligulsky” Regional Landscape Park). The taxonomic structure of the litter communities in the Robinia plantation was dominated by predatory groups of invertebrates (Carabidae, Aranea, Formicidae). The abundance of Julidae, Isopoda, Silphidae and Staphylinidae was relatively low. The studied forest plots were characterized by the simplified size structure of the litter macrofauna. The absence of species with body length of 16–20 mm and length over 20 mm indicates damage to the most significant trophic chains. The forest belt studied is in a highly disturbed condition, the plots being dominated by steppe species of herbaceous plants. The analyzed factors (diversity and extent of cover of herbaceous plants) do not determine the structure of the litter macrofauna community but affect it indirectly: a slight increase in the total number of invertebrates was observed in areas with minimal and maximum number of species of herbaceous plants. The relationship between the abundance of invertebrates and the percentage of herbaceous plant cover is manifested insignificantly. We noted a tendency for the number of invertebrate species to decrease along the gradient of herbaceous plant cover due to the concentration of dominant predatory species which exterminate other trophic groups of macrofauna
Sulfidogenic and metal reducing activities of Desulfuromonas genus bacteria under the influence of copper chloride
Get PDFThe selection of strains isolated from technogenically altered ecotopes and resistant to contamination, capable of metabolizing a wide range of pollutants is a task highly relevant for creation of new methods for environmental purification. Sulphur-reducing bacteria of the Desulfuromonas genus carry out dissimilatory reduction not only of S0 but also oxidized forms of metals. Intensity of anaerobic respiration of microorganisms in polluted environments is determined by level of their adaptation to stress factors, in particular, copper (II) compounds. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of copper (II) chloride on H2S production by Desulfuromonas sp. strains isolated by us from Yavorivske Lake, to determine the efficiency of Cu2+ precipitation by hydrogen sulfide, to analyse the possibility of usage by bacteria of CuCl2 as an electron acceptor of anaerobic respiration and to study the influence of Cu2+ on usage by these microorganisms of ferric (III) citrate, potassium dichromate or manganese (IV) oxide as electron acceptors. Bacteria were grown under anaerobic conditions in Kravtsov-Sorokin medium. To study the influence of Cu2+ on production by bacteria of H2S, their cells were incubated with CuCl2 (0.5–4.0 mM), washed and cultivated in a medium with S0. To determine the level of Cu2+ binding by H2S, produced by bacteria, cells were grown in a medium with CuCl2 (0.5–4.0 mM) and S0. To investigate the ability of bacteria to use copper (II) ions as electron acceptors, they were cultivated in a medium with CuCl2 (1.74–10.41 mM). To study the influence of Cu2+ on usage by bacteria of metal compounds as electron acceptors, their cells were incubated with CuCl2 (0.5–4.0 mM), washed and cultivated in media with C6H5O7Fe, K2Cr2O7 or MnO2 (1.74–10.41 mM). Biomass was determined by the turbidimetric method. In the cultural liquid the content of H2S was determined quantitatively by the spectrophotometric method, qualitatively – presence of Cu2+. Content of CuS in the growth medium was determined by weight method. Desulfuromonas sp. bacteria was revealed to be resistant to 2.0–2.5 mM copper (II) ions. Under the influence of 3.0–4.0 mM CuCl2 in the incubation mixture, sulfidogenic activity of bacteria decreased more than twice. The efficiency of Cu2+ binding in form of CuS by H2S produced by bacteria reached 97.3–100.0% at presence in the medium with S0 of up to 1.5 mM CuCl2. Bacteria used CuCl2 (1.74–10.41 mM) as an electron acceptor in the process of anaerobic respiration. The addition of 2.5–3.0 mM CuCl2 to the incubation mixture caused inhibition of metal reducing activity of cells, growth of all strains in media with 1.74–10.41 mM ferric (III) citrate, potassium dichromate or manganese (IV) oxide as electron acceptors decreased by 2.6 times. Almost complete precipitation up to 1.5 mM copper (II) ions in form of CuS by H2S produced by bacteria and ability to reduce up to 10.41 mM CuCl2, C6H5O7Fe, K2Cr2O7 or MnO2 in the process of anaerobic respiration indicates a high adaptation of the bacteria strains investigated by us to stress factors, in particular, the influence of CuCl2. We have proved the possibility of using Desulfuromonas sp. in biotechnologies for purification of environments with complex contamination from copper (II) compounds
