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Failed Idealism and Father-Son Relationship in John Dos Passos’s The Adventures of a Young Man
Get PDF『ある若者の冒険』においてジョン・ドス・パソスは主人公グレン・スポッツウッドの短い生涯を綴っている。グレンは労働者に組合加盟を働きかけ、彼らの生活改善に情熱を傾けているがその人生は失敗の連続である。彼には父から譲り受けた強固な倫理観がある。しかし父から受け継いだ資質は最終的にグレンを不毛な死に導いてしまう。父自身、自らの理想主義のために実社会では成功しなかった。父－息子の関係性は複雑で、父からの継承はグレンにとって両義的である。グレンは父から強い倫理観とともに男らしさの規範を受け継ぎつつも、父に対する競争心や復讐心さえ抱いていると考えられる。また父が持つ知識階級としての自負心はグレンの労働者階級への共感や献身と対立し、彼の自己同一性を曖昧なものにする。グレンの秀でた話術もまた父親譲りであるが、常套句や自発性を失った彼の言葉は真実を伝えることができない。倫理的憤怒や非力な言葉への依存という主人公の弱点は本作の文学上の欠陥と呼応する結果となっている。The Adventures of a Young Man is John Dos Passos’s eighth novel, published in 1938 just after the completion of his major work, the U.S.A. trilogy (1938). The narrative recounts the life of labor movement organizer, Glenn Spotswood. The protagonist’s life evolves into a series of failures, driven by impractical idealism embedded in an inherited morality from his father. Rooted in his ambivalent relationship with his father,
Glenn’s social ambition is thwarted because of his awkward allegiance to his moral conscience. He grows more uncompromising to follow his inherited tendencies, as if to disapprove of his father’s concession to social mores, while harboring the contradictory wishes to remain a mother’s boy and become a patriarch of his family.
Moreover, misgivings for his family’s social class complicates an identity Glenn cultivates as a member of the working class. Finally, even as Glenn is largely dependent on speeches to disseminate his beliefs, an inability to articulate an authentic experience exacerbates his incompetence. Glenn’s accumulation of missteps and disappointments results in his dying alone as a nobody. In a final analysis, the protagonist’s weakness is analogue to that of the novel itself. A sense of predestination looms over Glenn’s fate that circumscribes the development of the novel as well. In his major works, Dos Passos was capable of identifying what is lacking in modern war, the metropolis, or the nation, which The Adventures of a Young Man fails to do.departmental bulletin pape
NAGAI Ikuko and HORIUCHI Keizo: The Inauguration of the “Singing in Japanese” Movement in a Historical Perspective
Get PDF本稿はソプラノ歌手永井郁子（1893～1983）が1925年に開始した邦語歌唱運動において、訳詞者の堀内敬三（1897〜1983）が果たした役割とその背景の解明を目的とする。
永井は従来の楽界の慣習であった（1）外国曲の外国語歌唱、（2）特別賛助出演、（3）持ち回りによる切符販売、の3つを破ることを宣言し、黎明期にあった日本の楽壇に論争を巻き起こしつつ、日本語で芸術歌曲を歌う可能性を広く示した。そこには学生時代からの永井の積年の問題意識が先鋭化されている。
一方の堀内は、若い時から継続的に訳詞を手掛け、開局直後の日本放送協会の洋楽担当者時代（1926〜1931）にも訳語による番組制作に力を注ぐと共に、その必要性を論じた。
堀内も永井も、当時の日本の楽界および「新しい聴衆」の教養と理解力とに鑑みて、邦訳歌詞から始めることが必要であるとの理解を共有していた。父の死による永井の運動開始と、堀内の日本放送協会入りとが相前後したことも幸いして、両者の協力による邦語歌唱運動は成功裡に始動した。後にラジオ出演を巡って2人が些細な諍いから決別するに至ったのも、各々の自負心の高さの故と理解するべきだろう。This paper aims to clarify the contribution of the translator HORIUCHI Keizo (1897-1983) to the “Singing in Japanese” Movement started by the soprano singer NAGAI Ikuko (1893-1983) in 1925.
