Journals at Carleton University
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Boris Eltsine, Bill Clinton et le bombardement de l\u27Irak de 1998 : histoire d’une crise diplomatique: Boris Yeltsin, Bill Clinton and the 1998 Bombing of Iraq
No full textThis article investigates the growing challenges in Russian-American diplomacy in the post-Soviet environment. To this end, the study focused on the crisis of Iraq and, more specifically, the US-British bombing of Iraq in 1998 as a source of tension in bilateral relations. In doing so, declassified communications between the US President Bill Clinton and Boris Yeltsin were reviewed following a discussion of American and Russian foreign policy towards the Iraqi crisis. The review of communications demonstrated that both leaders actively attempted to avoid further divergence by keeping friendly and consensus-building communications while insisting on their differing positions. The Yeltsin-Clinton correspondence also showed that they tried to avoid unilateral action and develop their strategies within international frameworks such as the UN Security Council (UNSC), the UN Special Commission (UNSCOM) and IAEA. In this regard, Bill Clinton ostensibly sided with UNSCOM, whereas Boris Yeltsin supported the UNSC framework where Russia could exert more influence. The study concluded that, despite these efforts, the US-British bombing of Iraq further alienated the Russian government and affected the post-Soviet world order. These conclusions are significant in that they demonstrate challenges to American diplomatic hegemony and show the earliest roots of divergence in Russian-American presidential diplomacy.Les relations diplomatiques russo-américaines dans le contexte post-soviétique souffrent d’une accumulation croissante de défis. L’auteur de cette étude tente d’en comprendre les causes et ramifications en se concentrant sur la crise irakienne et, plus précisément, sur le bombardement de l\u27Irak par les États-Unis et la Grande-Bretagne de 1998, qui représente une source de tensions dans les relations bilatérales russo-américaines. Après un survol des politiques étrangères américaine et russe liées à la crise irakienne, l’auteur se penche sur les communications déclassifiées entre les présidents Bill Clinton et Boris Eltsine. L\u27examen de ces communications révèle que les deux dirigeants ont activement tenté d\u27éviter de nouvelles divergences en maintenant des communications amicales et en cherchant des terrains d’entente, sans pour autant nier leurs positions divergentes. Leur correspondance permet également de montrer qu\u27ils ont essayé d\u27éviter toute action unilatérale, pour plutôt privilégier des stratégies faisant appel aux structures internationales telles que le Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies (CSNU), la Commission spéciale des Nations unies en Irak (UNSCOM) et l\u27AIEA. Bill Clinton a ostensiblement privilégié l\u27UNSCOM, tandis que Boris Eltsine a soutenu le cadre du CSNU, où la Russie pouvait exercer une plus grande influence. L’auteur arrive à la conclusion que, malgré ces efforts, les bombardements américains et britanniques ont encore repoussé le gouvernement russe et affecté l\u27ordre mondial post-soviétique. Ces conclusions sont importantes dans la mesure où elles démontrent les défis posés à l\u27hégémonie diplomatique américaine et identifient les premières racines de la divergence dans la diplomatie présidentielle russo-américaine
Practical software for triangulating and simplifying 4-manifolds
No full textDimension 4 is the first dimension in which exotic smooth manifold pairs appear—manifolds which are topologically the same but for which there is no smooth deformation of one into the other. Whilst smooth and piecewise-linear structures on -manifolds do coincide, comparatively little work has been done towards gaining an understanding of smooth -manifolds from the discrete and algorithmic perspective. In this paper we introduce new software tools to make this possible, including a software implementation of an algorithm which enables us to build triangulations of -manifolds from suitable Kirby diagrams, as well as a new heuristic for simplifying -manifold triangulations. Using these tools, we present new triangulations of several exotic pairs with boundary, corks and plugs (objects responsible for "exoticity"), as well as the smallest known triangulation of the surface. The small size of these triangulations benefits us by revealing fine structural features in -manifold triangulations
The Cost of Loneliness in the Pursuit of Neoliberalism
No full textFrom a social psychology perspective, principles of neoliberalism and dimensions of loneliness are positively associated across socioeconomic, sociopolitical, and sociocultural domains. Despite neoliberalism endorsing economic and entrepreneurial freedom, a persistent loneliness epidemic is in effect, as loneliness is linked to physical and psychological health risks. Drawing on theories rooted in community psychology, behavioural response models, and socioeconomic analysis, it is proposed that neoliberalism normalizes a culture of loneliness, enables loneliness behaviours and responses, and institutionalizes systemic alienation. Through a review of empirical quantitative and qualitative studies, it was found that conditions of neoliberal individualism produce feelings of loneliness and related health risks compared to conditions of collectivism. Divisive loneliness behaviours and maladaptive coping mechanisms are consequences of the neoliberal commodification of social interactions. Stigmatized alienation and the decline of an individual’s social value are the results of neoliberal emphasis on self-autonomy and entrepreneurship. The implications of these findings call for a return towards greater social cohesion, promotion of healthier participation in consumerism, and institutions making concerted efforts to utilize policies for the social benefit of individuals and communities. While a direct causal relationship between neoliberalism and loneliness is under-researched, the presented evidence in this article serves as a foundation for further investigation of the loneliness epidemic under a neoliberal capitalist context
Zona Incerta Suppressed Escape During Hunger
