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Education, Technology, and Humans: An Interview with Jeffrey Schnapp
Get PDFThe interview reconstructs Jeffrey Schnapp's brilliant career from his origins as a scholar of Dante and the Middle Ages to his current multiple interdisciplinary interests. Among other things, Schnapp deals with knowledge design, media history and theory, history of the book, the future of archives, museums, and libraries. The main themes of the interview concern the relationships between technology and pedagogy, the future of reading, and artificial intelligence
Nicolás Guillén y la Guerra Civil española
Get PDFThe poetry that emerges from the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) develops a poetic discourse, to motivate its readers to become active historical agents and witnesses, and to politically support the Republican cause. In España: Poema en cuatro angustias y una esperanza (Spain: Poem in Four Anguishes and One Hope) the Cuban poet Nicolás Guillén (1902-1989) defends a poetics of solidarity with Republican Spain, while also acknowledging the colonial and postcolonial history that problematizes this “transatlantic” aesthetic position. Particularly in the “Angustia primera” and in the last poem “La voz de la esperanza,” Guillén highlights the racial and cultural identity of the speaker to legitimize his solidarity with the Republican cause from the perspective of the Latin American subject, who feels their cultural roots and political convictions connects them to Spain. The four “anguishes” or poems reveal the Latin American alliance with anti-fascist Spain and lament the tragedy of the death of Federico García Lorca, while the last poem defiantly and optimistically underlines the ethical imperative to fight against fascism. In this essay, I analyze España: Poema en cuatro angustias y una esperanza by Guillén within the political, literary, and cultural context, of an avant-garde poetics and as part of his intellectual effort to support with his prose, especially his chronicles, the Republican cause. La poesía que emerge de la Guerra Civil española (1936-1939) desarrolla un discurso poético para motivar a sus lectores a que se conviertan en activos testigos históricos. En España: Poema en cuatro angustias y una esperanza, el poeta cubano Nicolás Guillén (1902-1989) defiende una poética de la solidaridad con la España republicana pero consciente de la historia colonial y postcolonial que problematiza esta postura estética “transatlántica”. En particular en la “Angustia primera” y en el último poema, “La voz de la esperanza”, Guillén resalta la identidad racial y cultural de la voz poética para legitimar la solidaridad con la causa republicana desde la perspectiva del latinoamericano unido al español por sus raíces culturales y sus convicciones políticas. Las cuatro angustias revelan la alianza latinoamericana con la España antifascista y lamentan la tragedia ante la muerte de Federico García Lorca, mientras que el último poema, subraya con actitud desafiante y optimista el imperativo ético de luchar contra el fascismo. En este ensayo, principalmente analizo España: Poema en cuatro angustias y una esperanza de Guillén dentro del contexto político, literario y cultural de la poética vanguardista, y como parte de su esfuerzo intelectual al apoyar con su prosa, en especial con sus crónicas, la causa republicana.The poetry that emerges from the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) develops a poetic discourse, to motivate its readers to become active historical agents and witnesses, and to politically support the Republican cause. In España: Poema en cuatro angustias y una esperanza (Spain: Poem in Four Anguishes and One Hope) the Cuban poet Nicolás Guillén (1902-1989) defends a poetics of solidarity with Republican Spain, while also acknowledging the colonial and postcolonial history that problematizes this “transatlantic” aesthetic position. Particularly in the “Angustia primera” and in the last poem “La voz de la esperanza,” Guillén highlights the racial and cultural identity of the speaker to legitimize his solidarity with the Republican cause from the perspective of the Latin American subject, who feels their cultural roots and political convictions connects them to Spain. The four “anguishes” or poems reveal the Latin American alliance with anti-fascist Spain and lament the tragedy of the death of Federico García Lorca, while the last poem defiantly and optimistically underlines the ethical imperative to fight against fascism. In this essay, I analyze España: Poema en cuatro angustias y una esperanza by Guillén within the political, literary, and cultural context, of an avant-garde poetics and as part of his intellectual effort to support with his prose, especially his chronicles, the Republican cause. La poesía que emerge de la Guerra Civil española (1936-1939) desarrolla un discurso poético para motivar a sus lectores a que se conviertan en activos testigos históricos. En España: Poema en cuatro angustias y una esperanza, el