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EARLY INTERVENTION SYSTEMS: AN EXPLORATION OF INTERVENTIONS HANDLED BY SUPERVISORS TO ADDRESS AT-RISK OFFICER BEHAVIOR
Get PDFWith the national conversation and media attention surrounding high-profile and critical incidents and officer misconduct, emphasis on supervision and accountability for police officers and their agencies has never been more pronounced. Early Intervention (EI) systems are a supervision and accountability tool to identify and address at-risk officers. While EI systems are prevalent throughout U.S. police agencies, limited research has been conducted in this area. More importantly, EI interventions handled by
supervisors to hold officers accountable and prevent repeated at-risk behavior and misconduct have yet to be explored. The purpose of this study was to fill this critical gap in EI system literature by examining the review process and execution of EI alerts and interventions with officers.
This current study examines four critical facets of the EI process, the differences between non-EI flagged and EI flagged officers, policy requirements for the execution of EI interventions, the likelihood of subsequent EI alerts, and temporal distance between the initial and subsequent EI alert during this study period. EI system data including
supervisor response memos were collected from the internal affairs unit of a large, metropolitan police agency in the southwestern United States. Results indicate that officer gender, officer tenure, and officer division were all significant for the likelihood of receiving an EI alert. Results also demonstrated that supervisor race, supervisor tenure, type of performance indicator that triggered an EI alert, time to the initial EI alert, and
year of the EI alert were all significant for one or more of the policy requirements in the execution of EI interventions. Furthermore, results indicated that the type of performance indicator, time to the initial EI alert, and year of the EI alert were all significant for the likelihood of a subsequent EI alert, while officer race, supervisor tenure, type of performance indicator, time to the initial EI alert, and year of the EI alert were all significantly associated with the time between an officer’s initial EI alert and intervention
and their subsequent EI alert during this study period. Finally, a discussion of limitations, future research, and policy implications are presented
Timing is Everything: State-by-State Analysis of the Collection of Lawfully Owed DNA from Offenders
Get PDFThe purpose of this thesis is to describe differences across states in the core
elements of their statutes on the collection of DNA from suspects and convicted offenders and to analyze the influence of specific components of state statutes on the collection of lawfully owed DNA throughout the United States, the District of Columbia (D.C.), and the three united territories (Guam, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands). State legal data on the collection of DNA is coded for all 50 states, D.C. and three united territories, along with data on the total number of CODIS hits as of October of 2021. This
thesis answers three research questions. What do state statutes require for the collection of lawfully owed DNA? The thesis answers this question with the systematic collection of data about state statutes and a descriptive analysis of the data. Second, do states enter fewer investigations aided into CODIS if their statute indicates DNA will be collected at both arrest and conviction? The hypothesis is that the collection of lawfully owed DNA by states at both arrest and conviction would have a negative relationship with the number of investigations aided as defined by the FBI in the National DNA Index System (NDIS). The study tests this relationship through an independent samples t-test analysis. Third, are aspects of state statutes related to the number of offender profiles within NDIS? The hypothesis is that the number of points at which lawfully owed DNA is collected during the conviction process would be correlated with the number of CODIS offender profiles. The thesis tests this relationship through an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test of five points in time. The results of these three analyses provide insights into the potential benefits of regulating components within state statutes. The study also
presents policy recommendations that have the potential to reduce inconsistency with the collection of lawfully owed DNA
Assessing and Monitoring the Culture of a Law Enforcement Agency
