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“I Thought We Were Past That”: Questioning Coleman Young’s Conflicting Ideologies of Tough on Crime and Police Reform in Reference to the Malice Green Killing, 1974-1994.
No full textThis paper seeks to historicize conflicting tough on crime and police reform ideologies of Detroit Mayor Coleman Young. These policies help explain the events that culminated in the killing of Malice Green, as well as police brutality in Detroit. This paper argues that attributing the death of Malice Green to Coleman Young is irresponsible, and further, it is important to understand that Young\u27s tough on crime policies and lack of investment in fundamental police reform played a role in the attitudes that led to the death of Malice Green and many others
Preschool Classroom Quality and Critical Consciousness Among Black and Latino Under-Resourced Youth
No full textGiven the benefits of critical consciousness (CC), it is important to consider what environmental levers may promote it. Higher-quality education experiences have served as key contextual supports for marginalized youth. Notably, investment in the quality of education for preschoolers has one of the highest rates of return for society compared with interventions that take place later in life, particularly for Black and Latino youth from under-resourced backgrounds. Classroom quality during preschool (ages 3–5) may promote prosocial behavior and cognitive self-regulation in middle childhood (ages 6–12); in turn, these competencies may help facilitate CC during adolescence (ages 13–17). This literature review found theoretical and empirical support to expand developmental models on CC with preschool classroom quality. The article concludes with a discussion on how preschool classrooms operating as democratic contexts could have long-term implications for CC in adolescence, as well as how assessments of preschool classroom quality could be extended to include measures relevant to CC. Future studies could build on this review to continue expanding the quickly growing literature on CC
This is It
No full textIt’s long been theorised that doctors need to go beyond medical diagnosis to treat the patient for reasons of personalising treatment and personalising the patient. People who suffer illness want to be heard, such is the case for the popularity of illness narrative in current research and in creative practice.
‘This is It’ idealises multi-formed writing as a means to express the fractured self formed through chronic illness. In this case, traditional non-fiction narrative morphs with poetry, critique and theory, reflecting multiple experiences and varying emotions. It is a representation of illness narrative while it is another plea for understanding through illness narrative. The work is meant to politicise the patient (the author) as well as those in what Arthur Frank refers to as the ‘remission society’, and do so in an innovative way, exploring words as cross-genre. Just as there are many sides to illness, there should be many ways to express it
Low, current, and persistent poverty area residence and social risks among Black cancer survivors
Full text linkBackground: Persistent area-level poverty may contribute to long-term social and economic disinvestment and fewer health promoting resources even compared with current area-level poverty. This may contribute to unmet social needs, which are associated with adverse health outcomes. This study examines associations between living in persistent (vs. current and low) poverty areas and prevalence of social needs among African American cancer survivors.
Methods: We utilized data from 3,650 participants in the Detroit Research on Cancer Survivors (ROCS) cohort. African American adults were invited to participate if they were ages 20-79 at diagnosis with breast, colorectal, lung, prostate, or endometrial cancer (ages 20-79) or any other cancer (ages 20-49) and identified through a population-based cancer registry. Area-level poverty was categorized at the census tract level as persistent (\u3e=20% of residents with incomes =20%
Results: At ROCS enrollment, 34% of participants lived in persistent, 33% in current, and 33% in low poverty areas. Overall, 39% reported any social needs, and prevalence was higher in persistent (45%) relative to both current (40%; p=0.023) and low poverty areas (25%; p-trend
Impact: Current and persistent area-level poverty were associated with prevalence of most social needs. Prevalence of any social needs was higher in persistent vs. current poverty areas. Long-term social disinvestment associated with persistent poverty may contribute to additional social needs beyond those in current poverty areas
What You See is What You Get: Improved Patient Outcomes with Anterograde Endoscopic versus Open Carpal Tunnel Release
Full text linkIntroduction: Carpal tunnel syndrome, a common neuropathy caused by median nerve compression, impairs hand function and quality of life. While retrograde endoscopic carpal tunnel release (CTR) comparisons with open CTR has been extensively studied, limited research has been conducted on anterograde endoscopic CTR, which provides proximal-to-distal visualization of the transverse carpal ligament. This study aimed to compare Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference (PI) and Upper Extremity (UE) scores between open and anterograde endoscopic CTR over one year.