Оптимізація мікроклонального розмноження in vitro материнки звичайної (Origanum vulgare)
Get PDFMedicinal plants are important objects for botany, systematics and plant geography research, as well as physiology, pharmacology, and biotechnology. Medicinal plants from the Lamiaceae family are being intensively studied for medical and pharmacological reasons. This family also includes the medicinal herbaceous plant oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), known from ancient times for its antimicrobial and antifungal properties, the ability to strengthen the human immune system, and to improve the general state of an organism. At present, the study of its antimicrobial, antifungal, insecticidal, anticoagulant, antitumor, therapeutic and many other properties is being actively continued. Due to the relevance of the development of the principles of O. vulgare micropropagation in vitro and the undeveloped conditions and methods of its cultivation, the aim of this work was to optimize microclonation in vitro of oregano via the activation of auxiliary buds. The research tasks were to test the ability of auxiliary buds to be activated depending on the localization on the donor shoot internodes and to intensify the root formation of cuttings through medium content optimization. The influence of the location of the auxiliary buds on donor shoots on their activation in vitro was studied on such indicators as the length of newly formed shoots, the number of nodules per one newly formed shoot, and the number of newly formed shoots per one bud. In plant microclonal propagation, the stage of root formation is very important for further adaptation in soil. Practical experience has shown that for the effective adaptation of oregano in soil, the length of the root system for cuttings should be 1.5–2.0 cm, the degree of root system development – 4–5 points under shoot length of 3–5 cm. The study of peculiarities of oregano microclonal propagation via activation of auxiliary buds has allowed us to optimize the stage of explant selection for cutting and the formation of cuttings’ roots. It has been established that for optimal length, the number of nodules of the newly formed shoots and the number of newly formed shoots, the first internode, located on the top of a parent shoot, as well as the third to fifth ones are more suitable. For rooting oregano cuttings, the optimal medium on the ratio of length and density of root system and on shoot length is the nutrient one containing half of the macro-, microsalts and vitamins on Murashige-Skoog, 20 g/l sucrose and 0.75 mg/l kinetin.98
Лікарські рослини – важливі об'єкти ботаніки, систематики та географії, а також фізіології, фармакології та біотехнології. Лікарські рослини родини Lamiaceae інтенсивно вивчають у медичних і фармакологічних дослідженнях. До цієї родини відносять лікарську трав’янисту рослину материнку звичайну (Origanum vulgare L.), відому з давніх часів своїми антимікробними та протигрибковими властивостями, здатністю зміцнювати імунну систему людини та поліпшувати загальний стан організму. Нині активно вивчають її антимікробні, протигрибкові, інсектицидні, антикоагулянтні, протипухлинні, терапевтичні властивості та чимало інших. У зв’язку з актуальністю розроблення принципів клонування О. vulgare та нерозробленістю умов і способів її культивування in vitro мета дослідження полягала в оптимізації мікроклонального розмноження материнки через активацію пазушних бруньок. Досліджено вплив розташування пазушних бруньок на донорних пагонах на їх активацію in vitro за такими показниками як довжина новоутворених пагонів, кількість міжвузлів на новоутворений пагін, а також кількість новоутворених пагонів на бруньку. У мікроклональному розмноженні рослин стадія коренеутворення важлива для подальшої адаптації у ґрунті. Практичний досвід показав, що для ефективної адаптації материнки у ґрунті довжина кореневої системи живців повинна бути 1,5–2,0 см, ступінь розвитку кореневої системи – 4–5 балів за довжини пагона 3–5 см. Вивчення особливостей мікроклонального розмноження материнки через активацію пазушних бруньок дозволило оптимізувати етапи відбору експлантів для живцювання та утворення коренів у живців. Для оптимізації кількості новоутворених пагонів, їх довжини та кількості міжвузлів доцільне використання першого, розташованого на верхівці донорного пагона, а також третього–п’ятого міжвузлів. Для укорінення живців материнки оптимальне за співвідношенням довжини та щільності кореневої системи, довжини пагонів живильне середовище, яке містить половинну концентрацію мезо-, мікросолей і вітамінів заа Мурасіге – Скугом, 20 г/л сахарози та 0,75 мг/л кінетину
Long-term dynamics of flora of karst lakes: Changes and current state
