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Theoretical Underpinnings of Copyright and Design Laws Post-Krishika Lulla and Godrej Sara Lee: Decisions of the Supreme Court of India
Get PDFThis Paper seeks to build upon the method and findings of ‘Theoretical Underpinnings of Copyright and Design Laws: Decisions of the Supreme Court of India’1 with a view to examine the theoretical underpinnings of copyright law post Krishika Lulla2 and design law post Godrej Sara Lee3 as discovered or constructed in the decisions of the Supreme Court of India (Supreme Court). An analysis of these decisions on copyright law reveals that: (i) validity of The Copyright Actor of any provisions of the Act was not a question in any of the decisions; (ii) constitutional validity of Rule 29 (4) of The Copyright Rules, 2013 was in question in one of the decisions in which the Supreme Court giving deference to the legislative wisdom reversed the decision of the High Court on the ground that the High Court has overreached its remit and has re-drafted the rule; (iii) both Labour and Utilitarian Theories, and not any other theory, have been simultaneously invoked by the Supreme Court; and (iv) on an average, the Court has decided 1.66 copyright cases in a year; or one copyright case in 251 days, or in 68 years. It appears that the Supreme Court was invoking both Labour and Utilitarian Theories mechanically without going into the clear differences between the two. It has been argued previously 4 that the Court should have applied judicially manageable standards to rigorously scrutinize the theoretical underpinnings of copyright law from all possible angles. This Paper reiterates this argument for nothing seems to have changed in the judicial approach when it comes to theoretical underpinnings of copyright law. An analysis of decisions on design law reveals that:(i) only one decision has been reported on design law and the Court has not gone into the question of theoretical underpinnings; (ii) in four decisions only there is a reference to The Designs Act but these decisions have not decided any question of design law; and (iii) on an average, the Court has decided .08design cases in a year; or one design case in 4,595 days, or 12.58 years
Phytochemical evaluation and anti-psoriatic activity of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Thespesia populnea
Get PDFPsoriasis is a chronic, mild and common inflammatory skin condition. Still an ideal treatment for psoriasis, effective, safe, convenient, and economical is not available. In this scenario, the search for suitable alternative treatments with minimal side effects is necessary. Plants can be effective and alternative in this regard. Therefore, this article discusses the leaves of the plants Thespesia populnea (Malvaceae) that are traditionally used in the treatment of psoriasis. The present study aimed to assess anti-psoriatic activity. The dried leaves of the plants were subjected to soxhlation with 95% ethanol and phytochemical studies were performed. The anti-psoriatic activity was evaluated by the Mouse-Tail model. It is a relatively sensitive and reproducible morphometric method that allows quantitative evaluation of the effects of anti-psoriatics through epidermal differentiation. Extracts were applied topically at a dose of 500mg/kg over 14 days and at the end, the animals were sacrificed, longitudinal histological sections were made of the tail skin and the degree of orthokeratosis was determined. It was significantly (P <0.05) increased by the ethanolic extract of Thespesia populnea (52.86±2.86) compared to the control (17.30±4.09). In relative epidermal thickness, the ethanolic extract of Thespesia populnea (92.68±8.8) showed a significant difference (P <0.05) compared to the control (100±10.7). The data obtained suggest that the selected plant has anti-psoriatic activity and confirms its traditional use in the treatment of psoriasis
DeeR-Hash: A lightweight hash construction for Industry 4.0 / IoT
Get PDFIndustry 4.0 and IoT are emerging computing environments for low energy devices. Implementing complex security mechanisms in such environment is challenging. A lightweight and energy aware hashing provides high security to the devices under these environments. Earlier hash algorithms such as SHA and MD5 were very complex and hence are not suitable for the energy constrained devices. Similar hashing algorithm is needed for low energy devices as well. The authors proposed a sponge based hashing algorithm that is capable of providing a security up to second preimage attack to the devices communicating under such constrained environments. The methodology of the proposed design is derived from some existing lightweight hash constructions such as Photon, Quark, Gluon, and Spongent. The steps in the algorithm of DeeR-Hash include the steps for DeeRSponge and DeeRStateUpdate as well. To construct the sponge for the proposed hashing, the authors had taken the value of b, r, and c as 80, 2, and 78 respectively. After implementing the algorithm in a tag-reader scenario, the authors find that it is taking only 483 GE for 80-bits digest and is suitable for a lightweight cryptographic environment. The avalanche effect produced by the proposed algorithm further strengthens the security claim of the authors. Comparing other related work in this area, the authors claim that the required area in ASIC in lowest
A Hybrid Classification Approach for Iris Recognition System for Security of Industrial Applications
Get PDFThe biometric authentication system is demanded to identify a particular person from the set of persons. Even though many biometric authentication methods are available such as fingerprint, palm, face, and iris, the iris-based recognition system is effective due to its simplified process. This article proposes an iris recognition system using a hybrid classification approach for security applications. The proposed method includes three modules: preprocessing, augmentation, and classifier. The preprocessing module converts the color iris images into grey scale images and also resizes the image into 256 × 256. The preprocessed iris images are now data augmented to construct the larger dataset. The data augmented images are classified into either genuine or imposter images using a hybrid classification approach. The hybrid classification approach functions in two modes as training and testing. In this article, the Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) is integrated with the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) classifier to enhance the recognition rate of the iris recognition system. The performance analysis of the proposed approach is shown in terms of sensitivity, accuracy, recognition rate, specificity, false-positive rate, and false-negative rate. The experimental results of the proposed iris recognition system stated in this article significantly outweigh other design methods