Methods: Patients were identified through a retrospective chart review of surgery schedules for hand and wrist surgeons affiliated with a large academic institution. Demographic data, surgical approach, and pertinent history were extracted through review of patient medical records. Pre-operative and post-operative PROMIS Pain Interference (PI) and Upper Extremity (UE) scores were collected, and a multivariate analysis was completed to screen factors predictive of improved PROMIS scores.
Results: Patient BMI, sex, history of traumatic wrist injury, cervical disease, symptom duration, and form of procedure received (open versus endoscopic) were all significantly predictive of PROMIS scores following CTR (R2 = 0.41). Open CTR was also independently associated with reduced PROMIS UE and increased PROMIS PI scores following surgery.
Conclusions: Assessing CTRs performed by hand surgeons at a single institution (HFHS), anterograde endoscopic CTR resulted in improved PROMIS outcomes compared to open CTR, demonstrating its efficacy in patient-reported recovery. Further research should aim to confirm these findings among a larger, more diverse patient population
Opioid vs. money choice preference patterns in regular heroin users
Full text linkAbout two-thirds of people treated for opioid use disorder (OUD) return to opioid use within the first-year post-treatment, and about 10% report use while on agonist therapy. Understanding determinants of opioid-seeking is vital to reducing recurrence and its risks. We assessed individual differences in effortful choices between opioid and money amounts, modeling real-world choices.
Our lab conducted studies in which regular heroin-users were stabilized on buprenorphine to suppress withdrawal. Within experimental sessions, the participant could choose repeatedly across 12 trials between units of hydromorphone (HYD, 1 or 2 mg IM) vs. money (4); HYD and money amounts differed parametrically across studies. After initiating a choice for HYD or money (one mouse-click) on each trial, the work required to earn the same commodity increased exponentially across later trials. We analyzed trial-by-trial choices (drug vs. money) and latencies (speed to choose) and correlated these patterns with individual differences.
Participants with recent pre-experiment cocaine use and those who chose HYD on the first trial during sessions took significantly longer to choose money than HYD (i.e. difference in median latencies). Faster latency to choose drug (vs. money) correlated with significantly greater effortful responding for drug (vs. money). The strongest predictor of high effortful responding for drug was whether the initial choice a participant made in a session was for HYD or money.
These results highlight that recent cocaine use and participants with faster relative decisional speed for drug (than money) may be more likely to engage in effortful opioid-seeking behavior
Effects of Induced Arousal on Subsequent Apnea and Hyperpnea in Central Sleep Apnea
Full text linkCentral sleep apnea (CSA) is characterized by recurrent cycles of apnea/hypopnea alternating with hyperpnea. Brief arousals following apnea/hypopnea are postulated to perpetuate CSA via hypocapnia below the apneic threshold.
We hypothesized that apnea or hypopnea would follow hyperventilation due to induced-respiratory arousals. Participants diagnosed with mild to severe sleep-disordered breathing (AHI: 10-64 events per hour) were enrolled. We studied 5 patients with CSA who were otherwise healthy (4 male, 1 female, age: 62-72 years, BMI: 25.6-37.2 kg/m2) During overnight polysomnography (PSG), participants were initially stabilized with PAP therapy set to the pressure level required to maintain airway patency (holding pressure). We used PAP withdrawal for three breaths to induce upper airway obstruction in patients receiving optimal PAP therapy- with stable sleep, respiration, and oxygenation.
Induced respiratory arousal was associated with increased minute ventilation (VE) from 8.1 L/min +/- 5.0 L/min/- to 19.5 L/min +/- 5.9 L/min (p\u3c0.05). Post-arousal ventilation also showed an increase in VE at 13.9 L/min +/- 4.6 L/min (p\u3c0.05). Nadir ventilation was 94.6% of baseline.
Induced respiratory arousal resulted in a brief hyperpnea and a return to baseline respiration, but no apnea or hypopnea occurred.
