College of Saint Benedict and Saint John’s University: DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU

Prevost, Gary

The Journal of Social Encounters 
Volume 5 Issue 1 Article 13 
Southern Resistance in Critical Perspective: Review of The 
Politics of Protest in South Africa’s Contentious Democracy 
Gary Prevost 
College of St. Benedict and St. John’s University 
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/social_encounters 
 Part of the African Studies Commons, International Relations Commons, Peace and Conflict Studies 
Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, and the Social Justice Commons 
Recommended Citation 
Prevost, Gary () "Southern Resistance in Critical Perspective: Review of The Politics of Protest in South 
Africa’s Contentious Democracy," The Journal of Social Encounters: Vol. 5: Iss. 1, 80-82. 
Available at: https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/social_encounters/vol5/iss1/13 
This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. It has been accepted 
for inclusion in The Journal of Social Encounters by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. For more 
information, please contact digitalcommons@csbsju.edu. 
The Journal of Social Encounters 
80 
 
Book Review: 
Southern Resistance in Critical Perspective:  
The Politics of Protest in South Africa’s Contentious Democracy 
 
Gary Prevost 
Professor Emeritus of Political Science 
College of St. Benedict and St. John’s University 
Research Fellow and Honorary Professor 
History and Political Studies 
Nelson Mandela University 
 
Southern Resistance in Critical Perspective: The Politics of Protest in South Africa’s Contentious 
Democracy. Marcel Paret, Carin Runciman, and Luke Sinwall, eds. London and New York: 
Routledge Publishers, 2017, Hardcover, ISBN:978-1-4724-7346-2 (hbk) 
 
Southern Resistance in Critical Perspective: The Politics of Protest in South Africa’s Contentious 
Democracy is an important contribution to scholarship on contemporary social movements, 
especially if it is read in conjunction with another 2017 Routledge title, The New Global Politics: 
Global Social Movements in the 21st Century.  Both volumes are important because they make 
their primary focus on the movements in the Global South rather than those in the United States  
and Europe that have previously received greater attention. 
 
The three South African-based scholars Marcel Paret, Carin Runciman, and Luke Sinwall and their 
contributors bring to the book a solid understanding of the complex relationship among a myriad 
of social movements that have developed under the South African democratic system, created with 
the formal end of apartheid in 1994.  A reality that lies underneath the development of the post-
apartheid social movements is that while political democracy has been firmly established under 
the rule of the dominant African National Congress (ANC), many of the problems linked to 
apartheid and colonial rule that preceded it for three hundred years continue to persist -- racially 
driven poverty, unemployment, and lack of access to land.  Ironically, many of these ongoing 
issues are rooted in the bargain that was made between the ANC and the National Party in 1990 
when the rulers of the apartheid state conceded the inevitability of black majority political rule in 
exchange for an ANC agreement that property, including, the lucrative mining sector, would 
remain in the hands of the white owners, not transferred to the government.  More than 25 years 
after the first democratic government took power, South African wealth has remained primarily in 
white hands and the country suffers from 30% unemployment.  The government has relatively few 
resources at its disposal to improve the lives of the black majority.  Not surprisingly this has meant 
that over the past twenty years there has been almost continuous pushback from the poor majority, 
often drawing on tactics and methods of the powerful anti-apartheid movement of the 1980s that 
helped to convince the National Party to bring apartheid to a negotiated end. 
 
For the authors a defining moment of recent South African history tied to the social movements 
was the massacre of miners at the Lonmin mine in Marikana in 2012 by South African police 
where scores of strikers and their supporters were killed.  The police action sparked further strike 
activity in the platinum belt and much national soul searching and protest action.  The miners at 
Marikana were carrying out militant labor action in the tradition of worker actions during the 
Book Review: 
Southern Resistance in Critical Perspective:  
The Politics of Protest in South Africa’s Contentious Democracy 
 
 
81 
 
apartheid era, but they did so independent of the establishment labor movement of the ruling ANC 
(COSATU), and as a result found themselves more open to repression.  Since the book was 
published the leaders of the ANC have apologized for the conduct of the police and have sought 
to make restitution to the survivors’ relatives. 
Working class militancy has been somewhat muted since the events at Marikana but is never far 
from the surface given the continuing high levels of poverty and unemployment.  Two 
contributions to the book provide details on contemporary labor organizing:  Ludwig and Webster 
write about municipal workers in Johannesburg, and Luke Sinwall contributes an excellent chapter 
on organic intellectuals in the mineworkers’ movement. 
 
