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On the Question of Soul Wounding: Secular Debility, Biopolitics, and Canada's Right to Maim
No full textJasbir Puar has demonstrated that the targeted debilitation of entire racialized populations embodies a contemporary illustration of colonialism’s machine. For Puar, colonizing states exist as biopolitical assemblages of control, the technologies of which instrumentalize a spectrum of debilities and capacities in the service of neoliberal colonialism, which requires maiming populations who are preconditioned for injury to secure sovereign power. This paper stages a conversation with Jasbir Puar to ask what additional insights might be gained about the relationship between colonialism and debility if critical disability scholarship went beyond a Foucauldian biopolitical analysis of the management of life, death, and debility when theorizing colonial violence. This paper thus reads across postcolonial and anti-colonial thought as well as Indigenous theories of trauma to encourage critical disability studies to expand the horizon of its reading practices when engaging these questions. These approaches, I maintain, provide critical insights into sovereign power that biopolitics cannot, including critical attention to non-secular configurations of settler colonial debility that biopolitical theory misses. I aim to show that a locus of Canada’s colonial sovereignty resides in targeted attacks, or “dis-membering,” forms of Indigenous non-secular transcendent self-consciousness—that is, the sanctioned maiming of Indigenous heterogeneous agencies in the service of neocolonial economic designs. In this sense, theories of metaphysics and violence must also be accounted for when attending to debility, colonialism, and sovereign power
Accounting for Within-Species Variation in Continuous Trait Evolution on a Phylogenetic Network
No full textWithin-species trait variation may be the result of genetic variation, environmental variation, or measurement error, for example. In phylogenetic comparative studies, failing to account for within-species variation has many adverse effects, such as increased error in testing hypotheses about evolutionary correlations, biased estimates of evolutionary rates, and inaccurate inference of the mode of evolution. These adverse effects were demonstrated in studies that considered a tree-like underlying phylogeny. Comparative methods on phylogenetic networks are still in their infancy. The impact of within-species variation on network-based methods has not been studied. Here, we introduce a phylogenetic linear model in which the phylogeny can be a network to account for within-species variation in the continuous response trait assuming equal within-species variances across species. We show how inference based on the individual values can be reduced to a problem using species-level summaries, even when the within-species variance is estimated. Our method performs well under various simulation settings and is robust when within-species variances are unequal across species. When phenotypic (within-species) correlations differ from evolutionary (between-species) correlations, estimates of evolutionary coefficients are pulled towards the phenotypic coefficients for all methods we tested. Also, evolutionary rates are either underestimated or overestimated, depending on the mismatch between phenotypic and evolutionary relationships. We applied our method to morphological and geographical data from Polemonium. We find a strong negative correlation of leaflet size with elevation, despite a positive correlation within species. Our method can explore the role of gene flow in trait evolution by comparing the fit of a network to that of a tree. We find marginal evidence for leaflet size being affected by gene flow and support for previous observations on the challenges of using individual continuous traits to infer inheritance weights at reticulations. Our method is freely available in the Julia package PhyloNetworks
Mixed Methods Evaluation of State Targeted Response to the Opioid Crisis in Ohio
Get PDFBackground: In 2017, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration awarded State Targeted Response (STR) grants through the 21st Century Cures Act to help states address the opioid crisis. While there are publications that discuss how each state allocated their STR grant awards, there is a paucity of evaluations illustrating the impact of STR grant activities on clients of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment, family members of persons living with OUD, community professionals whose work involves addressing OUD, as well as impacts on local communities. This longitudinal qualitative study assessed the impact of STR grant-funded projects on communities in Ohio particularly hard hit by the opioid epidemic.
Methods: Data were collected through a mixed research methodology from November 2017 through April 2019. Epidemiologists conducted focus groups and administered surveys in 4 geographically different areas of the state. Study objectives included assessments of community messaging related to opioids, level of perceived stigma for OUD, knowledge of available services and processes for accessing them, and perception of community treatment service needs.
Results: A total of 940 respondents participated in 3 cycles (6 months each) of focus groups. Key findings included increased naloxone knowledge and experience, increased proportion of persons living with OUD receiving medication-assisted treatment (MAT), and a 2.5 time increase in the number of reported positive observations of community change. While the level of perceived stigma for OUD remained consistent (moderate) throughout the study, respondents throughout cycles observed an increasing number of community approaches, such as public awareness campaigns and recovery rallies, to impart knowledge, change attitudes, and reduce stigma.