NAGAI declared to break three practices of the Japanese musical world of that time, namely, (1) to sing western art songs in the western languages, (2) to invite guest musician(s) to the recital for special performance, (3) to charge pupils with a certain number of tickets. Arousing controversy in the then young musical world of Japan, she showed the possibility of the Japanese language for sung high-art texts, by giving recitals all over Japan and also by radio performances. It was an actualization of her long-standing conception of her mother tongue from her student years.
Having translated numerous western song texts from his youth, HORIUCHI made effort to produce broadcasting programs with Japanese translations in his directorship in the Japan Broadcasting Corporation (1926-1931) and also to make it recognized in some journal articles. He translated expressly for NAGAI numerous texts for the songs by Richard Strauss, Hugo Wolf and others.
NAGAI and HORIUCHI shared the view that it was necessary to begin artistic singing in Japan with Japanese translations of western art song texts, in consideration of the knowledge and understanding both of the musicians and of the “new audience”, which was enormously enlarged by the start of radio broadcasting in 1925. They aimed through it to encourage Japanese musicians to compose high-quality Japanese art songs.
Fortunately enough, NAGAI started her movement soon before HORIUCHI’s entering to the Japan Broadcasting Corporation. It was by their cooperation that the “Singing in Japanese” Movement made a successful start. Their breakup to come in five years by a trivial conflict may be considered to be a necessary result of their sublime but different ideals.departmental bulletin pape
Absorption of Nitorogen, Phosphorous and Neonicotinoid Insecticides in Water Samples by Aquatic Plant
Get PDF水生植物を用いることにより、窒素、リンおよびネオニコチノイド系農薬の除去を試みた。クロモとナヤスにより、水中に溶解している窒素とリンを除去することができた。これらの植物に対する吸収速度を比較すると、リンは窒素よりも早かった。水中のネオニコチノイド系農薬を除去するために、クロモ、ナヤス、コウキクサ、ホテイアオイおよびヨシが用いられた。ホテイアオイを用いると、水中のクロチアニジン、イミダクロプリドおよびチアクロプリドが減少した。また、ヨシを用いると、水中のチアクロプリドの濃度が減少した。しかし、他の植物によるネオニコチノイド系農薬の減少はみとめられなかった。このように、水生植物を用いることにより、窒素とリンは容易に除去することができ、ネオニコチノイド系農薬のいくつかは除去できる可能性が示唆された。The removal of nitrogen, phosphorous and neonicotinoid insecticides (clothianidin, dinotefuran,imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam) in water samples by aquatic plants was investigated. Nitrogen and phosphorus were removed from water samples by Hydrilla verticillata and Najas sp.. The absorption rates of phosphorous were higher than those of nitrogen. The removal of neonicotinoid insecticides by Hydrilla verticillata, Najas sp., Lemna minor, Eichhornia crassipes and Phragmites australis was also investigated. The concentrations of clothianidin imidacloprid and thiachloprid were decreased by E. crassipes, and the concentration of thiachloprid was also decreased by P. australis. However, no decreases in the concentrations of the other neonicotinoid insecticides were observed.departmental bulletin pape
The Effects of Heat Shock on Energy and Triglyceride Metabolism of Adipocytes
Get PDF肥満は美容上の問題のみならず様々な生活習慣病の原因となる。日常的な温浴が運動と同様に肥満を解消するか否かを、マウス前駆脂肪細胞 3T3-L1 の温熱刺激モデルを用い、温熱刺激が脂肪細胞の表現型に及ぼす影響から検討した。
脂肪細胞に42℃、1時間の温熱負荷を加えて熱ショック蛋白70（HSP70）の発現を検討すると、負荷30分後から発現の亢進が認められ、細胞が負荷を受けていることが確認できた。ミトコンドリア活性を測定すると、温熱負荷直後より電子伝達系活性の有意な亢進が認められたが、48時間後以降、非負荷群との差は認められなかった。ATP 産生量を測定すると、温熱負荷直後には一旦低下傾向を示した後、負荷6時間後からは有意な産生量の増加を示した。脂肪細胞中の中性脂肪量は、単回の42℃、1時間の温熱負荷によっては減少しなかったが、温熱負荷を24時間毎に繰り返すことにより、96時間後には有意に減少した。
以上より、温熱負荷を受けた脂肪細胞は、好気的な代謝を亢進させて中性脂肪を分解することで肥大化を抑制した。手軽な日常習慣である温浴は、脂肪細胞の肥大化による肥満を改善し、生活習慣病の予防に有効であることが示唆された。Obesity, caused by the hypertrophy of adipocytes, not only raises cosmetic issues but induces a variety of lifestyle-related diseases. Exercise can reduce body weight, but is difficult to continue daily basis. Hot bathing, relatively easy to take regularly, is also suggested improving obesity. In this study, the direct effect of hyperthermia on adipocytes using a heat shock model of mouse preadipocyte, 3T3-L1.