The Marikana events underscored the continued militancy of labor activism rooted in apartheid, 
but the authors highlight other more persistent forms of protest that are neighborhood based and 
also linked to the apartheid era.  The apartheid system created communities that were strictly 
segregated by race. Such a system created the basis for local organizing against the system.  In the 
late 1990s, as the positive feelings over the end of apartheid waned, there was an upsurge in 
township-based struggles, often over evictions and electricity cutoffs.  Simultaneously, new 
organizations appeared at the national level like the Anti-Privatization Forum, Landless Peoples 
Movement, Anti-Eviction Campaign, and the Concerned Citizen’s Forum.  However, as 
demonstrated throughout the book there were even more locally based actions under the broad 
label of service delivery protests.  As the article by Lodge and Mottiar on movements in Durban 
points out, there was some tension between the agendas of the national groups and the objectives 
of the township-based actions. 
 
The national groups became closely linked with the worldwide resistance to neoliberalism and in 
the context of South Africa, a criticism of the ANC for a having moved in a decidedly neoliberal 
direction, especially under President Thabo Mbeki who came to power in 1999.  These national 
groups came together around the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 
2002 where they organized a demonstration of 25,000 to oppose neoliberal-oriented development.  
They also participated in the World Social Forum gatherings of that era.  However, in hindsight 
these South African organizations with a broad anti-capitalist focus, like their world counterparts, 
were in decline by 2005. 
 
The locally based action committees, in contrast, had different objectives and have stayed active 
all the way to the present, but their overall impact on life in South Africa can be questioned because 
of their localized character.  Service delivery protests that began to take shape in 2004 and peaked 
between 2009 and 2012 were often very different in their objectives from the nationally and 
internationally based anti-neoliberal movements.  Their objectives were usually localized and 
specific, demanding better services, including the delivery of new houses promised by national 
government to everyone who lived in a sub-standard dwelling.  These protests expected action 
from the government and more often than not the protestors were ANC members.  Some local 
protests were also the playing out of factional struggles within the ANC, especially after the ouster 
of Mbeki from the presidency in 2008.  When Jacob Zuma assumed the presidency in 2009 there 
was an upsurge in protest activity as many protestors felt that his populist rhetoric made it more 
likely that the ANC would give in to their demands.  The chapters 
The Journal of Social Encounters 
82 
 
by Mukwedeya and Ndluvo on the Buffalo City municipality and Hannah Dawson’s piece on 
protests, party politics and patronage in the Zandspruit informal settlement in Johannesburg 
underscore the importance of understanding social movement activity in the context of party 
politics. 
 
Noor Nieftagodian’s concluding chapter on “South Africa’s new Left movements” is an excellent 
conclusion to the book by looking forward into the future of social movements in the context of 
the ANC’s diminishing electoral majority, which fell to 56% in the 2019 national elections, and 
the continuing growth of the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), the ANC’s first serious challenge 
from the left.  The chapter does an excellent job of discussing the ongoing crisis within the 
Congress of South African Unions (COSATU) in the wake of Marikana, but also the challenges 
of building an alternative to it through the efforts of the National Mineworkers of South Africa 
(NUMSA) and their failed electoral alternative of the United Front. The book was published too 
soon to have a thorough analysis of the Fees Must Fall student movement that was led in significant 
measure by EFF activists operating under the banner of the Student Command.  This movement, 
which achieved significant concessions from the government for free university education, 
deserves its own serious study. 
 
 
 
 
 
 


English

Southern Resistance in Critical Perspective: Review of The Politics of Protest in South Africa’s Contentious Democracy

Hausmann, Chris

The Journal of Social Encounters 
Volume 5 Issue 1 Article 14 
Review of The Violence of Hate: Understanding Harmful Forms of 
Bias and Bigotry 
Chris Hausmann 
Northwestern College, Iowa 
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/social_encounters 
 Part of the Inequality and Stratification Commons, Peace and Conflict Studies Commons, Political 
Science Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, Race and Ethnicity Commons, and the Social 
Justice Commons 
Recommended Citation 
Hausmann, Chris () "Review of The Violence of Hate: Understanding Harmful Forms of Bias and Bigotry," 
The Journal of Social Encounters: Vol. 5: Iss. 1, 83-85. 
Available at: https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/social_encounters/vol5/iss1/14 
This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. It has been accepted 
for inclusion in The Journal of Social Encounters by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. For more 
information, please contact digitalcommons@csbsju.edu. 
The Journal of Social Encounters 
 
