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Number-sensitive reflexive pronouns in Danish: Optionality, microvariation, and cyclic change
Full text linkDanish, in common with the other Scandinavian languages but in contrast with e.g. English and German, has a possessive reflexive pronoun sin (with the inflectional variants sit and sine). Sin must have a subject antecedent within a particular binding domain, and this subject antecedent must be singular (or non-plural). This is an unusual demand in a cross-linguistic perspective: In the other Scandinavian languages and in earlier stages of Danish (before 1000 AD, at least), sin places no number restrictions on its antecedent. It is also an unusual demand in a linguistic theory-perspective: Various researchers (Burzio 1991 and Reuland 2011, among others) suggest that the defining trait of reflexive pronouns is precisely that they lack morphological content (number, gender, sometimes even person). With the Danish sin, we have a reflexive pronoun that can be specified as a 3rd person singular pronoun, which certainly seems like some amount of morphological content. However, this may not be a lasting trait. In modern Danish, it is not unusual to hear or read sin used with plural antecedents, and I suggest that sin may be in the process of losing its singular feature.
Danish having number-restricted reflexives is not a new feature of the language. It is attested in the earliest non-runic sources of Danish, going back to the 13th century. In the same period of time, Danish object reflexive sig/sig selv seems to have changed from patterning with sin in mainly allowing singular antecedents to the present situation where it patterns with the other Scandinavian languages in allowing both singular and plural antecedents. This is a relatively recent development, however, and it was finalized as recently as the 20th century in the spoken language (cf. Pedersen 2017). I hypothesize that sin may be going the same way as sig and changing (back) to allow both singular and plural antecedents. The change in sin lags behind because there has been less external pressure on speakers to acquire a system with a number-neutral sin.
I investigate the properties of sin (and sig) in modern and historical Danish in this thesis. I view the topic through a lens of generative grammar with a particular focus on microvariation. My thesis is a contribution to a field of research into reflexive pronouns within generative grammar which has become increasingly eclectic with the inclusion of more languages, more niggling details, and new theory-internal perspectives. My thesis is not aimed at arguing e.g. for or against an agreement-based or movement-based approach to binding. I offer an explorative, empirically based perspective on diachronic and synchronic microvariation within a single language. I hope to offer some insight into an interesting case of cyclic change and linguistic optionality.
In the first chapter of the thesis, I introduce the theories and technical machinery behind the approach to linguistics that I adopt in this thesis. I situate my thesis within a framework of generative grammar, and within a framework of variation and change with a special focus on microvariation. I sketch the development in the research on reflexives from the relatively unified Government and Binding approach of the 1980s to the current, rather less unified range of approaches.
In the second chapter of the thesis, I narrow the focus and look specifically at Danish and the Danish reflexive system. I present an analysis of the reflexive systems in standard Danish (an analysis which first saw the light of day in Vikner 1985), and I outline some of the ways that the Jutlandic dialects of Danish differ from the standard. The ways that reflexive use in the Jutlandic dialects differ from standard Danish are somewhat stigmatised and I hypothesize that this could lead to speakers hyper-correcting and using sin with plural antecedents more frequently. Finally, I present the use of sin in standard Danish that I call number restricted or number-sensitive.
The third chapter of the thesis is a diachronic study of the use of sin and sig in Danish over the last millennium. There is textual evidence from runic stones from Denmark that sin was used with both plural and singular antecedents before 1000 AD. There is no direct evidence that this was also the case for sig. This use is, however, a direct continuation from the Common Germanic stage where both sig and sin were used with antecedents of all numbers. By the 13th century, where the earliest Danish manuscripts are from, the use of sin and sig had changed so that both forms are primarily used with singular antecedents and their non-reflexive counterparts (deres and dem) are used with plural antecedents. Texts in the following 6-700 years shows different developmental trajectories for sig and sin. Sig becomes the predominant form in the written language with both singular and plural antecedents after the Reformation (with a great deal of variation). This is probably due to influence from German, and locally bound dem remains frequent in the spoken language until the early 20th century. Locally bound dem must be considered a very marginal form in the modern language outside of the contexts where there is structurally conditioned optionality between sig and dem. Sin stays limited to mainly singular antecedents, although examples of plural antecedent sin can be found sporadically all through the period.
