FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology (FUOYEJET - Federal University Oye-Ekiti)
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Performance Evaluation of Genetic Algorithm and Simulated Annealing in Solving Kirkman Schoolgirl Problem.
No full textThis paper provides performance evaluation of Genetic Algorithm and Simulated Annealing in view of their software complexity and Simulation runtime. Kirkman Schoolgirl is about arranging fifteen schoolgirls into five triplets in a week with a distinct constraint of no two schoolgirl must walk together in a week. The developed model was simulated using Matlab version R2015a. The performance evaluation of both Genetic algorithm and Simulated Annealing was carried out in terms of program size, program volume, program effort and the intelligent content of the program. The results obtained show that the runtime for GA and SA are 11.23sec and 6.20sec respectively. The program size for GA and SA are 2.01kb and 2.21kb, respectively. The lines of code for GA and SA are 324 and 404, respectively. The program volume for GA and SA are 1121.58 and 3127.92, respectively. The program effort for GA and SA are 135021.70 and 30633.26 respectively, while the intelligent content of the program for GA and SA are 72.461 and 41.06, respectively. Both Algorithms are good solvers, however it can be concluded that Genetic Algorithm outperformed simulated Annealing in most of the evaluated parameters. Keywords: Genetic Algorithm, Simulated Annealing, Kirkman Schoolgirl, software complexity and simulation runtim
Hardness and Elastic Modulus of Al-Based Composite Developed from Aluminium Piston Scraps Using Alumina and Snail shell as Reinforcements
No full textThis paper presents the relationship between the Young’s modulus and hardness of composites developed from recycled aluminium pistons reinforced with alumina and snailshells. The percentages of alumina and snailshells were kept within the range of 0-30 and 0-10 wt.%, respectively. Experiments were designed using response surface methodology (RSM) to evaluate the influence of the reinforcements on the tensile, hardness and Young’s modulus of the composites. The theoretical hardness was analyzed from the ratio of indentation hardness to indentation modulus while the Young’s modulus was evaluated from the composite equations. The results indicate that an increased fraction of the hybrid reinforcement does not necessarily translate to higher hardness value and Young’s modulus. The sample with the best characteristics has a tensile strength of 172.5 MPa, modulus of resilience of 28.28 GPa and hardness value of 44.9 RHN. The average experimental Young’s modulus of the samples is about 30% of the theoretical value of 86.5GPa while experimental hardness value of 44.90 is about twice that of the theoretical value. The discrepancy between the experimental and theoretical modulus is due to the assumption of a perfect crystal for the former as against polycrystalline crystals. The two samples with the highest modulus of resilience were chosen and further characterized. Scanning Electron Microscope images showed that the fillers in the two samples were well bonded with the aluminium matrix. Keywords - Mechanical Properties, Casting, Aluminum composite, Alumina and Snailshell
On Seemingly Unrelated Regression and Single Equation Estimators Under Heteroscedastic Error and Non-Gaussian Responses
No full textThis study investigated the efficiency of Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) estimator of Feasible Generalized Least Square (FGLS) compared to robust MM-BISQ, M-Huber, and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimators when the variances of the error terms are non-constant and the distribution of the response variables is not Gaussian. The finite properties and relative performance of these other estimators to OLS were examined under four forms of heteroscedasticity of the error terms, levels of Contemporaneous Correlation (Cc) with gamma responses. The efficiency of four estimation techniques for the SUR model was examined using the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) criterion to determine the best estimator(s) under different conditions at various sample sizes. The simulation results revealed that the SUR estimator (FGLS) showed superior performance in the small sample situations when the contemporaneous correlation ( ) is almost perfect ( =0.95) with the gamma response model while MM-BISQ was the best under low contemporaneous correlation. The relative efficiencies of MM-BISQ, M-Huber and FGLS estimators over the OLS are respectively 89%, 71%, and 14% in a small sample 30) and 49%, 32% and 1% in large sample sizes under gamma response model. The study concluded that MM-BISQ and M-Huber estimators are the most efficient estimators for modeling systems of simultaneous equations with non-Gaussian responses under either homoscedastic or multiplicative heteroscedastic error terms irrespective of the sample size.Keywords—, Contemporaneous correlation, Feasible Generalized Least Square, Heteroscedasticity, Homoscedasticity, Seemingly unrelated Regression.