Possible explanations include: a) short duration of hyperventilation is insufficient to induce sufficient medullary hypocapnia, b) recurrent events following CSA may be due to an additive effect of hypoxia and arousals, and c) the lack of post-arousal hypopnea may explain the lack effect of suppressing arousals on CSA severity
Impact of Parental ADHD Status on Screen Time Allowance in Children: Insights from NHIS Data
Full text linkTitle: Impact of Parental ADHD Status on Screen Time Allowance in Children: Insights from NHIS Data
Background: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects both children and adults, with significant implications for daily functioning. While research has examined the impact of ADHD on children\u27s screen time, less is known about how parental ADHD may influence screen time practices. This study explores the relationship between parental ADHD status and their regulation of children\u27s screen time, a critical aspect of neurodevelopment in an increasingly digital world.
Methods: We analyzed data from the 2019–2023 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), which includes U.S. household data on health behaviors. Parents were categorized based on self-reported ADHD diagnosis. The primary outcome was whether parents allowed their child more than 2 hours of screen time daily. Statistical analyses, including Z-scores, chi-squared tests, and p-values, were used to assess the relationship between parental ADHD status and screen time practices.
Results: Among 11,571 parents, 10.2% (1,185) reported a history of ADHD. Of parents without ADHD, 62.6% allowed more than 2 hours of screen time daily. In contrast, 76.0% of parents with ADHD permitted 2 or more hours daily. This difference was statistically significant (Z-score = 9.10, X2 = 82.81, p \u3c 0.00001).
Conclusion: Parental ADHD status is associated with increased likelihood of allowing more screen time for their children. These findings underscore the importance of considering parental mental health when addressing screen time habits, with implications for targeted family health interventions
Seasonal Algal Blooms Produce Stress-Inducing Toxins and Impair the Growth of Normal Lung Cells
Full text linkCyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cHABs) occur in freshwater, and marine waters which pose a world-wide public health threat. Anthropogenic factors such as global climate change are increasing the frequency and intensity of cHABs in water supplies. People who live near, or consume water affected by, cHABs have reported very high rates of allergy, asthma and other inflammatory lung maladies. The current study investigates on how cylidrospermopsin (CSM) a small alkyloid toxin produced during cHABs, affects growth and immunotoxic gene responses in human lung cells. Concentration-response assays revealed that CSM reduces the proliferation of cultured non-malignant human lung fibroblasts, MRC-5, in a dose-dependent fashion. The immunotoxicity-focused PCR array of the cDNA libraries generated from MRC-5 cells exposed to CSM demonstrated an increase in genes associated with protein folding and oxidative stress. To confirm the array results, the expression of ten ER stress-associated genes was determined in the same sample used for the array using qRT-PCR. CHOP, DR5, GADD34, ATF3, ATF4, ATF5 were significantly increased confirming the activation of ER stress. Increased expression of NOXA, TRB3 and DR5 further suggested that the antiproliferative mechanism of CSM might be, at least in part, through induction of apoptosis. The role of ER stress in the pathogenesis of asthma has been the focus of many recent reports. The current work has demonstrated that CSM could impede the growth of normal lung cells and led to the intriguing hypothesis that the ability of toxins produced during cHABs to modulate lung health may involve ER stress
Longitudinal Effects of Mother-Child Sleep on Maternal Chronic Stress
No full textSleep is vital for well-being. During the COVID-19 pandemic, significant disturbances in family life impacted both stress and sleep, particularly in parents of young children. In the context of parent-child relations, both maternal sleep and child sleep are likely to have inordinate impacts on maternal physiological functioning. This study examines the longitudinal relationship between maternal and child sleep and maternal chronic stress, indexed by hair cortisol, during the early stages of the pandemic. Participants included 113 mothers (Mage = 37.20 years, SD = 5.23) and their children (females = 49%; Mage = 72.88 months, SD = 10.94). Mothers completed surveys on sleep and provided hair samples for the analysis of cortisol. Regression analyses demonstrated that after controlling for initial levels of cortisol, child sleep disturbance, but not maternal sleep problems, at Time 1 predicted maternal hair cortisol at Time 2 (about 6 months later; b = .283, SE = .107, p = .008). Child’s sleep and its implications for maternal physiological health are discussed