83 
 
Book Review: 
The Violence of Hate: Understanding Harmful Forms of Bias and Bigotry 
 
Chris Hausmann 
Northwestern College, Iowa 
 
The Violence of Hate: Understanding Harmful Forms of Bias and Bigotry. 4th edition Jack Levin 
and Jim Nolan. Lanham, Boulder, New York, and London. Rowman & Littlefield, 2017. 
Paperback, $54.00, 9781442260504. 
In The Violence of Hate, Jack Levin and Jim Nolan illustrate that “hate is alive, well, and living in 
our communities where it continues to have a major impact on the access to opportunities and 
personal safety of millions of Americans” (p. x). A central task of their book is to explain the how 
and why hate violence persists between groups. Their primary focus is within the United States, 
though this fourth edition includes a number of references to Europe and other regions. 
Readers should take time to read the preface, which contains the clearest setup of Levin and 
Nolan’s argument. To specify the sources of hateful acts, Levin and Nolan develop a “situationist” 
perspective that locates individual interests within their immediate circumstances, as well as 
broader cultural and economic environments. That framework leads Levin and Nolan to conclude 
that “hate originates not in the ranting and raving of bigoted extremists at the margins of society 
but in the tacit approval of ordinary, even decent, people who are located squarely in the 
mainstream” (p.ix.). Levin and Nolan use a number of recent examples to illustrate their argument, 
including police shootings of African Americans, violence against gay and lesbian youths, and 
anti-Semitism throughout history and the present. 
The introductory remarks in the preface provide fixed coordinates for the first chapter, where Levin 
and Nolan introduce foundational concepts such as prejudice, discrimination, privilege, and the 
relationship between individual and group identity. The sequence of this chapter is cumbersome, 
and various strands of their argument seem to interrupt one another. Levin and Nolan distinguish 
their study of “individual hateful acts” from “studying institutional and structural forms of 
discrimination,” but they do not explain on why their approach is uniquely valuable or how the 
two paradigms might speak to one another (p. 26). Readers are left to assemble the “big picture” 
on their own. 
In their second substantive chapter, Levin and Nolan extend their argument into longer and more 
effective strides. They contrast their situationist approach against the concept of “benign 
prejudice,” which “locates the responsibility for inequality within the minority group itself” (p. 
29). That contrast may be especially important for engaging readers who are skeptical about the 
impact of biases against marginalized groups. Here, the combination of examples at the end of the 
chapter seems productive, leveraging American readers’ familiarity with and social distance from 
each case.  
The third chapter offers an overview of hate crimes in the U.S. The front end of the chapter focuses 
on hate crime statutes and statistics. But Levin and Nolan also offer an extended application of 
Bourdieu’s theory of practice to policing. That application might seem like an interlude, but it 
Book Review: 
The Violence of Hate: Understanding Harmful Forms of Bias and Bigotry 
 