Get PDFLong-term observations of the rates and pattern of changes in flora and vegetation contribute to understanding of one of the most important contemporary global problems, the eutrophication of water bodies. In this study, using classical floristic methods, we attempt to determine (for a period of almost 80 years) the nature and possible causes of changes in the floristic composition of the lakes of karst origin, Velikoe and Parovoe (Pustinskaya lake-river system, the right bank of Nizhny Novgorod oblast). The paper shows that over a long period of observations a significant transformation of the vegetation cover has occurred in the lakes. The process was accompanied by the disappearance of a number of native species and appearance of others, including adventitious ones (for example, Elodea canadensis Michx., Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Stapf, Bidens frondosa L. and Epilobium adenocaulon Hausskn.). The weak saturation of the flora with adventive species indicates that the reservoirs are subject to moderate anthropogenic transformation. This is also indicated by the presence of characteristic indicator species, for example, Najas minor All., Glyceria fluitans (L.) R. Br., Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L. and Stratiotes aloides L. in the plant communities. In addition, the studied water bodies are subject to a further increase in the degree of eutrophication. This can be judged by scattered records of Potamogeton trichoides Cham. et Schlecht., the disappearance of a number of species (such as Elatine alsinastrum L. and Callitriche hermaphroditica L.), as well as the presence of a significant number of macrophyte indicators of the eutrophic state of water bodies. We suggest that a gradual increase in the trophicity of the studied water bodies is due to a combination of anthropogenic impact (water withdrawal for economic needs, recreational load), natural and climatic features of the region (alternation of high and low water periods) and the natural succession processes associated with the current fundamental changes in the conditions of the runoff formation in the Volga River basin. As a result of studies conducted by authors in 2014–2015, it has been shown that in general the taxonomic and ecological structures of the flora of both lakes are quite diverse and traditional for the territory and the European part of Russia. Meanwhile, the flora of these two reservoirs insignificantly differs in taxonomic composition, which is due to their individual morphometric characteristics, the physical and chemical properties of the aquatic environment, and the nature of the anthropogenic load. At the same time, the equilibrium balance of coastal and aquatic plants in the flora of Lake Parovoe (in contrast to Lake Velikoe) indicates a degree of successional stability of its floristic complex.Long-term observations of the rates and pattern of changes in flora and vegetation contribute to understanding of one of the most important contemporary global problems, the eutrophication of water bodies. In this study, using classical floristic methods, we attempt to determine (for a period of almost 80 years) the nature and possible causes of changes in the floristic composition of the lakes of karst origin, Velikoe and Parovoe (Pustinskaya lake-river system, the right bank of Nizhny Novgorod oblast). The paper shows that over a long period of observations a significant transformation of the vegetation cover has occurred in the lakes. The process was accompanied by the disappearance of a number of native species and appearance of others, including adventitious ones (for example, Elodea canadensis Michx., Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Stapf, Bidens frondosa L. and Epilobium adenocaulon Hausskn.). The weak saturation of the flora with adventive species indicates that the reservoirs are subject to moderate anthropogenic transformation. This is also indicated by the presence of characteristic indicator species, for example, Najas minor All., Glyceria fluitans (L.) R. Br., Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L. and Stratiotes aloides L. in the plant communities. In addition, the studied water bodies are subject to a further increase in the degree of eutrophication. This can be judged by scattered records of Potamogeton trichoides Cham. et Schlecht., the disappearance of a number of species (such as Elatine alsinastrum L. and Callitriche hermaphroditica L.), as well as the presence of a significant number of macrophyte indicators of the eutrophic state of water bodies. We suggest that a gradual increase in the trophicity of the studied water bodies is due to a combination of anthropogenic impact (water withdrawal for economic needs, recreational