Electro-catalyzed cynoarylmethylation of isatin for synthesis of 3-hydroxy-3-cynomethyl oxindole derivatives
Get PDFAn efficient and economical method has been developed for synthesis of 3-substituted oxindole by using electrochemically induced condensation of various N-substituted isatin, phenyl acetonitrile
Development of enhanced 3D flower like Gd doped NiO (GNO) based LPG gas sensor
Get PDFThe Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) sensing properties of pure NiO and Gd doped NiO nanoparticles (Gd - 1%, 3%, and 5%) have been prepared by polyol method and student. The prepared nanoparticles have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopy to study the structural, morphological, optical properties and electronic state of the prepared nanoparticles. XRD reveals that NiO nanoparticles have average crystallite size of about 12 - 26 nm and 3D flower like morphology with 2 - 3 μm size was recorded and TEM images reveals the presence of quasi spherical particles with nanosheets of thickness about 20 - 30 nm range. Optical absorption is found to be in UV region and bandgap energy in the range 3 - 3.6 eV. XPS confirms the presence Ni2+, Ni3+ ions, Gd3+ ions and presence of two oxygen species lattice oxygen and adsorbed oxygen. LPG sensing properties have been studied in detail for both pure NiO and GNO nanoparticles (1%, 3%, 5% Gd doped NiO) and it demonstrate that doped Gd enhance the sensitivity response LPG gas at operating temperature range 160°C to 260°
Testing of n-butanol and eucalyptus essential oil as additivities of cottonseed biodiesel-diesel blends
Get PDFThe B10 fuel blend in the presence (or absence) of n-butyl alcohol and eucalyptus essential oil additivities by the ASTM standards has been tested. As seen our results, these oxygenated compounds can be successfully used in B10 fuel blends as additives to improve exploitation properties. Methanol-based biodiesel has been synthesized by the transesterification reaction of technical cottonseed oil in the presence of potassium hydroxide, with a maximum yield of 64% at a molar ratio of oil to alcohol of 1:3, at 65°C. The oxidizing stability of the B10 fuel blends with (or without) additivities has been evaluated using the NMR spectroscopy method. Our experimental results demonstrated that investigated B10 fuel blend with oxygenated compounds has a high potential for diesel engines than B100 and petroleum diesel. The best results demonstrate the B10+n-Butanol fu
Extraction, characterization and kinetics of ultrasonic assisted extraction of biooil from Annona squamosa seeds
Get PDFThe current research work investigated the extraction of biooil from custard apple seed (Annona squamosa). The Biooil extraction process has been carried out using the method of ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction. The process conditions for biooil extraction have been optimized for attaining the maximum yield of biooil. The presence of functional groups and fatty acids in the extracted Annona squamosa seed oil has been analyzed by FT-IR and GC-MS analysis. The predominant compound present in the extracted oil was oleic acid, which is confirmed by GC-MS. The kinetics study results indicated that the biooil extraction process fits very well into first order reaction kinetics. The physicochemical properties of biooil have also been analyzed. The maximum biooil yield of 23% (w/w) from Annona squamosa seed has been achieved under the optimal process conditions with the extraction time of 20 min, temperature of 50°C and hexane to biomass ratio of 3:1 v/w
Fabrication of green composites by waste coconut shells as partial replacement of coarse aggregates in concrete and determination of its acoustic behaviour
Get PDFNowadays, natural materials have been frequently used for sound absorption in constructions and buildings. This paper has characterised the acoustic behaviour of coconut shell reinforced concrete composite with partial substitution of coarse aggregates in terms of sound absorption at octave frequency signals (32 Hz-16 kHz). Composites have been prepared in different weight percentages (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) of partial substitution of coarse aggregates. The acoustic test has been conducted in a 3.5 mm thick glass box without and with samples by point method of sound power measurement. The results have demonstrated that the value of the sound pressure level has decreased at different points with the increased percentage of coconut shells in composite, hence increasing the sound absorption coefficient of the concrete. The results have also been compared with conventional concrete composite. Additionally, the results have indicated that these concrete blocks can significantly absorb sound in the mid-frequency range. Generally, a sound absorption coefficient greater than 0.2 for any material qualifies it as a sound-absorbing material, and a sound absorption coefficient greater than 0.6 for any material is known as the best sound absorber. Therefore, developing such green composites can be an eco-friendly approach to the acoustic community
Microcontroller-based Low-cost Seed Metering Module Retrofit on Cultivator
Get PDFPlanting is one of critical operations in agriculture. Ground wheel drives conventional metering mechanism, and results in improper placement of seeds because of skidding and vibration of the ground wheel. Electronically equipped seed metering system in the planter have potential to reduces losses associated with friction and wheel slippage. In this study, a retrofit type microcontroller based low-cost seed metering module was developed for commonly available cultivator. Basically, it can be called as mechatronics due to combination of both electronics and mechanical components. Seed metering plate’scell size was designed based on physical properties of black and green gram seeds. The microcontroller controlled motor's speed through Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) based on a signal obtained from a rotary encoder mounted on ground wheel. Under laboratory test, the developed module with a cell size of 5.5 mm found highest quality of feed index of 90 % for green gram and 86 % for black gram when operated at speed of 1.56 km/h. Average plant to plant distance was observed to be 6.73 cm, 6.55 cm for green and black gram during field evaluation. These observed spacing were close to desired spacing (6.28 cm) which intended in the precision metering mechanism. A unit's cost is approximately INR 2000. It facilitates sowing of pulse crop’s seeds without investing extra cost on purchasing separate planter required for it. This retrofit type proposed module will make cultivator as a precision planter suitable for sowing different crops at a very low cost