The fourth chapter of the thesis is a corpus study. I investigate the occurrence and distribution of plural antecedent sin in KorpusDK, which is a written corpus with texts from 1983 to 2002. I found 1218 examples of plural antecedent sin in the corpus out of 188,585 instances of sin with any kinds of antecedents. Overall, plural antecedent sin occurs relatively more often with inanimate antecedents, with full noun antecedents (rather than pronoun antecedents), with coordinated antecedents with singular coordinands, and in complex clauses (particularly a type of clause where a partitive is modified by a relative clause). The data does not support suggestions from the literature that plural antecedent sin is better or more likely to occur within distributive contexts.
The fifth chapter is an acceptability judgment experiment with a sample of 550 young Danish speakers form various Danish gymnasiums (upper secondary schools). I find in the study that plural antecedent sin is more acceptable if it is contained with a plural nominal, if the antecedent is inanimate, and if the antecedent is a full noun. I find a little statistically significant evidence of sociolinguistically conditioned variation but the most striking result here is that the effects of e.g. region or gender are not very striking. Participants from all over the country rated plural antecedent sin as quite acceptable, just like participants from all over the country rated plural antecedent sin as quite unacceptable. I believe that this could show a linguistic state of ongoing change where some speakers have plural antecedent sin as part of their grammars, and some speakers do not. Whether or not a speaker accepts plural antecedent sin seems more dependent on other factors in that speaker’s own grammar than on the sociolinguistic factors that I coded the data for. Specifically, those speakers who rate other non-standard uses of reflexives (such as using locally bound singular possessive pronouns) higher also tend to rate plural antecedent sin higher.
In the final chapter of the thesis I sum up the results from the previous chapters, suggest areas of improvement and topics for follow-up studies, and speculate on the factors that could have an impact on this possible ongoing change. I suggest that some of these factors are the change in number-restriction on sig, hyper-correction driven by other stigmatised features of the Danish reflexive system, semantic agreement, and – very speculatively – the great deal of optionality or variation in number agreement on Danish adjectives, which could in principle also work as evidence for acquiring a reflexive system with less number-sensitivity on sin.Danish, in common with the other Scandinavian languages but in contrast with e.g. English and German, has a possessive reflexive pronoun sin (with the inflectional variants sit and sine). Sin must have a subject antecedent within a particular binding domain, and this subject antecedent must be singular (or non-plural). This is an unusual demand in a cross-linguistic perspective: In the other Scandinavian languages and in earlier stages of Danish (before 1000 AD, at least), sin places no number restrictions on its antecedent. It is also an unusual demand in a linguistic theory-perspective: Various researchers (Burzio 1991 and Reuland 2011, among others) suggest that the defining trait of reflexive pronouns is precisely that they lack morphological content (number, gender, sometimes even person). With the Danish sin, we have a reflexive pronoun that can be specified as a 3rd person singular pronoun, which certainly seems like some amount of morphological content. However, this may not be a lasting trait. In modern Danish, it is not unusual to hear or read sin used with plural antecedents, and I suggest that sin may be in the process of losing its singular feature.
Danish having number-restricted reflexives is not a new feature of the language. It is attested in the earliest non-runic sources of Danish, going back to the 13th century. In the same period of time, Danish object reflexive sig/sig selv seems to have changed from patterning with sin in mainly allowing singular antecedents to the present situation where it patterns with the other Scandinavian languages in allowing both singular and plural antecedents. This is a relatively recent development, however, and it was finalized as recently as the 20th century in the spoken language (cf. Pedersen 2017). I hypothesize that sin may be going the same way as sig and changing (back) to allow both singular and plural antecedents. The change in sin lags behind because there has been less external pressure on speakers to acquire a system with a number-neutral sin.
I investigate the properties of sin (and sig) in modern and historical Danish in this thesis. I view the topic through a lens of generative grammar with a particular focus on microvariation. My thesis is a contribution to a field of research into reflexive pronouns within generative grammar which has become increasingly eclectic with the inclusion of more languages, more niggling details, and new theory-internal perspectives. My thesis is not aimed at arguing e.g. for or against an agreement-based or movement-based approach to binding. I offer an explorative, empirically based perspective on diachronic and synchronic microvariation within a single language. I hope to offer some insight into an interesting case of cyclic change and linguistic optionality.
In the first chapter of the thesis, I introduce the theories and technical machinery behind the approach to linguistics that I adopt in this thesis. I situate my thesis within a framework of generative grammar, and within a framework of variation and change with a special focus on microvariation. I sketch the development in the research on reflexives from the relatively unified Government and Binding approach of the 1980s to the current, rather less unified range of approaches.
