University of Toronto: Journal Publishing Services
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Religious Conflicts, Enslavement, and Sexual Violence
No full textThis article examines the different types of sexual violence inflicted on enslaved females who were captured during the War of Candia (1645–69). Women and girls constituted an exceptionally high percentage of the individuals enslaved in the course of this religiously justified war. Many of the captured Muslims were trafficked to Catholic Europe, where they were subjected to various forms of sexual exploitation. Yet this article suggests that the prolonged conflict also gave rise to Italian slavers’ sexual violence against enslaved females who were, in fact, not Muslims. It then illuminates the role that religious affiliation actually played in shaping local reactions to the rapes, as well as the responses of Church and state authorities to supplications asking to liberate the survivors of repeated sexual abuse. Finally, the article argues that taking sexual violence into consideration complicates our understanding of early modern Mediterranean enslavement, its motivations, and its implications.Le présent article examine les différents types de violence sexuelle infligés aux femmes capturées et réduites en esclavage pendant la guerre de Candie (1645–69). Les filles et les femmes ont formé un pourcentage exceptionnellement élevé des esclaves faits au cours de cette guerre de religion. Beaucoup de musulmanes capturées ont été emmenées dans l’Europe catholique, où elles ont subi différentes formes d’exploitation sexuelle. Cet article indique toutefois que ce long conflit a aussi donné lieu à des violences sexuelles de la part d’esclavagistes italiens envers des esclaves non musulmanes. Il met également en lumière le rôle joué par l’appartenance religieuse dans les réactions locales aux viols, ainsi que les réponses des autorités ecclésiastiques et laïques aux supplications de libérer les survivantes d’abus sexuels répétés. Enfin, l’article soutient que la prise en compte de la violence sexuelle nuance notre conception de l’esclavage, y compris ses motivations et ses implications, dans la Méditerranée des premiers temps modernes
Family as the Place for National Discrimination: An Analysis of Beatrice Speraz’s Autobiography
No full textThis essay examines Beatrice Speraz’s autobiography, Ricordi della mia infanzia in Dalmazia (1915), which describes her childhood in Dalmatia and how the different nationalities of her parents—one Italian and the other Dalmatian—affected her life and self-perception. It looks at how the author portrayed the formation of her national identity through relational dynamics with her maternal aunt and her father and emphasizes how one of the semantic aspects of this process was eventually dismissed by the Italian side of her family. The essay delves into these issues by employing Adriana Cavarero’s understanding of relationality and contrapuntal reading as theorized by Edward Said in Culture and Imperialism (1994). Through these lenses, the essay underscores how Speraz represented her identity as the daughter of an Italian mother and a Dalmatian father, and the kind of relationship she established between her national identity, Italy and Dalmatia. Furthermore, the essay elucidates how Speraz’s familial relationships played a pivotal role in two processes: first, in fostering her belief that she was a participant in a historically equal relationship between Italians and Dalmatians; and second, in her dismissal as a “barbarian” because her father was Dalmatian
Il diario di Clementina: Chronicles of an Italian wife (1938–43)
No full textIn 1938, the newly launched women’s magazine Grazia introduced readers to the life of Clementina, a young bride who shared her experiences as a married woman. Written by Wanda Bontà, the column “Vivere in due” captured the essence of the ideal Italian wife, aligning with the Fascist vision of womanhood. As Italy entered the Second World War, expectations for women shifted to include contributions to the workforce to bolster the war effort. This evolution was mirrored in “Vivere in due,” which adapted its portrayal of the ideal wife to reflect these new demands. Published from 1938 to 1943, the column offers a unique lens on how the state’s ideals were presented to women, while also revealing women’s daily struggles and emotions. It serves as a testament to the intersection of state propaganda, shifting societal roles, and the realities faced by Grazia’s female readership
”Chance volumes of the most miscellaneous character”: La bibliothèque de cambuse (1885-1898) du révérend Henry Scadding