When heat shock at 42 °C for 1 hour was applied on 3T3-L1, expression of heat shock protein 70, the
indicator of cellular stress, was increased 30 minutes after heat shock indicating that the cells were loaded with heat stress. Heat shock at 42 °C for 1 hour also increased mitochondrial electron transport activity, which produces cellular energy from lipid, shortly after heat shock. However, the augmentation of mitochondrial function disappeared after 48 hours. High energy transporter, ATP, once decreased soon after heat shock, began to increase after 6 hours. As the heat shock increased energy production in mitochondria of 3T3-L1, I quantitated the amount of fat accumulation in adipocytes using a triglyceride assay kit. A single application of heat shock at 42 °C for 1 hour did not decrease triglyceride content in 3T3-L1 up to 96 hours after the stress.
However, when heat shock was applied every 24 hours, triglyceride decreased significantly after 4 cumulative heat shocks.
These results indicate that heat shock decreases lipid accumulation in adipocytes through the activation of energy metabolism of mitochondria. Therefore, hot bathing can prevent obesity by improving the phenotypes of fat cells.departmental bulletin pape
EMCA-Informed Research in Family Sociology in Japan: Overviewing the First Three Decades
Get PDFエスノメソドロジー・会話分析と家族社会学が交わるところで、これまでに日本でなされてきた研究を概観した。具体的には、1990年代から2010年代までの成果物をテーマ、手法、著者などから十年刻みで整理した。1990年代には、家庭での親による子どもの社会化の研究にエスノメソドロジーの知見を活かしながら取り組んだ教育社会学者たちがいた一方、家族の定義をめぐる論議においてエスノメソドロジーの発想を援用した家族社会学者たちもいた。2000年代に入って、若手の家族社会学者たちが主に成員カテゴリー化装置の発想を用いて家族をめぐる具体的なデータの検討に着手した。2000年代の後半になると、子育て支援をフィールドとして、エスノメソドロジー・会話分析の方法論や知見を活かす研究がなされるようになった。インタビュー調査によるものや、やりとりを検討するものである。2010年代に研究は拡大し、エスノメソドロジー・会話分析から示唆を受けた研究者たちの単著が刊行され、エスノメソドロジー・会話分析を活かして取り組まれるテーマや用いられるデータの種類などにも厚みが出てきた。だが、研究の余地は依然として大きい。This is an overview of the first three decades of the family sociological research in Japan which is influenced by Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis (hereafter EMCA). Some Japanese sociologists of education started to analyze interactions between parents and children from the perspective of EMCA in the 1990s (e. g.,
Seiya 1994). A few family sociologists inspired by EMCA followed by using its methods to examine ‘what is family ?’ (e. g., Tabuchi 1996). The 2000s saw some young family sociologists published empirical studies using EMCA (e. g., Kashida and Terashima 2003). They featured analysis of membership categorization devices, combining EMCA with social constructivism. CA-based studies of interactions between mothers who gathered in child raising support places (kosodate hiroba) also appeared in the same decade (Toe 2007, 2008). Throughout the 2010s, some monographs of family sociology influenced by EMCA, including Kido (2010), Matsuki (2013), and Kinoshita (2019) were published as well as an ethnography of kosodate hiroba (Toe 2018). At the same time, more various fields of research in family sociology were approached in light of EMCA during the 2010s. For instance, conferences between family members and care managers of elderly persons were analyzed by using CA(Nakagawa 2016). Moreover, the 2010s saw innovations in research methods for doing research in EMCA in family sociology. For an example, Fujiwara (2011) described the use of membership categorization devices in texts in leaflets for preventing suicides. To conclude, these thirty years has brought steady development to EMCA in family sociology in Japan. However, vast uncharted fields of family sociology await us to explore by using EMCA methods in the decade to come.departmental bulletin pape