In the second chapter of the thesis, I narrow the focus and look specifically at Danish and the Danish reflexive system. I present an analysis of the reflexive systems in standard Danish (an analysis which first saw the light of day in Vikner 1985), and I outline some of the ways that the Jutlandic dialects of Danish differ from the standard. The ways that reflexive use in the Jutlandic dialects differ from standard Danish are somewhat stigmatised and I hypothesize that this could lead to speakers hyper-correcting and using sin with plural antecedents more frequently. Finally, I present the use of sin in standard Danish that I call number restricted or number-sensitive.
The third chapter of the thesis is a diachronic study of the use of sin and sig in Danish over the last millennium. There is textual evidence from runic stones from Denmark that sin was used with both plural and singular antecedents before 1000 AD. There is no direct evidence that this was also the case for sig. This use is, however, a direct continuation from the Common Germanic stage where both sig and sin were used with antecedents of all numbers. By the 13th century, where the earliest Danish manuscripts are from, the use of sin and sig had changed so that both forms are primarily used with singular antecedents and their non-reflexive counterparts (deres and dem) are used with plural antecedents. Texts in the following 6-700 years shows different developmental trajectories for sig and sin. Sig becomes the predominant form in the written language with both singular and plural antecedents after the Reformation (with a great deal of variation). This is probably due to influence from German, and locally bound dem remains frequent in the spoken language until the early 20th century. Locally bound dem must be considered a very marginal form in the modern language outside of the contexts where there is structurally conditioned optionality between sig and dem. Sin stays limited to mainly singular antecedents, although examples of plural antecedent sin can be found sporadically all through the period.
The fourth chapter of the thesis is a corpus study. I investigate the occurrence and distribution of plural antecedent sin in KorpusDK, which is a written corpus with texts from 1983 to 2002. I found 1218 examples of plural antecedent sin in the corpus out of 188,585 instances of sin with any kinds of antecedents. Overall, plural antecedent sin occurs relatively more often with inanimate antecedents, with full noun antecedents (rather than pronoun antecedents), with coordinated antecedents with singular coordinands, and in complex clauses (particularly a type of clause where a partitive is modified by a relative clause). The data does not support suggestions from the literature that plural antecedent sin is better or more likely to occur within distributive contexts.
The fifth chapter is an acceptability judgment experiment with a sample of 550 young Danish speakers form various Danish gymnasiums (upper secondary schools). I find in the study that plural antecedent sin is more acceptable if it is contained with a plural nominal, if the antecedent is inanimate, and if the antecedent is a full noun. I find a little statistically significant evidence of sociolinguistically conditioned variation but the most striking result here is that the effects of e.g. region or gender are not very striking. Participants from all over the country rated plural antecedent sin as quite acceptable, just like participants from all over the country rated plural antecedent sin as quite unacceptable. I believe that this could show a linguistic state of ongoing change where some speakers have plural antecedent sin as part of their grammars, and some speakers do not. Whether or not a speaker accepts plural antecedent sin seems more dependent on other factors in that speaker’s own grammar than on the sociolinguistic factors that I coded the data for. Specifically, those speakers who rate other non-standard uses of reflexives (such as using locally bound singular possessive pronouns) higher also tend to rate plural antecedent sin higher.
In the final chapter of the thesis I sum up the results from the previous chapters, suggest areas of improvement and topics for follow-up studies, and speculate on the factors that could have an impact on this possible ongoing change. I suggest that some of these factors are the change in number-restriction on sig, hyper-correction driven by other stigmatised features of the Danish reflexive system, semantic agreement, and – very speculatively – the great deal of optionality or variation in number agreement on Danish adjectives, which could in principle also work as evidence for acquiring a reflexive system with less number-sensitivity on sin
Manual for analyse af elevers metasproglige repertoire: Working paper i projektet Writing Educating (2022-25)
No full textI projektet Writing Education (2022-2025) undersøger vi, hvad der karakteriserer relationer mellem elevers skrivning og metasproglige repertoire i forskellige skrivesituationer i danskfaget i 5. og 8. klasse (overordnet forskningsspørgsmål). Det er et kvalitativt tekst- og klasserumsstudie, hvor vi som en del af vores data også har foretaget tekstinterviews med fokuselever fra hver af de deltagende klasser.