84 
 
demonstrates that hate crimes are not objectively identifiable events; they need to be perceived. 
And police perceive incidents from within an array of professional practices, which sometimes 
work for or against the legal recognition of how bias shapes criminal conduct (p. 94). That insight 
also amplifies their cautions regarding the measurement of hate crimes; it also gives force to Levin 
and Nolan’s argument for integrating hate crime policy into officer training, so that officers are 
better equipped recognize and record incidents that involve group-based hate.  
Levin and Nolan’s fourth chapter proposes a typology of actors involved in hate, ranging from 
committed hatemongers to more casual “dabblers,” as well as larger numbers of sympathizers and 
bystanders. These groups, they suggest, are often willing to mete out (or at least tolerate) harm 
toward middlemen groups, who are perceived as competing with the majority or enjoying undue 
privileges. The next chapter explores the psychological, economic, and political advantages of 
bigotry, with respect to each set of actors in the authors’ typology. They also review basic reasons 
why inter-group isolation prevents people from realizing the destructive results of bigoted attitudes 
and behavior. 
This edition of The Violence of Hate came to print during the summer of 2016, on the cusp of 
important shifts in the United States: the election of a U.S. President who made hateful rhetoric a 
feature of his campaign and administration; the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville; the Me 
Too movement against sexual violence; and the social mobilization following George Floyd’s 
killing. In some respects, the particular time-stamp of this book is quite helpful. Levin & Nolan’s 
steady hands remind us that the recent mainstreaming of hate has deep social origins. The 
conditions for hate crimes and ethnic violence persist as long as members of society are willing to 
tolerate bigoted behavior, regardless of whether they personally approve of it (p. 138). Thus, hate 
did not emerge and is unlikely to cease because of any one personality or electoral cycle. Levin 
and Nolan provide necessary tools for our time. 
Still, Levin and Nolan’s book leaves some aspects of hate undertheorized, and recent events clarify 
the stakes of those gaps. Conceptually, their focus is on how mainstream actors tacitly empower 
hate on the margins; they offer fewer insights into how hate operates when its proponents wield 
tremendous institutional power. Although Levin and Nolan briefly discuss how political and 
cultural elites can set the tone for intergroup relations (p. 177-183), they often use the passive voice 
to describe shifts in public perceptions. For example, in the context of the military response to 
September 11, they write, “Our military action against the Taliban regime in Afghanistan focused 
our attention on the plight of Afghan women... Less publicized was gender inequality in Saudi 
Arabia…” (p. 57). A clearer and more robust analysis would specify the strategies leaders use to 
foment (or condemn) bigotry, as well as the conditions under which those strategies are likely to 
succeed (Benford, 2007). For similar reasons, the book could devote more attention to how media 
organizations cover hate groups (Bail, 2012). Finally, Levin and Nolan’s short comments about 
hate-based websites seem oddly out of step with the proliferation of hate across social media (p. 
116-117).  
Overall, The Violence of Hate demonstrates the continued relevance of a classic sociological 
insight: “Hate is normal, expected, and, in many cases, quite rational” (p. x). The text is a valuable 
contribution to public discourse, yielding insights into the relations between inter-group tensions, 
The Journal of Social Encounters 
 
85 
 
discrimination, and more discrete acts of hate. Educators in sociology, peace and justice studies, 
and criminology should consider the book for its strong content, even if some of that content could 
be more effectively arranged.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
References 
Bail, C. (2012). The fringe effect: civil society organizations and the evolution of media discourse 
about Islam since the September 11th attacks. American Sociological Review, 77(6), 855-
879. 
Benford, R.D. (2007). An insider’s critique of the social movement framing perspective. 
Sociological Inquiry, 67(4), 409-430. 
  


Review of The Violence of Hate: Understanding Harmful Forms of Bias and Bigotry

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The Relationship Between Physical Activity, Sleep 
Behaviors, and Gastrointestinal Symptoms During COVID-19
J.M. Wachowiak & A.L. Evenson, PhD, RDN, CFS
Nutrition Department, College of Saint Benedict, Saint Joseph, MN
Variable Mean (SD)
GI Total 5.62 (5.43)
Sleep Duration (hr) 7.77 (1.23)
Sleep Quality 2.71 (1.15)
Physical Activity Total Min 113.51 (81.83)
Vigorous + Moderate Min 61.22 (53.16)
Vigorous Min 31.48 (31.16)
Moderate Min 35.55 (30.85)
Walking Min 49.05 (56.96)
Table 1. Descriptive Statistics for GI symptoms, 
Sleep Behaviors, and Physical Activity.
Variable 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1. GI Total 1
2. Sleep Duration (hr) 0.11* 1
3. Sleep Quality 0.03 -0.07 1
4. PA Total Min 0.01 -0.11* -0.02 1
5. Vigorous + Moderate Min 0.11* -0.03 -0.03 0.83** 1
6. Vigorous Min 0.05 -0.09 -0.07 0.63** 0.78** 1
7. Moderate Min 0.06 0.01 0.02 0.70** 0.79** 0.34** 1
8. Walking Min 0.02 -0.06 -0.01 0.66** 0.18** 0.11* 0.24** 1
Table 2. Overall Sample Correlations
*p < 0.05. **p < 0.01.
• The COVID-19 pandemic has created 
living environments that may have 
impacted physical activity, sleep, 
and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms.
• To determine the relationship between 
physical activity, sleep behaviors, and 
GI symptoms during the current 
COVID-19 pandemic in college 
students.
• Higher GI scores were s ignificantly related to higher vigorous 
and moderate intensity physical activi ty minutes in the overall 
sample (rs=0.11, p<0.05); and for females (rs=0.13, p<0.05).
• Higher GI scores were s ignificantly related to longer sleep 
duration in the overall sample (rs=0.11, p<0.05) and for males 
(rs=0.26, p<0.01).
• Males exhibited longer sleep duration but lower sleep quality
(rs=-0.23, p<0.05).
• Higher physical activi ty minutes were significantly related to 
shorter s leep duration in the overall sample
(rs=-0.11, p<0.05) and for females (rs=-0.12, p<0.05).
• GI symptom occurrence may increase with greater duration 
of vigorous and moderate intensity activity and longer s leep 
duration.
• A focus on promoting lower intensity exercise and improved 
sleep behaviors i s  warranted to decrease GI symptoms.
• College Students (n=459; ages 18-23)
• Participants completed an online 
survey in April  2020 which included:                       
- IPAQ-sf
- PSQI
- GI Symptoms Questionnaire
• Spearman rho correlation coefficients 
used to analyze data
Introduction
Objective
Methods
Results
Conclusion