No full textFrom 1885 to 1898, the Reverend Dr. Henry Scaddding (a polymathic Toronto cleric, local historian, and bibliophile) drew upon his extensive personal collection to curate annual book displays at the Toronto Industrial Exhibition. (These displays were staged under the aegis of the York Pioneers, and proved to be very popular.) While the annual themes differed over the years, each display was designed to demonstrate to visitors the state of “incipient lituratureism” in York (early Toronto), and the reading materials and reading tastes of the settler-reader. Scadding also used the accompanying catalogues to develop an original and somewhat eccentric theory of the operations of colonial cultural connectivity. Since Scadding had amassed perhaps the most important private library in nineteenth-century Toronto, the displays also show how he mobilized his collection for the purposes of public education. For book historians of today, the Log Shanty displays are of particular interest for their focus on reading culture and book access in pre-Rebellion Toronto.De 1885 à 1898, le révérend Henry Scadding (ecclésiastique polymathique de Toronto, historien local et bibliophile) a puisé dans sa vaste collection personnelle pour mettre sur pied ses présentations annuelles de livres à l\u27exposition industrielle de Toronto. (Ces présentations, réalisées sous l\u27égide des York Pioneers, s\u27avéraient très populaires) Bien que les thèmes variaient d\u27une année sur l\u27autre, chaque exposition était élaborée de façon à représenter aux visiteurs l\u27état de « littératurisme embryonnaire » qui régnait alors à York (ancien Toronto), ainsi que les lectures de l\u27époque et les goûts littéraires du lecteur colon. Scadding a également utilisé les catalogues d\u27accompagnement pour développer une théorie originale, et quelque peu excentrique, des activités de connectivité culturelle coloniale. Scadding ayant amassé ce qui pourrait bien être la bibliothèque privée la plus importante de Toronto au dix-neuvième siècle, ces présentations démontrent comment il a su mobiliser sa collection personnelle au profit de l\u27éducation du grand public. Pour les historiens du livre d\u27aujourd\u27hui, les expositions de « La bibliothèque de cambuse » présentent un intérêt tout particulier pour ce qui est de la culture de la lecture et de l\u27accès aux livres à Toronto dans un climat d\u27avant rébellion
Capturing the Migration Memory of Canada’s Diverse Ismaili Muslims: A Case Study of the 50 Years of Migration Exhibit
No full textThis paper examines the archived travelling exhibit, 50 Years of Migration, led by artist Aquil Virani, in collaboration with the Aga Khan Council for Canada. The paper highlights the Ismaili Muslim community’s migration journey to Canada following the 1972 expulsion of “Ugandan Asians.” The exhibit uses various materials—including photographs, testimonies, and historical records—to narrate the community’s resilience and resettlement into Canadian society. Drawing on Laurence Gouriévidis’ theories of memory and migration in museums, we analyze the creative direction that empower Ismaili voices and contribute to Canada’s broader narrative of multiculturalism. The exhibit’s community-centered approach—moving from a large institution, the Aga Khan Museum, to local jamatkhanas—emphasizes the importance of community-led memory projects. The partnership with the Aga Khan Council for Canada, the Aga Khan Museum, and Aquil Virani, with their shared commitments to cultural representation, is highlighted as a model for future migration exhibitions. Ultimately, 50 Years of Migration serves as a powerful tool for understanding the role of memory in shaping Canada’s multiculturalidentity
Exploring the therapeutic alliance in mental health care for people with severe mental illness: a focus group study with clients, care professionals and peer support workers
No full textObjective: A good therapeutic alliance (TA) positively influences many outcomes in the treatment of people with severe mental illness (SMI). However, there is little evidence-based advice on how to build and maintain a good TA with SMI clients, with clients\u27 perspectives largely missing from current literature.
Research Design and Methods: The views of clients, peer support workers (PSW) and other mental health care professionals (MHCP) on the TA in multidisciplinary mental health care teams are investigated through 13 open-ended focus groups with three separate types of stakeholders: clients, PSWs and other MHCPs from five Dutch psychiatric institutes. Transcriptions were analyzed qualitatively using grounded theory, with an open coding approach and inductive thematic analysis.
Results: In the collected data, four main domains were identified: authenticity, trust and reliability, shared treatment goals and availability. To build a good TA all parties should communicate transparently and MHCPs should be reliably available, listen actively to the needs of the client and build trust before discussing treatment goals. Showing authentic interest helps maintaining a good TA, as well as adapting to clients’ changing needs, stability in contact and being available in case of need.