I dette working paper præsenterer vi en kodemanual til at analysere elevers metasproglige repertoire som det kommer til udtryk i interviews om egne tekster, og til at analysere, hvilket metasprogligt repertoire der kan lægges op til i skriveundervisningsforløb, sådan som det kan indfanges gennem klasserumsobservationer
Migranters sikkerhed i landbruget
Full text linkProjektet ”Migranters sikkerhed i landbruget” er et forsknings- og innovationsprojekt, som er blevet gennemført fra 2021-2024. Det er finansieret af Arbejdsmiljøforskningsfonden og er blevet udført i samarbejde mellem Moesgårds Antropologiske Analyseenhed (MANTRA) ved Aarhus Universitet og SEGES Innovation P/S. En lang række landbrugsvirksomheder, interessenter fra landbruget samt arbejdsmarkedets parter har også deltaget i projektet.
Projektet har taget afsæt i antropologiske studier af migranters sikkerhedspraksisser og viden om sikkerhed og arbejdsmiljø på en række landbrugsvirksomheder. Den antropologiske viden er blevet indsamlet gennem etnografisk feltarbejde, som har bestået af deltagerobservation på landbrug og 67 interviews med medarbejdere, herunder flest migranter, landmænd/ledere og eksterne aktører som fx Arbejdstilsynet, arbejdsmarkedets parter, dyrlæger og lokale landbrugskonsulenter.
På baggrund af dataindsamlingen kan projektgruppen konkludere, at migranter har særlige udfordringer i forhold til sikkerheden i landbruget, samt at landmænd/ledere i landbruget bliver udfordret af at skulle lede en international arbejdsplads. Samarbejdet om sikkerhed og arbejdsmiljø bliver blandt andet udfordret på grund af sprogbarrierer, forskellige opfattelser af arbejdspladshierarkier- og relationer, kønsrelationer og potentiel modstand mod at efterleve regler om brug af fx værnemidler. Nærværende rapport gennemgår disse problemstillinger gennem formidling af den viden, som antropologerne i projektgruppen har fået under feltarbejdet.Projektet ”Migranters sikkerhed i landbruget” er et forsknings- og innovationsprojekt, som er blevet gennemført fra 2021-2024. Det er finansieret af Arbejdsmiljøforskningsfonden og er blevet udført i samarbejde mellem Moesgårds Antropologiske Analyseenhed (MANTRA) ved Aarhus Universitet og SEGES Innovation P/S. En lang række landbrugsvirksomheder, interessenter fra landbruget samt arbejdsmarkedets parter har også deltaget i projektet.
Projektet har taget afsæt i antropologiske studier af migranters sikkerhedspraksisser og viden om sikkerhed og arbejdsmiljø på en række landbrugsvirksomheder. Den antropologiske viden er blevet indsamlet gennem etnografisk feltarbejde, som har bestået af deltagerobservation på landbrug og 67 interviews med medarbejdere, herunder flest migranter, landmænd/ledere og eksterne aktører som fx Arbejdstilsynet, arbejdsmarkedets parter, dyrlæger og lokale landbrugskonsulenter.
På baggrund af dataindsamlingen kan projektgruppen konkludere, at migranter har særlige udfordringer i forhold til sikkerheden i landbruget, samt at landmænd/ledere i landbruget bliver udfordret af at skulle lede en international arbejdsplads. Samarbejdet om sikkerhed og arbejdsmiljø bliver blandt andet udfordret på grund af sprogbarrierer, forskellige opfattelser af arbejdspladshierarkier- og relationer, kønsrelationer og potentiel modstand mod at efterleve regler om brug af fx værnemidler. Nærværende rapport gennemgår disse problemstillinger gennem formidling af den viden, som antropologerne i projektgruppen har fået under feltarbejdet
Seks dimensioner af adgang til kunst og kultur for ensomme ældre i Musikalske Besøgsvenner
No full textHvad vil det sige at have adgang til kunst- og kulturlivet? Det er ét af de spørgsmålsom projektet Musikalske Besøgsvenner stiller. Igennem intimkoncerter i hjemmet undersøger projektet værdien af deltagelse i kulturlivet for brugere af besøgsvennetjenester og andre tilbud for sårbare borgere med mulige ensomhedsproblematikker.
Denne rapport beskriver hvordan Musikalske Besøgsvenner har arbejdet med adgang til kultur og viser, hvordan adgang i denne sammenhæng er mere end blot fysisk adgang, men også indeholder hvad vi kalder dimensioner af social, sanselig, følelsesmæssig, tidslig og relationsbaseret adgang. Vi undersøger flerdimensionel adgang til kunst og kultur ved at udfolde deltagernes erfaringer, som vi har indsamlet igennem etnografisk feltarbejde.