The Relationship Between Physical Activity, Sleep Behaviors, and Gastrointestinal Symptoms During COVID-19

Gohman, Grace

Williams, Caitlin

Lucken, Alexander

College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University 
DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU 
Celebrating Scholarship and Creativity Day Undergraduate Research 
4-19-2021 
The Detection and Prevention of Weight Loss Attributed to 
COVID-19 Social Restrictions Within Long-Term Care Residents 
Grace Gohman 
College of Saint Benedict/Saint John's University, ggohman001@csbsju.edu 
Caitlin Williams 
College of Saint Benedict/Saint John's University, CWILLIAMS003@csbsju.edu 
Alexander Lucken 
College of Saint Benedict/Saint John's University, ALUCKEN001@csbsju.edu 
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/ur_cscday 
 Part of the Nursing Commons 
Recommended Citation 
Gohman, Grace; Williams, Caitlin; and Lucken, Alexander, "The Detection and Prevention of Weight Loss 
Attributed to COVID-19 Social Restrictions Within Long-Term Care Residents" (2021). Celebrating 
Scholarship and Creativity Day. 147. 
https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/ur_cscday/147 
This Presentation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. It has been accepted 
for inclusion in Celebrating Scholarship and Creativity Day by an authorized administrator of 
DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. For more information, please contact digitalcommons@csbsju.edu. 
The Detection and 
Prevention of Weight 
Loss Attributed to 
COVID-19 Social 
Restrictions Within 
Long-Term Care 
Residents
Capstone Completed by: Grace 
Gohman, Alexander Lucken & 
Caitlin Williams
Who We Are 
We are a group of senior 
nursing students dedicated to 
bettering the health of the 
geriatric population of Central 
Minnesota in the midst of the 
COVID-19 global pandemic.
Impact of COVID-19 
Analyzing the full extent 
of COVID-19 within a 
long-term-care setting
Geriatric Health
Understanding how 
future nurses can better 
serve the geriatric 
population
Quality Improvement
Providing the utmost 
service for quality 
improvement of a facility
What We Work Towards 
Long-Term Care & 
COVID-19 Restrictions
How COVID-19 has presented a new 
phenomena within the LTC setting
Visualization
Close your eyes, imagine you are a 
resident living at a long-term care 
facility. The day is March 13, 2020 
Now
A year after COVID-19 restrictions 
were put into place, LTC residents 
are still faced with holistic health 
consequences of these orders.
Moving Forward
How can we best manage the social 
isolation and unintentional weight 
loss within this specific setting? 
Our Project
Implementing change to 
promote nutritional health of 
the geriatric population
Weighing the options
There are a vast amount 
of hardships, which would 
we choose?
Complexity
Understanding the 
complexity of COVID-19 
and its widespread effects
Feasibility
How can we best 
implement an intervention 
in a short amount of time?
The Process
Method
How would we assess and 
measure the success of 
our intervention
Research
Are there facts that back 
up our claims?
Result
Utilizing our resources to 
promote the best 
end-result
COVID-19’s Disproportionate Impact on 
Older Adults 
According to the Global Coalition of Aging, 2020
Immediate 
Restrictions 
Implemented 
Nationwide
The Centers for Medicare & 
Medicaid Services released LTC 
facility restrictions effective 
immediately 
● Restricting all visitors & volunteers
● Cancelling all group activities
● Cancelling all communal dining
● Implementing daily active 
screenings
A Day in the Life of LTC Residents in Quarantine
● Bound room
● Only contact with a fully gowned nurse
● Social deprivation 
● Only means to communicate with loved ones 