No full textWild animals must avoid starvation and predators to survive. However, the motivation to seek food and shelter promote opposing behaviors and require rapid neural adaptations that are poorly understood. The zona incerta (ZI) is a specialized region that integrates multisensory input, projects strongly to motor-related regions, and can thus initiate escape from threats to survive. One subset of medial ZI neurons producing dopamine (DA) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) send dense projections to the medial motor-related superior colliculus (SCm), which promotes escape from threats in the upper visual field. We determined whether ZI-GABA/DA cells respond to hunger and investigated whether activating ZI-GABA/DA cells in hungry mice suppressed escape. We transduced ZI-GABA/DA cells with an excitatory chemogenetic receptor hM3(Dq) and found that stimulating their projections in the medial SCm suppressed escape from an upper visual threat in male and female mice. Interestingly, fasting activated ZI-GABA/DA cells and enhanced hM3(Dq)-mediated escape suppression. To evaluate the contribution of GABA and/or DA in escape suppression, we co-infused a cocktail of DA or GABA receptor antagonists, respectively. Both GABA and DA are required to suppress escape in fasted male mice, but DA independently suppressed escape in female mice. Activation of ZI-GABA/DA cells did not impact locomotor or any anxiety-related functions but uniquely integrated hunger signals to suppress escape. Our findings suggested that the ZI-SCm neurocircuit is sexually dimorphic and that the ZI is a critical node regulating the competition between the need to seek food and shelter
The Fault in Our Peers: Peer Victimization’s Association With Stress in Late Adolescence
No full textNegative social experiences like peer victimization can impact adolescents’ adjustment during the transition from high school to university (Jantzer & Cashel, 2017), leading to increased stress (Newman et al., 2005; 2011). This study’s aim was to investigate links between types of past peer victimization (i.e., physical, verbal, social, attacks on property, and cyber) and adolescents’ stress during the university transition. Participants were N = 488 undergraduate students aged 17 to 19 (M = 18.16, SD = .633). Participants completed self-report questionnaires measuring peer victimization (MPVS-R; Betts et al., 2015) and stress (PSS; Cohen et al., 1983). Hierarchical linear regression analyses revealed that verbal victimization has a unique relationship with stress when controlling for all other study variables (β = .239; p < .001) and that gender identity did not moderate the relationship between any type of past peer victimization and stress
Stress, Relationship Satisfaction, and the Moderating Role of Self-Esteem
No full textStress is a mental and physical reaction experienced whenever one faces demands believed to exceed their current resources. Operationalized, perceived stress is “a psychological state reflecting an individual’s evaluation of life events as uncontrollable, unpredictable, and overwhelming”(Gniewosz, 2024, p. 1). According to Karney and Bradbury’s (1995) Vulnerability-Stress-Adaptation model, individual differences, such as self-esteem, and past experiences can play a role in shaping relationship quality under stress. Self-esteem, an individual difference trait, refers to one’s overall evaluation of self-worth which for some can be tied into romantic relationship content (i.e. relationship contingency of self-worth). The current study assessed the link between perceived stress and relationship satisfaction with relationship contingency of self-worth as a moderator. A community sample of individuals (N = 257) who were involved in a romantic relationship, completed weekly measures of perceived stress and relationship quality over six weeks of pandemic lockdown in spring 2020. Mirroring previous research, stress was found to be negatively associated with relationship satisfaction. However, contrary to the hypothesis, relationship contingency of self-worth did not significantly moderate the association. Surprisingly, there was evidence of positive correlation between relationship contingency of self-worth and relationship satisfaction that future research could explore
A Friendly Supervision Model for Indigenous Policing: Lessons from Northern Saskatchewan
No full textThe Northeast Youth Violence Reduction Partnership (NYVRP) in northern Saskatchewan demonstrates how culturally responsive, community-based policing can decrease youth violence and gang involvement.
One aspect of the partnership involved a friendly police supervision model, where police officers take on a youth mentorship role rather than strictly enforcing laws with punitive measures. This model was shown to foster trust and reduce crime in Indigenous communities by emphasizing positive relationships rather than strict surveillance.
Sustainable reductions in crime in Indigenous communities require ongoing community engagement, culturally relevant programming, and strong inter-agency partnerships
Algorithms for length spectra of combinatorial tori
No full textConsider a weighted, undirected graph cellularly embedded on a topological surface. The function assigning to each free homotopy class of closed curves the length of a shortest cycle within this homotopy class is called the marked length spectrum. The (unmarked) length spectrum is obtained by just listing the length values of the marked length spectrum in increasing order.
In this paper, we describe algorithms for computing the (un)marked length spectra of graphs embedded on the torus. More specifically, we preprocess a weighted graph of complexity in time so that, given a cycle with edges representing a free homotopy class, the length of a shortest homotopic cycle can be computed in time. Moreover, given any positive integer , the first values of its unmarked length spectrum can be computed in time .
Our algorithms are based on a correspondence between weighted graphs on the torus and polyhedral norms. In particular, we give a weight independent bound on the complexity of the unit ball of such norms. As an immediate consequence we can decide if two embedded weighted graphs have the same marked spectrum in polynomial time. We also consider the problem of comparing the unmarked spectra and provide a polynomial time algorithm in the unweighted case and a randomized polynomial time algorithm otherwise