Igennem vores feltarbejde har vi brugt visuelle og deltagende metoder som en måde at skabe viden om de sanselige, sociale, stemningsmæssige aspekter af det kunstneriske møde. I løbet af processen med at arbejde med billederne og film fra koncerterne indså forskningsgruppen, at disse medier kan give læseren adgang til erfaringer fra musikalske besøgsvenner på en anden måde end teksten tillader.
Derfor er rapporten her bygget op omkring billeder, filmklip og personlige historier fra Musikalske Besøgsvenner, som viser adgang til kunst og kultur som et flerdimensionelt forhold, og hvad netop dette koncertformat kan bidrage med i forhold til at give sårbare borgere adgang til musikalske møder.
Vi viser, hvordan adgang til konventionel kunst- og kulturliv kan forstås relationelt, snarere end som et spørgsmål om at "aktivere" passive borgere. Adgang til kulturlivet er forbundet med komplekse økonomiske, socio-materielle og sociale relationer
Nouvelles tendances de la romanistique scandinave / Nuevas tendencias de la romanística escandinava / Nuove tendenze della romanistica scandinava / Novas tendências da romanística escandinava
Full text linkCe recueil représente un échantillon des recherches en langues, littératures et cultures romanes menées actuellement dans les pays scandinaves. Les articles qui y sont présentés sont le résultat du XXIe Congrès des Romanistes Scandinaves, ROM22, qui a eu lieu entre le 17 et 20 août 2022 à l’Université d’Aarhus, au Danemark. Le Congrès a accueilli environ 150 chercheurs et doctorants venant du Danemark, de la Finlande, de l’Islande, de la Lituanie, de la Norvège et de la Suède.
Les thèmes et les sujets abordés représentent la grande variété des recherches scandinaves en romanistique menées ces dernières années. Cette variété s’illustre par l’échantillon des articles présentés dans cette anthologie où l’on pourra trouver des recherches et études en didactique et acquisition des langues, lexicographie, linguistique, littérature, rhétorique, société, philosophie et traduction
Nouvelles tendances de la romanistique scandinave / Nuevas tendencias de la romanística escandinava / Nuove tendenze della romanistica scandinava / Novas tendências da romanística escandinava
Full text linkCe recueil représente un échantillon des recherches en langues, littératures et cultures romanes menées actuellement dans les pays scandinaves. Les articles qui y sont présentés sont le résultat du XXIe Congrès des Romanistes Scandinaves, ROM22, qui a eu lieu entre le 17 et 20 août 2022 à l’Université d’Aarhus, au Danemark. Le Congrès a accueilli environ 150 chercheurs et doctorants venant du Danemark, de la Finlande, de l’Islande, de la Lituanie, de la Norvège et de la Suède.
Les thèmes et les sujets abordés représentent la grande variété des recherches scandinaves en romanistique menées ces dernières années. Cette variété s’illustre par l’échantillon des articles présentés dans cette anthologie où l’on pourra trouver des recherches et études en didactique et acquisition des langues, lexicographie, linguistique, littérature, rhétorique, société, philosophie et traduction
Nouvelles tendances de la romanistique scandinave / Nuevas tendencias de la romanística escandinava / Nuove tendenze della romanistica scandinava / Novas tendências da romanística escandinava
Full text linkCe recueil représente un échantillon des recherches en langues, littératures et cultures romanes menées actuellement dans les pays scandinaves. Les articles qui y sont présentés sont le résultat du XXIe Congrès des Romanistes Scandinaves, ROM22, qui a eu lieu entre le 17 et 20 août 2022 à l’Université d’Aarhus, au Danemark. Le Congrès a accueilli environ 150 chercheurs et doctorants venant du Danemark, de la Finlande, de l’Islande, de la Lituanie, de la Norvège et de la Suède.