through windows, foreign technology
Altarum; Special Report October 2020
“The rate of death following a 
COVID-19 infection is 8,200 
times higher in adults aged 85 
years or older”
“With 43 percent of adults age 
60-plus in the U.S. reporting feeling 
lonely, the rates of social isolation 
and loneliness were already at the 
level of “a public health crisis,”
Seniors state eating together, whether 
at home or outside the home, is a 
positive activity. They experience less 
loneliness and recognize that they eat 
more when in the company of other 
people.
by The CDC by the AARP by Journal of Population Ageing
Supporting 
Arguments 
Education of Staff
1. Emphasizing the role 
staff hold
2. Providing feasible 
interventions 
Early Detection & 
Prevention
1. Aiding in the early 
detection of sarcopenia 
2. Preventing further weight 
loss in high-risk 
residents
Project Goals
Process
PHASE 1
INITIAL TOPIC CHOICE
PHASE 2 
FOCUS SHIFT
PHASE 3
BRAINSTORMING
Socialization
 Nutritional 
Detriments 
Importance of 
Residential Snack 
Time
Staff Education 
Nutritionist Consult
Weight Charting 
Importance
Meal Time Data Collection
DATA COLLECTION
Monitoring & 
assessing the 
negative impact 
COVID-19 
restrictions present 
to LTC residents
Depression
Loneliness
Anxiety
Weight Loss
Initial focus on how 
to better 
implement 
socialization 
methods within the 
facility 
9/10
Residents were proven to have experienced a 7% or greater
weight loss in a 16 month period
Timeline of Data
Pre-COVID
3 Months In
Communal 
dining, activities 
& visitors allowed  
Specific 
residents begin 
to lose weight 
9 Months In
The most 
dramatic decline 
in resident weight. 
Why?
Present Day
Continuous 
decline, student 
interventions 
implemented
January 2020 June 2020 December 2020 April 2021
Increasing weight in 
high-risk residents
GOAL
Experienced weight 
loss after restrictions 
were put in place
LTC 
Residents
90%
90% of our selected, high-risk residents 
faced a unspecified weight loss of more 
than 7%  of their body weight between 
January 2020 & April 2021
RESULTS
Experimentation 
time
16 MONTHS
Depressive symptoms stemming 
from isolation restrictions and 
lack of socialization
POSSIBLE CAUSES
COVID-19 
Isolation 
Restrictions
10 selected 
resident’s 
weights 
monitored
Project Overview
Individual Numerical Data
Grouped Data
Potential Solutions
● Use of essential oils; peppermint, 
fish oils
● Communal events such as ice 
cream socials
● Dining room renovation
● Snacks; education and 
reinforcement
SNACKS
Signage
○
○
Implementation
Nursing Station
Snack Carts
Resident Rooms
Time
Consistency 
Weights are not taken weekly
Four-Week time period
Resources
Regulation of staff implementation over time
Limitations
Resident Excitement
Residents were eager for 
change and seemed 
ready to eat
Staff Readiness
Staff were receptive and 
excited for the change
Commitment to succeed
LTC facility’s dedication 
to resident health
Conclusion
What can you do to help a loved one?
Know the Signs
● Loss of interest in socializing or 
hobbies - isolation 
● Fatigue
● Loss of ability to perform 
activities of daily living
● Worsening of mood and/or 
cognitive disorders
● Sudden, constipation
What to do
● Reach out & stay connected
● Encourage movement 
● Aid in creating scheduled meal 
times
● Increase flavor & fiber
● Embrace finger foods
● Encourage healthy snacking
Final 
Takeaway
Continue to offer love and support 
to your elderly loved ones 
throughout the duration of 
COVID-19 and further into the 
future
CREDITS:
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infographics & images by Freepik 
Thank You
Thank you for attending our final 
CSB/SJU Nursing project!
Please feel free to offer us your 
questions, comments or feedback!



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