load), natural and climatic features of the region (alternation of high and low water periods) and the natural succession processes associated with the current fundamental changes in the conditions of the runoff formation in the Volga River basin. As a result of studies conducted by authors in 2014–2015, it has been shown that in general the taxonomic and ecological structures of the flora of both lakes are quite diverse and traditional for the territory and the European part of Russia. Meanwhile, the flora of these two reservoirs insignificantly differs in taxonomic composition, which is due to their individual morphometric characteristics, the physical and chemical properties of the aquatic environment, and the nature of the anthropogenic load. At the same time, the equilibrium balance of coastal and aquatic plants in the flora of Lake Parovoe (in contrast to Lake Velikoe) indicates a degree of successional stability of its floristic complex
Dynamics of the anatomical variability of Artemisia herba-alba in Algeria
Get PDFIn this work, the anatomical variability in Artemisia herba-alba Asso was studied based on 90 individuals taken from three different bioclimatic zones of Algeria (inferior semi arid, arid and Saharan) as well as the relationships of the dynamics of this variability with the distribution and adaptation of the species. The interpretation of the results of this study through the analysis of variance and the ascending hierarchical classification allowed us to detect a very high intra- and inter-specific anatomical variability, as well as the presence of a parenchyma of water reserves observed in individuals of each studied region. The existence of relationships between environmental conditions and the dynamics of anatomical variability have been established. The broad morphological structural variability thus determined and the genetic variability observed concur well with the results of our two other previous studies. This anatomical polymorphism could help in the selection of the most effective ecotypes to restore this species in degraded steppe ecosystems of Algeria and North Africa. Thus, this choice will allow us to keep their seeds in a bank of grains in order to preserve the species for possible future use
Биомаркеры нарушений метаболизма двустворчатых моллюсков в условиях загрязнения среды обитания продуктами переработки нефти
Get PDFProcessed by-products of oil are the most common pollutants in all river and sea water. The increase in oxidative stress in bivalve molluscs was studied in both tissues of the hepatopancreas and the gill. The model for artificial treatment with processed by-products of oil was performed in a laboratory experiment with the river mollusc Dreissena polymorpha Pallas, 1771. The exposure of the molluscs over 28 days to mazut 50 mg/l induced significant increase of both final product of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant enzime activity. A significant increase in LPO was observed in the hepatopancreas and gill of D. polymorpha treated with mazut compared to the control group. Antioxidant enzyme activity of cartalase, supeoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase showed a greater increase (by almost 1.5 times) in the hepatopancreas than in the gill of D. polymorpha. A similar LPO growth and modulation of antioxidant enzyme activity were determined in the hepatopancreas and gill of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1879 collected in an area polluted with resins, hydrocarbons and asphaltenes, Donuzlav lake in the Kerch gulf. Varied cellular reactivation of the antioxidant enzyme system in the hepatopancreas rather than the gill was observed in both kinds of mollusc Dreissena and Mytilus. The obtained results are evidence of the higher sensitivity of the hepatopancreas cells of bivalve molluscs to organic pollutants compared to the gill cells.Исследовали влияние продуктов переработки нефти на интенсивность окислительного стресса в гепатопанкреасе и жабрах речной дрейссены (DreissenapolymorphaPallas, 1771), обитающей в условиях моделирования хронического загрязнения мазутом, и черноморской мидии (MytilusgalloprovincialisLamarck, 1879), отобранной в бухте Керченской, обитающей в условиях повышенных концентраций углеводородов, смол и асфальтенов. Установлено достоверное повышение уровня конечных продуктов перекисного окисления липидов и рост активности ферментов антиоксидантной защиты в ответ на интоксикацию. Определены отличия показателей окислительного стресса в гепатопанкреасе и жабрах двустворчатых моллюсков. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о более высокой чувствительности клеток гепатопанкреаса к действию органических поллютантов, по сравнению с жабрами.