Conclusion: Evaluations of STR funded activities and programs could help illustrate the value that additional funding might have over time in reducing stigma related to OUD and increasing knowledge of available treatment services in communities
Variations in timbre qualia with register and dynamics in the oboe and French horn
Get PDFMany musical instruments produce a myriad of sound colors resulting from diverse playing techniques, both traditional and extended. Such techniques include parameters that are often regularly manipulated in music, such as pitch, intensity (dynamics), articulation style, and duration. Despite the likely contribution of such timbral variations to musical experience, within-instrument timbral flexibility and its semantic consequences have not been addressed empirically. Participants rated sounds produced by the oboe and the French horn on 12 combinations of register and dynamics using the 20-dimensional timbre qualia model from Reymore and Huron (2020). Data are modeled with Exploratory Factor Analysis, partial proportional odds regressions, and random forest classifiers. Although trends between ratings and register/dynamics emerged, the results illustrate the complexity of within-instrument timbral variability. Some trends were approximately linear, others demonstrated non-linear patterns, and some timbre qualia dimensions displayed interactions between register and dynamics. While certain trends were shared between the oboe and French horn, such as an increase in sparkling/brilliant ratings with register, others seem to be unique to each instrument, such as the relationship of ratings of woody to register for the oboe or of ratings of muted/veiled to dynamics for the horn. Results demonstrate that within-instrument timbral variability based on dynamic and register is apparent to listeners and that semantic interactions among parameters can be present. The methodology established in this paper can be extended to address within-instrument timbral flexibility with respect to articulation, duration, and other sources of variation for any instrument or group of instruments
A Demographic Sampling Model and Database for Addressing Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Bias in Popular-music Empirical Research
No full textThis report summarizes the development and application of a demographic encoding model designed to assist researchers in aligning dataset diversity with real-world diversity in popular-music corpus studies. Drawing on sampling strategies in machine-learning research and encoding procedures in health sciences and the humanities, the model and its associated open-access data provides researchers with a tool to generate more inclusive databases along the parameters of race, ethnicity, and gender. The model itself attempts to reconcile the intersectional boundaries of personal identity with the binarity required by statistical encoding and analysis. Importantly, it facilitates a mindful approach through conditional parameters; for example, by minimizing the risk of tokenizing minoritized artists in multi-member ensembles by considering said artist’s agency and demographic proportion within the group. Applying the model to artist samples from various popular-music corpora affirms the underrepresentation of non-white and non-male artists in related research. In response, the report outlines how a researcher might utilize intentional demographic sampling when developing future corpus-based popular-music studies
The Role of Comorbid Conditions and Socioeconomic Factors in Mortality for Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19
No full textBackground: The emergence of COVID-19 as a global pandemic has provided yet another example of how racial and social factors can exacerbate health disparities and disproportionately affect minority populations. The goal of the current study was to understand how some of these factors impacted survival in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Northwest Ohio during the first year of the pandemic.Methods: This study was a retrospective review of patient data from a single health care system. Electronic medical records were queried to obtain information on patients who were admitted to the hospital and had a laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection during their admission. Different predictors were included in the final Cox proportional hazard regression model.Results: There were 3468 patients included in the analyses with an all -cause mortality rate of 18.5%. On average, White patients were older on admission with higher rates of mortality than patients who were Black or of “Other” races (19.8% versus 12.5% and 11.0%, respectively, p < .001). Mortality rates varied significantly by insurance status, with the highest mortality rates observed in the Medicare and “Other” categories (27.1% and 16.5%, respectively). Cox proportional hazard regression model also found race and insurance status to be associated with survival.Conclusion: Considering race and preexisting conditions adjusted for age in a cohort of patients with COVID -19 reveals that insurance payor is significantly associated with mortality. Those who did not have commercial or public insurance had significantly increased risk of mortality compared to those with commercial insurance
From larceny and concealed births, to indecent assault and attempted suicide: An analysis of rural crimes committed in three small Irish villages between 1941-1943
No full textThis article explores an under-researched area within Irish criminology: rural crime during the 1940s. It analyses a volume of recorded rural crimes that were committed in an area encompassing three small Irish rural villages between the years 1941-1943. Set against the backdrop of World War II and Ireland’s state of emergency, many crimes committed were larceny, relatively minor in nature and related to “culprits” living in, or perhaps trying to survive the hardships of war, poverty and rationing. However, other crimes, such as embezzlement, indecent assault, concealment of birth, attempted suicide and sacrilege also feature within the volume. Examining these crimes provides a vignette into Ireland’s past, shining light on what Irish social life was like for some individuals and groups living through a state of emergency in a small rural area and in a society dominated by religiosity. Crime and sin were deeply intertwined at this time. The volume also provides some insight into the habitus of those who recorded the crimes: Gardaí who were exclusively male, predominantly Catholic and who policed with moral authority that was bestowed upon them by State and Church
Policing Rural Crimes and Rural Communities in England
No full textThis article examines factors that influence the processes and practices of crime prevention and investigation in rural areas of England. Whilst evidence shows that rural crime is a significant problem, there has been hitherto a dearth of research into how the issue is policed. Drawing on the perspectives of police personnel, this article examines the features of the rural environment and the organisation and management of police services that influence the delivery of police work in rural areas of England. Specifically, the article considers factors that influence the reporting and subsequent recording of rural crimes; how police officers understand and perceive rural crimes; how police services prioritise crimes for preventative and investigative purposes; how responsibility for investigating rural crimes is diffused across law enforcement agencies and how this can cause confusion for officers; matters related to the generation of evidence; officer understanding of the legislation regarding rural crime; the willingness of officers to undertake the investigation of rural crimes and the reluctance of some to live in the countryside; and the organisation and management of police resources in rural areas. In so doing, it sets out the reasons why the policing of rural spaces is distinctive and considers implications for police work and its outcomes