Les thèmes et les sujets abordés représentent la grande variété des recherches scandinaves en romanistique menées ces dernières années. Cette variété s’illustre par l’échantillon des articles présentés dans cette anthologie où l’on pourra trouver des recherches et études en didactique et acquisition des langues, lexicographie, linguistique, littérature, rhétorique, société, philosophie et traduction
Nouvelles tendances de la romanistique scandinave / Nuevas tendencias de la romanística escandinava / Nuove tendenze della romanistica scandinava / Novas tendências da romanística escandinava
Full text linkCe recueil représente un échantillon des recherches en langues, littératures et cultures romanes menées actuellement dans les pays scandinaves. Les articles qui y sont présentés sont le résultat du XXIe Congrès des Romanistes Scandinaves, ROM22, qui a eu lieu entre le 17 et 20 août 2022 à l’Université d’Aarhus, au Danemark. Le Congrès a accueilli environ 150 chercheurs et doctorants venant du Danemark, de la Finlande, de l’Islande, de la Lituanie, de la Norvège et de la Suède.
Les thèmes et les sujets abordés représentent la grande variété des recherches scandinaves en romanistique menées ces dernières années. Cette variété s’illustre par l’échantillon des articles présentés dans cette anthologie où l’on pourra trouver des recherches et études en didactique et acquisition des langues, lexicographie, linguistique, littérature, rhétorique, société, philosophie et traduction
Den poetiske fordring: Et empirisk eksistensfænomenologisk studie af relationen og dynamikken mellem skrivning og dannelse i folkeskolens ældste klasser med henblik på at konstruere og afklare begrebet skrivedannelse og dets muligheder
Full text linkJeg synes godt, man kan skrive noget, man godt vil sige eller gøre, men ligesom ikke kan. Det kan man nogle gange godt sige i en historie. (elev i 8. klasse)Sådan siger en af projektets deltagere, en elev i 8. klasse, og peger dermed på, at man, når man skriver, har mulighed for at gøre noget andet end ellers. Gennem skrivningen opstår muligheder for at afprøve, udvikle og lege med tanker, ønsker, forestillinger m.m. På den måde kan det at skrive være en mulighed for eksistentiel erkendelse.
I afhandlingen undersøges relationen mellem skrivning og dannelse i folkeskolens ældste klasser. Til det formål konstrueres begrebet skrivedannelse, der defineres som et udtryk for en dannelsesmulig-hed, der kan opstå i forbindelse med at skrive. Der er således tale om skrivedannelse, når skriveprocessen giver anledning til undren, forstyrrelse af vanetænkning og kulturelle dogmer, refleksion over verden, sig selv og sig selv i verden og en opmærksomhed på og sensitivitet over for verden. Med andre ord finder skrivedannelse sted i det øjeblik, skrivning giver anledning til en dialog med sig selv, med den personlige og kulturelle fortælling, med verden og de erfaringer af verden, man får gennem sanseindtryk og æstetiske erfaringer. Skrivedannelse kan forstås som en slags tilblivelse i øjeblikket gennem skrivebegivenheden. I afhandlingen undersøges, på hvilke måder man såvel empirisk som teoretisk kan forstå sammenhængen mellem skrivning og dannelse, om elever i folkeskolens ældste klasser oplever sammenhæng mellem at skrive og at forstå verden, sig selv og sig selv i verden, og hvilke didaktiske overvejelser dette giver anledning til.
MetodeSkrivningens dannelsespotentiale belyses gennem et kvalitativt empirisk studie. Deltagere i projektet er elever i to 8. klasser og deres dansklærere. I løbet af projektet har eleverne skrevet digte, fortællinger, erindringer og essays. Efterfølgende har de deltaget i interviews, hvor teksterne har dannet ud-gangspunkt for samtalen. Elevernes tekster og interviews udgør det empiriske materiale.
Idet studiet interesserer sig for elevernes oplevelse af det at skrive, er den metodiske inspiration hentet i fænomenologien. Det betyder noget for både selve forskningsinteressen, for det teoretiske udgangs-punkt for forståelsen af dannelse og for metoden, hvormed skrivedannelse undersøges. Den teoretiske forståelse af dannelse trækker overvejende på tænkere, der bygger på en fænomenologisk og eksi-stentiel tænkning (Arendt, 2019; Biesta 2014, 2018, 2020; Merleau-Ponty, 2009; Ricoeur 1975, 1992). Desuden inddrages tænkere som Nussbaum (1998, 2010, 2016) og Rosa (2021). Tilgangen til skrivning er inspireret af traditioner fra Creative Writing (McGurl, 2009; Bennett & Royle, 2016) og fra Écriture Feminine (Cixous, 1993, 2005; Royle, 2021). Det teoretiske felt afspejler begrebet skri-vedannelses flerfaglige karakter, idet undersøgelsen skriver sig ind i og udvikler et forskningsområde, der beskæftiger sig dels med skrivning og kreativitet, dels med en eksistentiel og fænomenologisk dannelsesforståelse og dels til folkeskolen.