Conclusions: Investing in long-term TA is needed, which can be achieved by building trust over time, being available as a team and by genuinely listening to a client in order to understand and find agreement on their treatment goals. Clients’ needs with regard to the TA may change while they move through various stages of recovery, to which MHCP should adapt
Recentering Indigenous Knowledge: A Narrative Review of Recent Developments in Indigenous Health Promotion
No full textIndigenous health promotion is increasingly recognized as a distinct paradigm that challenges colonial structures and reclaims approaches grounded in Indigenous knowledge systems. However, there remains a limited understanding of how Indigenous scholars and communities are actively redefining health promotion. This narrative review examines 60 peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2015 and 2025 to explore how Indigenous health promotion dismantles colonial structures, applies cultural grounding and adaptation strategies, and engages with Western theories, frameworks and methodologies. Articles were identified through a systematic search of four major health research databases, and focused on food and nutrition, and physical activity programs or research involving Indigenous populations in Canada, Australia, Aotearoa New Zealand, and the United States. Findings reveal that Indigenous health promotion programs and research initiatives are increasingly community-led, and grounded in local knowledge and practices. Many initiatives emphasize reconnection to land and culture and are situated within broader visions of planetary health and environmental justice. Intergenerational knowledge transmission and community governance are central to culturally grounded and effective health promotion efforts. While some Western frameworks are still used, they are often critically adapted or selectively integrated to align with Indigenous values and priorities. This review affirms the essential role of Indigenous knowledge systems in shaping health promotion that is effective and sustainable. It offers direction for reimagining health promotion policy and practice by placing Indigenous leadership and priorities at the center of efforts to achieve health equity and social justice for Indigenous communities
A BIOFIDELIC MOCK RESIDUAL LIMB FOR PROSTHETIC SOCKET TESTING
No full textBACKGROUND: Evaluating prosthetic socket fit and function relies on accurately simulating load transfer between the residual limb and the socket. This limb can be either real (of a study participant) or a mock residual limb that simulates in vivo properties. Mock limbs minimize reliance on resource-intensive clinical trials; however, most are static in size, limiting their use in testing clinical outcomes like socket adjustability.
OBJECTIVE: To design and validate a biofidelic mock limb, capable of real-time, controllable volume adjustments of up to ±5% limb volume.
METHODOLOGY: Water-filled bladders were embedded within a transtibial residual limb model made of a dual-durometer urethane composition, mimicking deep and soft tissue. An Arduino-controlled syringe system was used to actuate volume adjustments. The method was validated through repeatability tests at different rates of volume change, cycling through expansion, holding at maximum volume, and contraction. Volume change was quantified by measuring interfacial pressures between the limb and a static socket.
FINDINGS: The limb was fabricated with readily available materials for less than CAD 400. Volume change rate had minimal effect on interfacial pressure throughout the testing cycle, and minimal hysteresis was found between expansion and contraction periods. Repeatability was high, with a coefficient of variation of normalized pressure remaining below 10.4% over three repeated tests.
CONCLUSION: The proposed biofidelic limb was validated for its ability to mimic volume change in a transtibial residual limb. The design enables easy replication or customization to simulate different limb physiologies and anatomies. The limb allows for controllable bench-top testing during prototyping of adjustable sockets or other devices, thus bringing devices to clinical use sooner.
Layman\u27s Abstract
For individuals with a lower-limb amputation, their prosthetic socket—the component that connects their residual limb to the prosthesis—needs to fit well to be comfortable and to function properly. However, the size of a residual limb can change throughout the day due to factors like activity and diet, which can affect the socket fit. Evaluating how prosthetic sockets adapt to residual limb volume changes is important, but doing so through clinical testing with human participants requires extensive resources and involves test conditions that are hard to control. A “mock” residual limb was introduced that simulated real-time, controllable limb volume changes, reducing the need for amputee participants in prosthetic socket testing. The mock limb used water-filled bladders within a soft urethane composition, and the bladder size was controlled by a motorized syringe system, allowing it to expand or contract by up to 5%. The limb’s ability to reliably repeat its volume changes was validated. This tool can help researchers quickly test adjustable prosthetic sockets and other wearable devices in a lab setting, thereby accelerating device development and reducing dependence on clinical testing.
Article PDF Link: https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/cpoj/article/view/45759/34271
How To Cite: Phillips C, Nagpal A, Azhari F. A biofidelic mock residual limb for prosthetic socket testing. Canadian Prosthetics & Orthotics Journal. 2025; Volume 8, Issue 2, No. 1. Https://doi.org/10.33137/cpoj.v8i2.45759
Corresponding Author: Fae Azhari, PhDAffiliation: Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.E-Mail: [email protected] ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2559-856