Get PDFThe culture of a law enforcement agency identifies the agency. A problem is some organizations cannot identify their culture, so they do not know how the agency is perceived. Once the culture is identified, it needs to be monitored for needed changes or improvement. As society calls for police reform and cultural change, the culture of an agency is in the spotlight. The culture of an agency is easily overlooked since it is not a tangible item; however, a negative culture can bring discredit on the agency. Law enforcement agencies should identify and monitor the culture of the agency. A law enforcement agency’s culture can have a positive or negative effect on the agency. A positive culture will lead to a professional agency. The leaders of the agency are affected by the culture as is morale and officer performance. Just as a positive culture will have a positive effect on the agency, the same is true with a negative culture. Identifying the agency culture can be accomplished by an internal audit or a professional consultation. The assessment of the culture is a responsibility of the leader of an organization. Even if the leader believes the culture does not need change, it should still be identified and monitored. If the culture is not identified and monitored, it could deteriorate.LEMI
Comprehensive Crowd Management Policy: A Necessity for Contemporary Law Enforcement
Get PDFOver the past decade, The United States has experienced an increase in both peaceful protests and deadly riots. Many of these protests are fueled by anti-police rhetoric and violence directly aimed toward officers. Surprisingly, numerous law enforcement departments have been unprepared to deal with these unique critical incidents. Based on historical trends and current societal dynamics, law enforcement agencies should have an evidence-based policy and training program for crowd management and civil unrest. The origins of modern crowd management strategies will be discussed, along with their benefits and limitations. The primary reasons for having a specific crowd management policy and training program, along with the most common dissenting viewpoints will be covered. Finally, several recommendations are provided for developing a comprehensive crowd management policy that will increase safety and reduce liability.LEMI
THE EFFECTS OF RESISTANCE TRAINING AND INTERVAL TRAINING ON SOCCER-SPECIFIC FITNESS AND SKILLS
Get PDFThis study aimed to compare the effects of resistance or high-intensity interval
training on sprinting, agility, and vertical jumping. Participants included 32 female high
school soccer players who were randomly assigned to one of two groups: resistance
training group (RTG, n=16, age: 16.25 ± 1.83 years, height: 164.95 ± 4.22 cm, body
mass: 57.21 ± 5.28 kg, BMI: 21.36 ± 1.34 kg•m-2
) or high-intensity interval training
group (HIITG, n=16, age: 16.06 ± 1.48 years, height: 163.98 ± 7.60 cm, body mass:
57.63 ± 6.51 kg, BMI: 21.73 ± 1.75 kg•m-2
). Pre- and post-testing included a 36.5-meter
sprint, countermovement jump, and the Illinois agility test. The participants completed an
eight-week training regimen for their respective groups, training three days per week, one
hour for each session. The 36.5-meter sprint time was improved in both groups, with no
significant difference between the RTG and HIITG (-0.18 ± 0.13 vs. -0.16 ± 0.16 s, p=
0.686). CMJ performance was improved in both groups, but the improvement was
significantly greater for the HIITG than RTG (6.39 ± 3.10 vs. 1.19 ± 2.71 cm, p<0.0001).
There was also a significant difference between the two groups in the change in time to
complete the agility test (p=0.009). The RT group had a mean change of -0.75 ± 0.89
seconds while the HIIT group had a mean change of –1.76 ± 1.15 seconds. In conclusion,
this study has shown that an 8-week pre-season period of training results in
improvements on speed, power, and agility in both groups, with HIIT group showing
superior adaptations in CMJ and agility than RT. However, there were no differences
between the groups in change of sprint time
Family Involvement in Recovery Support and Treatment of Opioid Use Disorders and Other SUDs
No full textThe Family Involvement in Recovery Support and Treatment (FIRST) Research Network is a sustainable research network designed to develop and evaluate innovative family-based recovery support services (RSS) across the youth OUD services cascade. FIRST conducts research on promoting family integration in youth OUD services with the goals of increasing service engagement and engendering supportive family environments for youth recovery. It has two specific foci: (1) Innovations in family RSS interventions and metrics to assist youth OUD providers with integrating families in OUD services, and (2) Innovations in measurement of direct-to-family RSS for families of youth with OUD. The network is committed to enhancing existing remote-access RSS for caregivers of youth with SUDs (helpline, parent coaching, mobile messaging) by developing multidimensional metrics for family service engagement and outcomes. At project end FIRST will maintain a sustainable network of family-based RSS research activities, provider training and measurement resources, as well as mentor early-career research scientists in RSS
The Importance of In-person Training in Law Enforcement
