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Tiny Snails With Large Distributions: Systematics and Delimitation of the Pacific Land Snails Pacificella and Lamellidea (Stylommatophora: Achatinellidae: Pacificellinae)
No full textThe Pacificellinae are a group of small, high-spired land snails distributed on islands across the Pacific. Some species are endemic to particular island groups, but others have wide geographic distributions, several of which have been attributed to anthropogenic transport between islands before western contact. We used DNA sequence data (COI, 16S, ITS2, 28S) from recently collected and historical specimens to estimate a phylogeny of the Pacificellinae, with a focus on Hawaiian species. Phylogenetic analyses support recognizing Lamellidea and Pacificella as distinct genera and indicate that the genus group Tornatellinops should be regarded as a synonym of Lamellidea. The number of taxa defined by species delimitation analyses (ASAP, bPTP, mPTP) varies widely, with between 6 and 42 species estimated in the Hawaiian Islands. These candidate species hypotheses were evaluated in an integrative framework, including shell morphology, geography, and a multilocus phylogeny, to revise the taxonomy of Hawaiian pacificellines. Four Lamellidea species and two Pacificella species are recognized from the Hawaiian Islands, including two widespread species introduced to Hawaiʻi from the South Pacific. Lamellidea peponum in Hawaiʻi shows little genetic divergence from Polynesian specimens previously referred to L. oblonga, and the name L. oblonga is now regarded as a junior synonym. Lamellidea polygnampta is recognized here from across the Hawaiian Islands, L. cylindrica from the island of O‘ahu, and the lowland species, L. extincta, from the main Hawaiian Islands and the Northwestern Islands. The only Pacificella specimens found in Hawai‘i in modern surveys are more closely related to specimens of P. variabilis from Polynesia than to historical specimens of P. baldwini, indicating that the only Pacificella species now found in the main Hawaiian Islands appears to be introduced. Pacificellines have declined in abundance in Hawai‘i over the last century and the two species L. extincta and P. baldwini, formerly present across the Hawaiian Islands, are now either critically endangered or extinct
The Phylogenetic Placement of an Enigmatic Moth Egybolis Vaillantina Based on Museomics
No full textHere, we present multi-locus sequencing results from the enigmatic Afrotropical monotypic genus Egybolis Boisduval (occurring in East- and South Africa—previously placed in the subfamily Catocalinae, Noctuidae). Model-based phylogenetic analysis places Egybolis within a strongly supported clade comprising four Old World Tropical genera Cocytia Boisduval, Avatha Walker, Anereuthina Hübner, and Serrodes Guenée from the family Erebidae, subfamily Erebinae. Hence, we propose to formally assign the monotypic genus Egybolis to the subfamily Erebinae and the tribe Cocytiini. Timing of divergence analysis reveals the late Oligocene origin around 25 million years ago (Ma) for the tribe Cocytiini, and an early Miocene ( ~21 Ma) for the split between Cocytia and Egybolis
Examining Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Among Ohio Youth with Oppressed Identities Using the 2019 Ohio Youth Risk Behavior Survey
Get PDFBackground: Suicide is the second leading cause of death among youth aged 10 to 14 years and third for those aged 15 to 24 years in the United States and in Ohio. Suicidal thoughts and behaviors disparately affect youth with oppressed identities, including those with oppressed racial, ethnic, gender, and sexual minority identities. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between self-reports of suicidal thoughts and behaviors among Ohio youth with oppressed identities. This research also contextualizes relationships between these indicators through the context of intersectionality.
Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study used responses from the 2019 Ohio Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS; n = 1263) to examine the relationships between identity variables and suicidal thoughts and behaviors through a series of logistic regression models.
Results: Female youth have higher odds of reporting persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness and seriously considering suicide than male youth. Lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) youth have higher odds of reporting all outcome measures of suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs), and youth with oppressed racial and ethnic identities were in general more likely to report higher odds of STBs when compared to White youth.
Conclusion: Suicidal thoughts and behaviors disparately affect youth with these oppressed identities. Our findings suggest further examination of these youth nationally may influence public health suicide prevention strategies. Implica-tions also suggest that researchers, practitioners, and organizations across the spectrum of youth suicide prevention in Ohio should understand the increased risk that youth with multiple, intersectional oppressed identities face for suicide
Beyond (the cave of) pitch/loudness-equalization: A Commentary on Reymore (2021)
Get PDFTraditional approaches in timbre research have often equalized sounds according to pitch, loudness, duration in order to study timbral differences across instruments. In a compact case study of the semantic qualities of the oboe and French horn, Reymore (2021) takes a different approach and considers timbral differences within musical instruments, which arise due to the covariation of timbre with the musical parameters of fundamental frequency (pitch) and playing effort (dynamic level). The study constitutes a timely contribution to a growing body of work on the covariation between timbre, pitch, and loudness. After providing a background and summary of important aspects of the target article, I elaborate on results from a recent complementary study that analyzed acoustical signal properties regarding that matter. Finally, I address three important issues in this context that appear to be worthy of future research
Historical Climate Change Dynamics Facilitated Speciation and Hybridization Between Highland and Lowland Species of Baripus Ground Beetles From Patagonia
No full textOne of the largest beetles of Patagonia, Baripus (Cardiophthalmus), includes 20 currently described species. Its distribution ranges from the tip of Patagonia, on Tierra del Fuego Island, to isolated patches along the Andes and extra-Andes mountains in northern Patagonia on the Payunia at >3000 m elevation. Here, using RADseq data, evidence is found of mixed ancestry in different lineages. Phylogenetic network reconstruction shows two hybridizing edges between lowland and highland species. Using environmental niche modeling, we show changes in geographic distribution of potential niches of species during the last glacial maximum compared to their present distribution. Increasing potential niche overlap among different species pairs possibly explains how lineages came into secondary contact, supporting the hypothesis of hybridization. In addition, morphological evolution is studied using geometric morphometrics on the network, and evidence of transgressive evolution has been found involving the pronotum shape, as well as highland/lowland habitat preferences. Finally, based on genomics and morphological data and using an integrative coalescent-based species delimitation approach, the separate evolution of two lineages in early stages of speciation is found. Taken together, dynamics of diversification of Baripus beetles in both space and time are discussed