Розподіл вмісту важких металів у системі «вода – донні відкладення» транскордонної річки Уж
Get PDFThe dynamics and peculiarities of the heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, As, V, Cr, Ni) migration were established in the system of the river Uzh bottom deposits. An excess in maximum permissible concentration among such elements as Zn, V, As, and Cu was detected in surface waters. We may connect the elevated level of Cu and Zn with natural (metals appearing in ground water run-off, ablation from iron ore, the reaction of interstitial water), anthropogenic (sewage disposals from communal households and manufacturing plants, agricultural run-offs), and hydrochemical (pH of water medium, methylation of non-organic metal compounds, metals release from the organic compounds composition, ingress from bottom deposits) factors. The high concentrations of vanadium in water as well as in bottom deposits are most probably induced by the leaching of elements from the regional volcanic rocks. The plumbum content did not exceed the higher-than-normal rates; however, significant element accumulation was detected in bottom deposits outside the city of Uzhgorod which may be the result of ecotoxicant ingress along with land runoff from the riverside highways laid parallel to the water course. In comparison with background measures, the highest chromium and nickel concentrations were detected near the streamlet Domoradzh and, therefore, it is assumed that the industrial wastewaters serve here as a source of heavy metals. The reservoir in the lowland is above all enriched by arsenic. Areas under agricultural use are significantly concentrated in lowlands. Runoffs from these areas are the main source of the ore supply. However, the impact of municipal domestic waste water which contains arsenic-containing detergents should not be excluded. Moreover, we found a relationship between the relief heterogeneity of the study area and distribution of heavy metals in the hydro-ecosystem. The accomplished comparative analysis of the territories under study indicates the significant pollution level of the surface waters in technologically transformed areas, whereas the largest accumulation of pollutants is concentrated in bottom deposits of the river, which indicates a constant supply of pollutants to the streamflow. Встановлено динаміку та особливості міграції важких металів (Cu, Pb, Zn, As, V, Cr, Ni) у системі «вода – донні відклади» річки Уж. У поверхневих водах зафіксовано перевищення ГДК для таких елементів, як Zn, V, As та Cu. Підвищений вміст купруму та цинку пов’язуємо з природнbми (вимивання з гірських порід, реакція ґрунтового розчину), антропогенними (стічні води комунально-побутових господарств, промислових підприємств, сільськогосподарські стоки) та гідрохімічними (рН водного середовища, вивільнення металів зі складу органічних сполук, їх надходження з донних відкладів) факторами. Високі концентрації ванадію як у воді, так і в донних відкладах найімовірніше спричинені вимиванням елемента з вулканічних гірських порід, поширениху даній області. Вміст плюмбуму не перевищував наднормативних значень, однак виявлена значна акумуляція елементу в донних відкладах за межами міста Ужгород, що може бути наслідком надходження екотоксиканта з поверхневим стоком із прибережних автосмуг, прокладених паралельно водотоку. Порівняно з фоновими показниками найвищі концентрації хрому та нікелю зафіксовано неподалік від струмка Доморадж, тому припускаємо, що джерелом важких металів тут виступають промислові стічні води. Арсеном найбільш збагачена водойма в пониззі, де зосереджено чимало сільськогосподарських угідь, змиви з яких – основне джерело надходження металу. Здійснено порівняльний аналіз досліджуваних територій, який указує на значний рівень забруднення поверхневих вод у районі техногенно трансформованої території, тоді як найбільша акумуляція полютантів зосереджена в донних відкладах пониззя річки, що свідчить про регулярне надходження забруднюючих речовин до водотоку.
Changes in the viability of the eggs of Ascaris suum under the influence of flavourings and source materials approved for use in and on foods
Get PDFOne of the most common parasitic diseases of pigs globally is ascariasis. It is caused by the nematode Ascaris suum Goeze, 1782 (Nematoda, Ascaridata), which parasitises the small intestine of pigs in its mature form and the respiratory system at the larval stage. This helminthiasis causes immense damage to swine-rearing. Control of the ascariasis pathogen in the host’s organism and in the environment is essential for the health of the animals and successful swine-rearing. The results of studying the effect of flavourings and source materials approved for use in and on foods – cinnamaldehyde (0656 Codex Alimentarius), benzoic acid (Е210 Codex Alimentarius) and methylparaben (Е218 Codex Alimentarius) , on the viability of invasive eggs of A. suum are useful for determining the minimum concentration of solution of these substances for use against eggs of A. suum (10 g/l). The lowest efficiency against invasive eggs of A. suum was obtained for methylparaben (LD50 = 3850 ± 2130 mg/l), the highest was obtained with cinnamaldehyde (LD50 = 2437 ± 864 mg/l), and benzoic acid (LD50 = 1240 ± 680 mg/l). One of the most common parasitic diseases of pigs globally is ascariasis. It is caused by the nematode Ascaris suum Goeze, 1782 (Nematoda, Ascaridata), which parasitises the small intestine of pigs in its mature form and the respiratory system at the larval stage. This helminthiasis causes immense damage to swine-rearing. Control of the ascariasis pathogen in the host’s organism and in the environment is essential for the health of the animals and successful swine-rearing. The results of studying the effect of flavourings and source materials approved for use in and on foods – cinnamaldehyde (0656 Codex Alimentarius), benzoic acid (Е210 Codex Alimentarius) and methylparaben (Е218 Codex Alimentarius) on the vitality of invasive eggs of A. suum, help in determining the minimum concentration of solution of these substances for use against eggs of A. suum (10 g/l). The lowest efficiency against invasive eggs of A. suum was obtained for methylparaben (LD50 = 3850 ± 2130 mg/l), the highest was obtained with cinnamaldehyde (LD50 = 2437 ± 864 mg/l), and benzoic acid (LD50 = 1240 ± 680 mg/l).