poeta cubano Nicolás Guillén (1902-1989) defiende una poética de la solidaridad con la España republicana pero consciente de la historia colonial y postcolonial que problematiza esta postura estética “transatlántica”. En particular en la “Angustia primera” y en el último poema, “La voz de la esperanza”, Guillén resalta la identidad racial y cultural de la voz poética para legitimar la solidaridad con la causa republicana desde la perspectiva del latinoamericano unido al español por sus raíces culturales y sus convicciones políticas. Las cuatro angustias revelan la alianza latinoamericana con la España antifascista y lamentan la tragedia ante la muerte de Federico García Lorca, mientras que el último poema, subraya con actitud desafiante y optimista el imperativo ético de luchar contra el fascismo. En este ensayo, principalmente analizo España: Poema en cuatro angustias y una esperanza de Guillén dentro del contexto político, literario y cultural de la poética vanguardista, y como parte de su esfuerzo intelectual al apoyar con su prosa, en especial con sus crónicas, la causa republicana
Exploring Remote English Language Instruction Using the Communities of Inquiry Framework [Archived]
Get PDFEmergency remote instruction brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic has required a substantial shift in teaching practice within American English programs. Although online learning in higher education has been widely researched, little is known about how to create a sustainable community of engaged learners in a remote language learning context. Using the Community of Inquiry (COI) framework, this case study investigated how one intensive English program adjusted to remote instruction, including whether teachers made substantive adaptions to support COIs in their courses. Results show that teachers changed their courses to include more structure and multimodal means of communication but struggled to facilitate social interaction and assess cognitive engagement of their students
Learning Better for the Next Thing: Online Proctoring Services and Privacy Advocacy Outside the Library
Get PDFIn the fall of 2020, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, higher education institutions found themselves with more time to consider how to best use and refine educational technology that had been urgently implemented or expanded during the spring and summer. Despite taking this additional time, it often felt as though the desire to provide normalcy—amongst abnormal conditions—took precedence over privacy protections. Examples such as promoting classroom engagement by requiring students to have their cameras on during synchronous online instruction illustrate this attempt to bridge normality within remote services. Another example of this tendency is online proctoring, in which the need to ensure academic integrity is used to justify the implementation of software that leverages surveillance and harmful technology.
I am employed at an institution that supports online proctoring as a method of instruction and has a contract with an online proctoring service, ProctorU. When I first learned this information, I felt a call to action. Just as a sense of urgency helped guide the implementation of online proctoring services, my own urgency guided my attempts at dismantling its use. Through this article, I will explain online and remote proctoring, the harms it poses to students, and why librarians should care about it. Furthermore, I'll outline my own efforts to eliminate proctoring software on my campus, how they fell short, and how we can envision better methods of dismantling surveillance
Poetry at the first steps of Artificial Intelligence
Get PDFThis paper is about Artificial Intelligence (AI) attempts at writing poetry, usually referred to with the term “poetry generation”. Poetry generation started out from Digital Humanities, which developed out of humanities computing; nowadays, however, it is part of Computational Creativity, a field that tackles several areas of art and science.
In the paper it is examined, first, why poetry was chosen among other literary genres as a field for experimentation. Mention is made to the characteristics of poetry (namely arbitrariness and absurdity) that make it fertile ground for such endeavors and also to various text- and reader-centered literary approaches that favored experimentation even by human poets.
Then, a rough historic look at poetry generation is attempted, followed by a review of the methods employed, either for fun or as academic projects, along Lamb et al.’s (2017) taxonomy which distinguishes between mere poetry generation and result enhancement. Another taxonomy by Gonçalo Oliveira (2017), dividing between form and content issues in poetry generation, is also briefly presented.
The results of poetry generators are evaluated as generally poor and the reasons for this failure are examined: inability of computers to understand any word as a sign with a signified, lack of general intelligence, process- (rather than output-) driven attempts, etc.