Competing (ac)counts of disability: situating prevalence studies in Zambian disability policymaking
No full textResearch is a critical starting point for public policy. For disability policy, the calculation of prevalence – the percentage of persons with disabilities in a population – has attracted significant attention. Multiple disability prevalence studies have been conducted in Zambia. We used data from semi-structured interviews about research and the policy process with twelve Zambian disability policy stakeholders to explore perspectives about disability prevalence research and policymaking. Policy stakeholders, disability advocates and policymakers, expressed more interest in prevalence than in other types of research. Participants perceived prevalence research according to three competing priorities: inclusion (‘Involve us [for] good results’), pragmatism (‘We have to use that [number]’), and granularity (‘We need details’). Participants discounted the value of prevalence research that conflicted with their priorities. Better understanding of stakeholder perspectives of disability prevalence can illuminate ways that these perspectives influence the use of research evidence in disability policy making
The Curious Case of Carson McCullers: Appropriation, Allyship, and the Problem of Speaking for Others
No full textIn this article, I situate the life and work of Carson McCullers within the larger disability studies debate over the problem of speaking for others. The essay makes two arguments that build on one another. The first is for including McCullers more fully in the disabled community and in studies of literary disability, despite her having expressed a small number of ableist comments. The article suggests that McCullers’s experience as a queer disabled woman became a key lens that animated much of her writing. The essay then turns to its second and larger goal, which is to consider how the complicated case of McCullers can help the field distinguish allyship from appropriation and unethical identification. Turning to feminist theorists of communicative ethics Iris Marion Young and Linda Alcoff, as well as Deaf and disability scholars like Rebecca Sanchez, the article ultimately argues that McCullers’s “use” of deafness in The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter, though undeniably flawed, is not an act of appropriation but an early historical attempt at allyship from a differently disabled perspective. Her commitment to deafness is driven by a sustained critique informed by the shared afflictions of injustice, but one that also overall refuses to dissolve human difference or speak for deafness
Against Productivity & Liberal Pity: A Case Study in Prison Abolition & Disability Justice
No full textNo abstract available
Factors Related to Drug Overdose Deaths in Ohio
Get PDFBackground: Drug overdoses have had a devastating impact on public health in Ohio. Improving our understand-ing of the relationships between factors that are associated with drug overdose deaths can enhance the quality of public policy and health care reach in Ohio.
Methods: Utilizing data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute, this research seeks to quantify the associations between the drug overdose rate for counties in Ohio with various factors via statistical regressions.
Results: The overwhelming majority of drug/alcohol overdose deaths during the years 2017-2019 were uninten-tional. Drug overdose deaths and life expectancy are strongly associated. Communities with higher overdose rates have lower life expectancies. Socioeconomic status and health care factors, such as mental distress and physical inactivity, are significantly correlated with increased drug overdose deaths. Household income is significantly correlated with increased access to health care, implying that communities of lower socioeconomic status may lack adequate access to quality care and suffer from increased overdose deaths.
Conclusion: The data indicate the importance of access to health care and health care providers in response to drug overdoses in Ohio. Health care access is currently proportional to income; higher income households have a greater proportion of insured, as well as a greater number of primary care physicians. Thus, implementing policies that support health care infrastructure should be prioritized to increase the capacity of treatment in under-resourced (low-income and low socioeconomic status) communities
Crip Life Amidst Debilitation: Medicalization, Survival, and the Bhopal Gas Leak
No full textIn a textbook horror-story of global capitalism, on December 3, 1984, the U.S owned Union Carbide pesticide factory spewed forty tons of lethal toxic methyl isocyanate (MIC) on the city of Bhopal in India. Nearly 10,000 people died and 30,000 people were disabled overnight. Continued exposure to MIC at the factory site has disabled many more in the decades since. Yet, few disability scholars have considered the histories of the survivors of the leak as a key site of crip politics. Drawing on work by Nirmala Erevelles, Jina Kim, Jasbir Puar, and Alison Kafer, this paper explores how the long history of debilitation, disablement, and survivorship since the Bhopal Gas Leak provides essential ground for re-zoning disability studies in the Global South. Braiding the theory of debility with the methodology of critical disability studies, this article posits that it is insufficient to say that the most marginalized in the Global South experience debility. Rather, it is also necessary to focus on their modes of survival in the face of the constant material and intellectual reproduction of said debilitation. The article demonstrates how poor lower-caste and Muslim workers and city-dwellers in Bhopal were subject to the debilitating logics of transnational corporate negotiations, racialized environmental de-regulation, and governmental profit-seeking in the years leading up to the leak. Through crip readings of medical research published between 1985 and 2000, I argue that this debility has been compounded through knowledge production which did not pay heed to the ways in which its victims contended with their vulnerability. In contrast to these sources, this article further examines testimonies and organizational pamphlets to contend that survivors in Bhopal offer their own model of disability justice and crip survival in the face of debilitation. In an era of vibrant disability rights organizing in the United States, the survivors of the leak emerged in global media primarily as victims of a tragedy caught in an endless cycle of injustice. Moving past the stance of pity often deployed in discussions of Bhopal, I highlight efforts of survivance that center disabled futurity, even as these activists use a different vocabulary and thereby strive to channel attention and resources to the myriad forms of crip survival in postcolonial India