Еколого-географічна характеристика водоростевих угруповань черепашок черевоногих молюсків р. Уж
Get PDFFreshwater molluscs serve as test objects in the ecological monitoring of the environment, because they are able to extract in indicator quantity from the environment and accumulate in their bodies radionuclides, various macro- and micronutrients, toxic substances of inorganic and organic origin, and so on. The gastropods are a taxonomically diverse, ecologically plastic and rather widespread group of aquatic organisms, whose role in the life of freshwater ecosystems is very important. Molluscs often have various interactions in biogeocenoses that determines their trophic net. As a rule, these interactions occur in the form of ectocommensalism, endocommensalism, supercrescence, predation or parasitism. The latter type of interaction is the subject of many studies, but the epibionts of gastropods and bivalves have practically not been studied and this research is an effort towards filling this gap. Species composition of algal epibionts identifies specific sensitivity to the effects of certain environmental factors and reflects the processes occurring in their ecosystem water bodies. This determines their efficient use for analyzing changes of water bodies as aquatic habitat, particularly in terms of complex anthropogenic pressure on aquatic ecosystems. The aim of the research was to determine the ecological characteristics of algal communities on gastropod shells: Lymnaea stagnalis, L. auricularia and Viviparus viviparus (the Uzh river, Korosten district, Zhytomyr region). Identified microalgae communities were grouped and studied according to such indices as: confinedness to the habitat (substrate), temperature, fluidity and water oxygenating, saprobiological characteristics according to the Pantle-Buck system in the modification of Sladecek and Watanabe, salinity according to Kolbe’s system, pH at Hustedt scale in the interpretation of M. M. Davydova and geographical limitations of the objects of study. Algal fouling on the shells L. stagnalis, L. auricularia and V. viviparous is formed by benthic and benthic-planktonic species. Algal epibionts of the studied communities are mainly confined to slow-flowing waters. The basis of a floristic list according to the temperature in all studied groups of gastropods is formed by indifferent species. According to geographical distribution of fouling algae, cosmopolitan species dominated. In relation to salinity according to Kolbe’s system, most species discovered were indifferent oligo-galob. Algal communities are reliable indicators of one of the important indices of watercourse hydrochemical conditions – pH of water. Analysis of algal epibionts on gastropod shells of the river Uzh, showed the dominance of alkaliphiles and indifferent species (from the number of identified microalgae). According to saprobiological characteristic of water quality of the river Uzh there was a predominance of o-saprobes. Analysis of indicator groups showed that the most numerous algal epibionts on shells were euresaprobe species. A detailed ecological and geographical characteristic of algae fouling on shells of the studied groups of molluscs allows one to predict the state of hydrocenoses, which is an important aspect of monitoring.Further research is required to model the influence of anthropogenic factors on the state of water bodies.Уперше наведено відомості щодо еколого-географічної характеристики альгоепібіонтів черепашок черевоногих молюсків р. Уж. Досліджувані молюски являють собою таксономічно різноманітну, екологічно пластичну та досить поширену групу гідробіонтів, роль яких у житті прісноводної екосистеми величезна. Молюски досить часто вступають у різноманітні взаємозв’язки у біогеоценозах, що визначає їх трофічну сітку. Як правило, такі взаємодії проявляються у формі епіойкії, ентойкії, епібіозу, хижацтва чи паразитизму. Якщо вивченню останнього типу взаємодії присвячено велику кількість досліджень, то епібіонти черевоногих і двостулкових молюсків практично не вивчені, що і зумовлює актуальність дослідження. У результаті проведених досліджень установлено види-індикатори черепашок Lymnaea stagnalis, L. auricularia та Viviparus viviparus. Ідентифіковані мікроводоростеві угруповання згруповані та досліджені за такими показниками як приуроченість до місцезростання (субстрату), температурного режиму, текучості вод і насичення їх киснем, сапробіологічної характеристики за системами Пантле – Бука в модифікації Сладечека та Ватанабе, солоності за системою Кольбе, значеннями pH за шкалою Хустедта в інтерпретації М. М. Давидової та географічної приуроченості об’єктів дослідження. Наведена детальна еколого-географічна характеристика водоростевих обростань черепашок досліджуваних груп молюсків дозволяє прогнозувати стан гідроценозу – важливий аспект моніторингу, що потребує подальшого дослідження з метою моделювання впливу антропогенних чинників на стан водойм. 