Interviewene kan betegnes som fænomenologiske forskningsinterviews (Kvale, 2002) med inspira-tion fra mikrofænomenologien (Suhr et al., 2021). Analysen af materialet falder i to dele. Første del handler om et udvalg af elevernes digte, som analyseres som litteratur. Herefter suppleres med uddrag af interviewene, der handler om de valgte tekster. Anden del analyserer de indsamlede interviews. Den er tematisk organiseret og peger på fire overordnede temaer, hvad eleverne siger om disse temaer, og hvordan det kan forstås i relation til skrivedannelse.
FundFørste del af analysen peger på digtskrivningens potentiale for øget opmærksomhed på verden, sig selv og sig selv i verden. Skrivning af haikudigte styrker opmærksomheden på øjeblikket og er hos eleverne forbundet med omverdensømfindtlighed (Greve, 2000) og giver anledning til refleksion over tid og væren gennem forbindelsen af den sansede erfaring med den sproglige bevidsthed. Hermed styrkes det poetiske blik på verden.
Analysens anden del er inddelt i fire temaer. Det første handler om at gå med skriften. At gå med skriften handler om oplevelsen af flow i skriveprocessen og oplevelsen af at overgive sig til skrive-processen. At gå med skriften er forbundet med modtagelighed og selvvirksomhed og synes at være en forudsætning for de tre andre temaer. I analysen forbindes oplevelsen af at gå med skriften med erfaringen af resonans og med en tilblivelse gennem skriften.Det andet tema handler om opmærksomhed, og det er dermed forbundet med et værensaspekt. Op-mærksomheden retter sig i skriveprocessen mod stedet, mod sansninger, mod tanker og mod følelser. Skrivningen skaber en modtagelighed for stedet og samtidig en deltagelse i stedet, der opleves som meningsfuld.
Den skrivende elevs opmærksomhed er også rettet indad mod tanker og følelser, og det fører dermed videre til det tredje tema. Skrivnings relation til tænkning italesættes hos eleverne som det, at man gennem skrivning giver tanker og følelser et udtryk og en form. Derved får den skrivende mulighed for at se sine tanker fra en distance. At skrive opleves i nogle tilfælde som forbundet med lettelse, idet man gennem skrivningens alenehed kan skrive noget uden at forholde sig til andres mening om det skrevne. Skrivning kan være forbundet med selvrefleksion og med tanker om verden.Elevernes udsagn peger også på, at fantasien eller forestillingskraften trænes og styrkes. I skrivning af fortællinger aktiveres den narrative fantasi, og det åbner for forståelse af, at verden kan opleves på flere måder. Dette øger potentielt videre forståelsen for, at andres perspektiver også er gyldige, hvilket er relevant i en dannelsesoptik.
Didaktiske perspektiverI afhandlingen peges på en række didaktiske overvejelsesfelter, som har betydning for skrivedannel-sesbegivenhedens mulighed. Det drejer sig om lærerens mulighed for at understøtte etableringen af en skriveundervisning, der fremmer muligheden for skrivedannelse. Det kan ske gennem overvejelser angående skrivningens sted, skrivningens tid, skrivningens form, skrivningens krop og skrivningens samtale og vurdering. Lærerens rolle italesættes med et begreb om didaktisk musikalitet, der er et udtryk for en tilstedeværelse i undervisningen, der er præget af lydhørhed og et nærvær i situationen og af en evne til at improvisere med de skrivedidaktiske redskaber, man har, med udgangspunkt i en professionel dømmekraft. Det anbefales med reference til eksisterende forskning, at der også på dansk grund forskes i betydningen af, at læreren oplever sig selv som et skrivende menneske, og at der på baggrund heraf udvikles kreative tilgange til skrivning i læreruddannelsens danskfag og i efteruddan-nelsen af dansklærere. Dette projekt har således relevans for fremtidig forskning, udvikling af uddan-nelse og af folkeskolens skriveundervisning.
Undersøgelsen er inspireret af tidligere forskning (bl.a. Krogh, 2012). Afhandlingens tilgang til skri-veundervisning afviger fra den kompetenceorienterede forståelse af skrivning, der manifesteres i Fæl-les Mål for danskfaget. Den præsenterer således en anden og supplerende tilgang til danskfagets skri-veundervisning og viser, at det at skrive i skolen rummer flere aspekter end blot det kommunikative og kompetencegivende.