Get PDFLaw enforcement officers are often forced to make split-second, life-or-death decisions, using the most important tool that they possess, their training. This is why officers must receive training that can adequately prepare them to handle these situations when they arise. With departments facing budget cuts and staffing shortages, many officers are forced to receive their training online because it offers a cheaper and more flexible training environment. However, this environment also requires officers to teach the lessons to themselves, leaving too much margin for error when it comes to decisions about taking another person’s freedom or life. That is why it is important that law enforcement agencies primarily use in-person training for their officers. The use of in-person training allows officers to ask questions about any misunderstanding that they may have over the topic and allows instructors to provide immediate feedback. It also allows officers to interact with their peers and learn from other officers' experiences. With the shortcomings associated with online learning, it is too dangerous for departments to rely on self-taught, online training to ensure that their officers understand the lessons that they are receiving.LEMI
Texas Law Enforcement Eyewitness Evidence Collection: We Should All Be Doing the Same Thing
Get PDFCurrent statue directs law enforcement agencies adopt procedures to comply with best practices regarding photo and live lineups. These best practices include, at a minimum, blind administration of lineups, proper instructions, proper fillers, and confidence statements. A model policy was developed by the Texas Law Enforcement Management Institute of Texas or LEMIT. Police officers administering line-ups administer “blind administration.” However, the state legislators have not mandated one single blind administration and mandated all law enforcement officers be trained in this method. The need for this legislation can be justified by the fact the Innocence Project continues to obtain the release of falsely accused persons. 375 to date and 75% of those were incarcerated because of misidentification by eyewitness testimony. The fact one person spent any time incarcerated for a crime they did not commit should enrage law enforcement, prosecutors and the public. Staffing shortages have not been found to hamper the implementation of the eyewitness evidence collection policy and procedures. And by introducing one procedure the law enforcement and prosecutors can ensure the number of wrongful convictions are reduced and the right person is identified and convicted of the crime. Research has shown mandated changes are needed and law enforcement should embrace that change as moving forward.LEMI
Attitudes toward Substance Use Disorder among Incarcerated Individuals: A Thematic Analysis
Get PDFSubstance use disorder (SUD) remains an epidemic especially among the prison population. Evidence has established that attitudes toward SUD remain influential in the success or otherwise of treating SUD both in the official apparatus of the criminal justice system and in community settings. Negative attitudes toward SUD may adversely affect individuals’ willingness to seek and remain in treatment programs. However, limited research examines attitudes of incarcerated individuals involved in substance use within U.S prisons. This is concerning given that the prison population features a disproportionate number of individuals with SUD as compared with the general population. To fill this knowledge gap, this thesis used interview data collected from individuals incarcerated in maximum security prisons in New York (n=87) and one jail in Texas (n=24). In all, 200 participants (N=111) were included in the study. Analysis of interview data using a thematic approach revealed that attitudes toward SUD among incarcerated individuals are categorized into three major themes namely: avoidance, empathy, and acceptance. Findings from the study implicate the need for greater awareness and sensitization about SUD in carceral spaces, expansion of treatment programs and services of SUD treatment, systematic sorting of carceral residents and creation of peer support group among incarcerated persons
John Buffett and Time-space Compression: A 19th Century Adventure
No full textThis article was originally published in Pennsylvania Geographer.John Buffett was a fascinating individual who was able to crisscross the Atlantic and Pacific oceans over seven decades in the 1800s with little financial resources. Buffett’s main claim to fame is as Pitcairn Island’s first immigrant in 1823 to the settlement established there by HMAV Bounty mutineers and their Polynesian companions. This study examines Buffett’s oceanic peregrinations beginning in 1815 and ending in 1872. Primary sources from Buffett, and images and distance measurements from Google Earth Pro allowed me to track and analyze his journeys. The discussion focuses on the actors (such as traders, whalers, and missionaries) and colonial empires that enabled his movement across large expanses of bays, seas, and oceans. The intertwined effects of the Industrial Revolution and Eurocentrism were shrinking the world (time-space compression); these factors help understand Buffett’s ability to traverse the oceans with little except his own knowledge, skills, and a desire to wander.Environmental & GeosciencesPitcairn Islands Research Statio