Часова динаміка угруповань зоопланктону різнотипних водойм Ічнянського національного природного парку
Get PDFIn recent decades, the influence of anthropogenic impact on aquatic ecosystems has increased. This has led to a restructuring of aquatic ecosystems and affected the structural and functional organization of groups of aquatic organisms, causing qualitative and quantitative changes. Particular attention is drawn to the different types of water bodies of protected areas like IchnyanskyNational Park, which is located in Ichnyansky district of Chernihiv region. This park is a newly created one, so the reduction in intensity of anthropogenic pressure can be traced within its waters. Zooplankton plays an important role in the functioning of trophic networks because it transfers energy from producers and primary consumers to young fish and planktonophagous fish. Therefore, three main groups of zooplankton were chosen as the object of study: rotifers (class Eurotatoria), cladocerans (class Branchiopoda, order Cladocera), different age stages of copepods (class Copepoda), and also ostracods (Class Ostracoda). The zooplankton used as research material was collected in the daytime in spring (April), summer (late July – early August) and autumn (late September – early October) in the years 2015–2016 from ten experimental stations. During this period 81 species of zooplankton were recorded within heterogeneous reservoirs of IchnianskyNational Park. Monogonont rotifers (subclass Monogononta) included 35 species (43% of all species) and bdelloid rotifers (subclass Bdelloidea), cladocerns, comprised 28 species (35%), and copepods included 18 species (22%). The faunal range of zooplankton over different years and seasons was characterized by the predominance of the rotator complex in spring, rotator-cladocerans and cladocerans in summer, and of the cladocerans complex in autumn. This was due to the formation during spring and summer of favourable conditions in the waters for filter feeders, which consist generally of rotifers and cladocerans. In autumn the water released large amounts of organic matter that caused a reduction in the species diversity of rotifers. Zooplankton also is characterized by the considerable ecological diversity. The range of environmental groups of zooplankton over two years was characterized by a predominance of the pelagic and benthic group of phytophiles. Pelagic representatives included 35 (43%) of 81 species, the bottom group – 20 (25%), phytophiles – 26 (32%). Rotifers dominated in the pelagic group – 18 (51%) species out of 35, and cladocerans – among the bottom group – 10 (50%) species out of 20. Zooplankton species also are distinguished by their feeding type. They represented three trophic groups: peaceful – 64 (79%) out of 81 species, omnivorous – 6 (7%) and predators – 11 (14%). Quantitative indicators of zooplankton at most stations in different seasons were defined as “very low” (less than 5,000 ind./m3 and less than 0.3 g/m3), “low” (5,000–50,000 ind./m3 and 0.3–1.0 g/m3), “below average” (5,000–50,000 ind./m3 and 0.3–1.0 g/m3) rates, occasionally – "average" (51–250,000 ind./m3 and 1.1–5.0 g/m3), “medium high” (501,000–1,000,000 ind./m3 and 1.1–5.0 g/m3). High densities of zooplankton were recorded in spring for a temporary reservoir and amounted to 3,016,000 ind./m3. Уперше проведено гідробіологічні дослідження на території Ічнянського національного природного парку. Представлено результати аналізу міжрічної та сезонної динаміки зоопланктону різнотипних водойм за 2015–2016 роки. Встановлено видове багатство зоопланктону в межах 10 дослідних станцій, яке представлене 81 видом коловерток, гіллястовусих і веслоногих ракоподібних. За фауністичним спектром угруповання зоопланктону за два роки переважали представники ротаторно-кладоцерного комплексу. Розраховано індекс Жаккара для визначення подібності видового складу зоопланктону, який підтвердив невисоку подібність видового багатства між 2015 та 2016 роками J – 45,7%. Проаналізовано основні екологічні показники угруповань зоопланктону: екологічний спектр, трофічний спектр, щільність та біомасу. Найвищі показники щільності характерні для весняного угруповання зоопланктону (3 016 000 екз./м3) тимчасової водойми.