Afhandlingen peger på skrivning som en måde at være i verden og en måde at forstå verden. Heri ligger perspektiver, der har at gøre med en øget opmærksomhed på verden og på udvikling af en sensitivitet over for verden. Disse har betydning for forståelsen af skrivningens potentiale i forhold til skolens og danskfagets ansvar for at arbejde med bæredygtighed
Effectiveness of geriatrician-performed comprehensive geriatric care in older people referred to a Danish community rehabilitation unit
Full text linkENGLISH SUMMARY Background: Patients’ length of stay in hospital is declining and therefore rehabilitation of frail older persons must be provided in the community outside hospitals. During the past decades, community-based rehabilitation units in Denmark have offered older persons an opportunity to improve their level of functioning. The goal has been to reduce re-hospitalization and restore functional ability during a 3- to 5-week rehabilitation stay. Data from the National Patient Registry in older adults referred to a community rehabilitation unit in Denmark showed a significant number of hospital admissions and emergency department (ED) visits within 3 months of start of the rehabilitation stay. Suboptimally treated subacute medical conditions and inappropriate medication may result in visits to the ED or re-hospitalization. An integrated model of care such as comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) can address and prioritize older people’s complex health needs. Core components of CGA include evaluation of functional capacity, fall risk, cognition, polypharmacy, social support, goals of care, and advanced care preferences. The recently suggested concept of comprehensive geriatric care (CGC) covers the combined assessment and interventional follow-up process. However, we do not know whether CGC provided by a geriatrician will make standard rehabilitation more effective and reduce hospital contacts.
Aim: The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to examine the effectiveness of geriatrician-performed CGC in older people referred to a non-hospital-based rehabilitation unit. We wanted to examine whether it was possible: (1) to reduce hospital admissions and ED visits without increasing mortality and institutionalization; (2) to optimize medication use and to increase functional ability as well as quality of life.
Methods: The 368 participants were 65 years of age or older and were referred to two Danish community-based rehabilitation units from home or hospital. The exclusion criteria were assessment by a geriatrician during the past month or receiving palliative care. The intervention was CGC performed by a geriatrician in collaboration with the staff of the rehabilitation units. The medication adjustment based on clinical judgment was the key element of the geriatric intervention. The control group received standard rehabilitation with GPs as back-up. The primary outcome was the number of hospital admissions and ED visits in the first 90 days following admission to the rehabilitation units. The secondary outcomes included the number of days spent in hospital, number of ambulatory contacts, number of GP contacts, medication use, cognitive function, activity of daily living (ADL) function, overall quality of life, residential status, and mortality.
Results: No difference in the number of hospital admissions and ED visits was found. The number of days in hospital, ambulatory contacts, and out-of-hour GP visits or phone calls did not differ between the groups. The number of daytime GP consultations and visits or phone and email consultations was lower in the Intervention group compared to the Control group. Use of day-time GP services was lower in the Intervention group during the rehabilitation stay, but not afterwards. Institutionalization and mortality rates were similar in the two groups. The intervention reduced the prevalence of hyperpolypharmacy (≥10 regular medications prescribed concurrently) and the use of proton pump inhibitors, loop diuretics, and anti-asthmatic inhalers. No difference between the groups regarding changes of cognitive function and ADL function was found. More participants in the Intervention group than in the Control group improved their overall quality of life during the 90-day follow-up.
Conclusions: The geriatrician-performed CGC did not reduce the number of hospital admissions and ED visits during the 90-day period after the participants initiated their individualized rehabilitation stay. No effect was found with regard to the number of days in hospital, ambulatory contacts, institutionalization, and mortality. The observed effect in the form of a reduction in the total number of GP contacts during the rehabilitation stay did not persist. The intervention slightly reduced the hyperpolypharmacy and optimized medication profile. The intervention did not improve cognitive function or ADL function, but seemed to improve overall quality of life during the 90-day followup.
Perspectives: The present PhD project was unable to prove that the presence of a geriatrician providing ‘on site’ medical expertise at a community rehabilitation unit should be standard in Danish healthcare. The target group for CGC may be more selected. A future long-term follow-up RCT evaluating CGC performed by a geriatrician or a primary care physician with an interest in older people in a community-based rehabilitation unit should include frailty assessment at baseline or a validated frailty index as part of the inclusion criteria. A pragmatic approach to target the study population could be to focus on functionally impaired older people with hyperpolypharmacy