Future Image of Elementary School Social Studies Supplementary Reader ― Consideration from the Preparation and Usage Analysis of Regional Supplementary Readers in Hyogo Prefecture ―
Get PDF新しい学習指導要領は「主体的な学び」、「対話的な学び」、「深い学び」の視点で児童生徒の資質・能力の伸長を目指すものである。児童生徒が学習や人生において「見方・考え方」を自在に働かせることができるようにすることが、教師の専門性の発揮と共に、準教科書である小学校社会科副読本に求められるところである。本稿では、「読んで理解させる副読本」「豊富な写真資料等を見せて間接体験で済ませる副読本」からいかに脱却し、また授業と授業の間をつなぎ、「主体的な学び」、「対話的な学び」、「深い学び」の視点で授業改善を進める副読本とするかの試案を示す。The new course of study aims to develop the qualities and abilities of children and students from the perspectives of “independent learning,” “interactive learning,” and “deep learning.” It is required for elementary school social studies supplementary readers, which are quasi-textbooks, to enable children to freely use their “views and ways of thinking” in learning and life, as well as to demonstrate the expertise of teachers. In this paper, how to break away from “a supplementary reader that makes you read and understand” and “a supplementary reader that shows abundant photographic materials and allows you to do indirect experience”, and also connects classes, “independent learning”, “interactive” shows a tentative plan to use as a supplementary reader to improve lessons from the perspectives of “learning” and “deep learning.”departmental bulletin pape
An Exploratory Study on Psychological Factors of Citizens Calling 119 in Japan
Get PDF119番通報の件数が膨大な数に上る中、市民が適切に通報できないことが救急現場の負担や救急隊や消防隊の到着遅延の原因となっている。本研究は、円滑な通報の実現を目指して、119番通報における市民の心理的要因を探索的に検討する。20代から60代までの各世代の男女約100名ずつからなる、全国1063名を対象にインターネット調査を実施した。119番通報の際、市民の感情的動揺が激しいほど通信指令員とのコミュニケーションは阻害される一方で、通報に対する正確な知識が多いほど円滑なコミュニケーションは促進されていた。特に、初めての通報で知識の効果は顕著だった。市民が119番通報の正確な知識を身につけることは、たとえ感情的に動揺していても、通信指令員との円滑なコミュニケーションにつながる。様々な機会や方法を通じて、市民に119番通報に関する情報を周知していくことが求められる。The frequency of 119 calls has increased significantly in recent times. The increasing number of inappropriate 119 calls made by citizens has become a burden on emergency service workers and caused delays in dispatching emergency services. This study explored the psychological factors of citizens calling 119 for increasing the efficiency of reporting emergencies by citizens. An online survey was conducted with Japanese citizens (N =1063, approximately 100 men and women in each generation from their 20s to 60s). Citizens’ emotionality when calling 119 inhibited the communication with the dispatchers significantly. On the other hand, smooth communication was facilitated by citizens having appropriate knowledge about reporting emergencies. Furthermore, the effect of knowledge was especially significant in the first report of an emergency. Citizens’ knowledge of making 119 is useful for increasing the efficiency of communicating with dispatchers, even if callers were emotionally upset. Therefore, it is necessary to make use of different opportunities and methods to inform citizens about how to make appropriate 119 calls.departmental bulletin pape