Then, computer-like results from a number of human poetic movements are also presented as a juxtaposition: DADA, stream of consciousness, OuLiPo, LangPo, Flarf, blackout/erasure poetry. The equivalence between (i) human poets that are concerned more with experimentation more than with good results and (ii) computer scientists who are process-driven leads to a discussion of the characteristics of humanness, of the possibility of granting future AI personhood and of the need to see our world in terms of a new, more refined ontology
Failed Democratic Transitions: Clientelism and Hand-Kissing in Contemporary Mexican Film
Get PDFClients of corrupt patrons experience a process of moral disintegration, but more importantly, they are instrumental in perpetuating the lack of accountability and corruption. The two film adaptations analyzed here, as well as Luis Estrada’s dark comedies, La ley de Herodes (1999), Un mundo maravilloso (2006), El infierno (2010), and Dictadura perfecta (2014), visualize these informal practices of moral and political submission as hand-kissing, exposing their ritualistic and physical nature. The two film adaptations I study here radically change their literary sources to portray sympathetic characters who submit themselves enthusiastically to a corrupt patron: Arráncame la vida (2008) and El crimen del padre Amaro (2002). The protagonists seek out patrons in order to get access to power and its benefits. The changes that filmmakers made illuminate the practice of clientelism: political subordination in exchange for material advantages, perceived as friendship or fictive kinship
Early Miocene Cape Blanco Flora of Oregon
Get PDFDeposition of the shallow marine sandstone of Floras Lake was interrupted by a transient deltaic progradation of redeposited volcanic tuff, which contains the Cape Blanco flora. Dating by 40Ar/39Ar on fresh plagioclase constrains the age of the plant-bearing tuff to 18.24 ± 0.86 Ma, because we interpret this age of eruption and landscape loading with ash, as within only a few years of redeposition. Several plausible sources of the tuff can be identified from caldera eruptions in the Cascade Volcanic Arc. The relation between the early Miocene Cascade volcanic arc and the Klamath Terrane has been fixed since the early Miocene, and the high Cr2O3 in the sandstones is an indication that the source area for the sandstone of Floras Lake was the Klamath Terrane. Fossil leaves and other plant organs of 33 species of the Cape Blanco flora represent floral diversity and paleoclimate of coastal Oregon during the early Miocene. The flora includes a variety of thermophilic elements from California, including coast redwood (Sequoia affinis), and avocado (Persea pseudocarolinensis), and is numerically dominated by live oak (Quercus hannibalii), and chinquapin (Chrysolepis sonomensis). The size and proportion of serrate margins of the fossil leaves are evidence of mean annual temperature of ~14 º C and a mean annual precipitation of ~223 cm/yr for the Cape Blanco flora. Comparison of the Cape Blanco flora with the Temblor flora of California and the Seldovia flora of Alaska reveals a latitudinal gradient of ~ 0.6 º C/degree latitude, compared with a gradient of ~0.3 º C/degree latitude from isotopic composition of marine foraminifera of the northeast Pacific Ocean. Both results confirm that the late early Miocene mean annual temperature at 45º north latitude was 4-5 º C warmer than today
Nueva Cadiz Beads in the Americas: A Preliminary Compositional Comparison
Get PDFNueva Cadiz and associated beads are among the earliest categories of European glass beads found in the Americas. Named after the site in Venezuela where they were first identified, these tubular, square-sectioned beads occur in regions of 16th-century Spanish colonial trade. A similar style occurs around Lake Ontario in northeastern North America in areas of 17th-century Dutch and French colonial trade. We compare the chemical composition of beads from South America and Ontario, Canada, to explore their provenience and technology. Differences in key trace elements (Hf, Zr, Nd) strongly indicate separate sand origins for the two bead groups. Comparison with soda-lime glass made in Venice and Antwerp reveals chemical similarities between the South American beads and Venetian glass, and between the Ontario beads and Antwerp glass. The analysis also sheds light on beadmaking technologies
Student Outcomes in Online Courses: When Does Class Size Matter? [Archived]
Get PDFThis quantitative study investigated the relationship between class size and student outcomes (final grades and DFW rates) in online higher education courses offered by a large, 4 year public institution in the United States. The following class size cut-off points were used: 8-15 vs. 16 or more students, 8-30 vs. 31 or more students, 8-40 vs. 41 or more students, and 8-50 vs. 51 or more students. Course level data included average final grades and DFW rates for 391 online undergraduate courses taught during the years 2017 and 2018. Significant results suggest that students earned higher grades in STEM (Science Technology Engineering Mathematics) and upper-division courses when online courses included 30 or fewer students. This suggests that it may be beneficial to limit certain kinds of courses to 30 students or fewer, as 30 students may be a tipping point where the benefits of smaller online classes wear off
Insight into the 17th-Century Bead Industry of Middelburg, the Netherlands
Get PDFDuring the first half of the 17th century, several beadmaking establishments operated in the city of Middelburg in the southwestern corner of the Netherlands. Bead wasters recovered from several find sites in the old part of the city reveal the diversity of the product line which featured beads decorated with straight and spiral stripes. Several chevron types were also produced. There are similarities with wasters found at contemporary beadmaking sites in Amsterdam, indicating that both production centers made similar bead varieties. Few of the bead varieties represented have correlatives in the areas of North America that were under Dutch control, leaving one guessing what market the Middelburg beads were destined for. In that the city was a major center for the Dutch East India Company, it may be that their market was in that part of the world. Unfortunately, comparative material from South and Southeast Asia is currently lacking