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Re: Conditional Approval Letter for Butte Priority Soils (BPSOU) Draft Blacktail Creek Riparian Actions Remedial Design Work Plan (dated May 1, 2025, received July 28, 2025)
Full text linkRe: Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (BPSOU) Final Insufficiently Reclaimed Sites Field Sampling and Investigation Plan (FSP): BRES No. 100 – Capri Motel – Arctic Dump
Full text linkButte Priority Soils Operable Unit (BPSOU) Superfund Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Request for Maintenance – Kelley Stormwater Channels (Dated April 22, 2025)
Full text linkProcess Intensification by Resonant Vibratory Mixing for the Recyclable Samarium - Cobalt Magnets after Chemical Leaching with Deep Eutectic Solvents
Full text linkTo sustain the circular economy, defense applications, and other renewable technologies, recycling rare earth elements (REEs) and other critical elements from their secondary resources is important. This cause has resulted in rigorous research and development for viable extraction and separation of REEs. Previously, Sm-Co recycling has been done with technologies, which fall under the categories of pyrometallurgy, physical separation, and hydrometallurgy. All these methods have limitations associated with energy, cost, and environment. Reportedly, the chemical leaching technology has successfully recovered and separated Sm-Co. Still, it has limitations associated with slow mass transfer and leaching kinetics, and there is a need to intensify the process to make it time efficient. This approach has also adversely impacted the environment by an extensive use of toxic, corrosive, non-selective, and expensive reagents. In this research study, chemical leaching of Sm-Co was performed using this new class of solvents, Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs), which fall under the category of ion metallurgy. Four different DESs were used, proven to be green, non-toxic, biodegradable, cheap, and selective for cobalt over samarium by 82% leaching conversion. To improve the slow mass transfer and leaching time, this new technology of resonant vibratory mixing (RVM) was also tested. RVM intensifies mixing by establishing near instantaneous, low energy mixing conditions through resonance. It has been shown to improve the adsorption kinetics and was tested for the leaching kinetics. Four combinations of DESs were prepared, which are made up of two quaternary salts: Choline Chloride and Tetra Butyl Ammonium Chloride, and three organic compounds: Oxalic Acid, Urea, and Ethylene Glycol. These combinations were used for chemical leaching of Sm-Co with leaching factors of time, temperature, and type of DESs. After leaching, the samples were tested with and without resonant vibratory mixing with conditions of time, intensity (%), and type of DESs. Samples were analysed with Induced Coupled Plasma - Optical Spectroscopy (ICP - OES). Future work will involve a life-cycle assessment to assess the RVM technology with other conventional mixers, and an extensive study of DES properties to improve selective leaching
Re: Letter response to Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (BPSOU) Continued Use of the Approved Groundwater Quality Assurance Project Plan Silver Bow Creek Butte Area NPL Site (dated September 15, 2025)
Full text linkRevised Draft Final Annual Operations and Maintenance (O&M) Report: Butte Treatment Lagoon (BTL) System – 2023
Full text linkButte Priority Soils Operable Unit (BPSOU) Groundwater Remedy Optimization Subdrain Pump Station Preliminary (30%) Remedial Design Package Submittal
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DRAFT FINAL PHASE I PRE-DESIGN INVESTIGATION EVALUATION REPORT BLACKTAIL CREEK RIPARIAN ACTIONS BUTTE PRIORITY SOILS OPERABLE UNIT OF THE SILVER BOW CREEK/BUTTE AREA SUPERFUND SITE SILVER BOW COUNTY, MONTANA
Full text linkHow to Conduct a Discovery Interview to Address Academic Integrity Concerns
Full text linkAcademic misconduct, such as contract cheating and unauthorized use of generative artificial intelligence in assignments, can be challenging to detect. A discovery interview is a tool for probing students’ assignment preparation processes, clarifying their approaches to academic work, and determining their grasp of academic honesty principles