Ergonomic Evaluation of IAR Manually Operated Groundnut Roaster
No full textGroundnut roasting for oil extraction is a common practice among local women in Nigeria. As a result of this a manually operated groundnut roaster was developed in the Institute of agricultural Research (IAR). This machine requires human power to operate. In this study, ergonomics analysis was carried out considering a view of differences in energy expenditure on this machine using two women as subjects. A hand ergometer was used to calibrate the two subjects. From the results obtained, the roaster consumes an average of 3250J/m and 3400J/m from subjects A and B respectively. Keywords— Ergonomics, Groundnut roaster, Energy, Women, Ergomete
Flood Frequency Analysis of River Niger, Shintaku Gauging Station, Kogi State, Nigeria
No full textThe study outlines a frequency distribution study on the highest annual flood statistics in Niger River located at Shintaku hydrologic Station for period of 58years. In order to determine the optimal model for highest annual flood analysis Generalised extreme value, Log normal, Gumbel maximum, Generalised Pareto and Log Pearson III, were tested. Based on error produced by criteria of goodness of Fit tests, the optimal model was determined. Results obtained indicated that Log Pearson type III was best to model maximum flood magnitude of Niger River at Shintaku station. The flood frequency curve was therefore derived using Log Pearson type III frequency distribution. Flood frequency curve showed that return periods of 50 and 100 years with the probabilities of 2% and1% respectively, yielded discharges of 15300m3/s and 15600m3/s respectively. These results were strongly influenced by their topographical, geographical and climatic factors. The findings of this work will be useful for design engineers in deciding the dimension of hydraulic structures such as spillway, dams, canals, bridges and levees among others. Future studies are required to include flood forecasting in the development of inundation maps for Niger River.Keywords—Return period, Frequency Distribution, Flood, Niger River, Flood Modelin
Evaluation of the Hydraulic Conductivity of Compacted Laterite-Metakaolin Mixtures for Solid Waste Leachate Containment
Get PDFThis paper presents the results of a study conducted to investigate the benefits of using metakaolin (MK) with laterite as liner material for containment of municipal solid waste (MSW). Laboratory tests were conducted on laterite specimens treated with MK at concentrations of 0 - 20 % by weight of the soil and compacted using four types of compaction energies. Hydraulic conductivity was determined based on permeation of the compacted laterite - MK mixtures with deionized water (DW) and municipal solid waste leachate (MSWL), respectively. Deionized water was the reference permeant fluid. The results showed that hydraulic conductivity generally decreased with increase in the percentage addition of MK to the soil. From an economic and sustainability point of view, it has been found from the results that 5 % MK can be added to soil and compacted at moulding water content of 14.1 % using the West African Standard (WAS) compaction energy to achieve the regulatory hydraulic conductivity of less than or equal to 1 x 10-9 m/s for compacted soil liner. The natural logarithm of the hydraulic conductivity experimental results were computed and used to develop regression equations for estimating hydraulic conductivity given MK contents and compaction energies. The results of the two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test carried out at 5 % level of significance showed that calculated F-statistics are statistically significant and the measured values of hydraulic conductivity compare well with the predicted values. The developed models can therefore be used to give good estimates of hydraulic conductivity of soils having similar properties with the laterite investigated in this study. Therefore, the developed models can be used to give good estimates of hydraulic conductivity of soils having similar properties with the laterite investigated in this study. Keywords _ Deionized water, Hydraulic conductivity, Leachate, Metakaolin, Municipal solid waste
Determination of an Annual Groundwater Recharge and Demand in Oke-Ero LGA, Kwara State, Nigeria
Get PDFEfficient groundwater management, water consumption rate and quantitative determination of the amount of rainfall that recharges groundwater naturally is essential for a place like Oke-Ero LGA where the people in Oke-Ero depend mainly on groundwater as the only source of water supply. In this work, an attempt has been made to evaluate the amount of rainfall that recharges aquifers using Krishna model with a view to knowing the groundwater potential of the area and determine the water consumption rate. This study established that Oke-Ero LGA has 65.7 million cubic meters (MCM) groundwater potential annually, from the survey output the average daily water demand in Oke-Ero is 75 l/c/d. The total water demands across the LGA based on 2016 population estimate is 2.11 MCM/year with anticipated increase of 4.34 MCM/year by 2040 and expected water demand increase rate of 3.2% annually. This work has ascertained that the available water is sufficient to take care of the water demand of the people in Oke-Ero LGA and it also shows that there is more water for other activities such as industrial purposes. Keywords - Groundwater potential, Groundwater recharge, Oke-Ero LGA, Water demand.
Evaluation of Intelligent Wells Performance in a Five-Spot Arrangement
Get PDFThe efficiency of water flooding processes can be improved by installing intelligent wells which are good candidates for control and optimization. Optimal control theory based on adjoint formulations was found to be efficient for reservoir optimization. However, this solution approach is local and may not be suitable for comparing design alternatives. In this work, an approach for determining an optimal starting point for optimal control theory procedure was developed to give near global optima. The performance in terms of net present value (NPV) of two forms of five-spot pattern was compared. The method results to similar performances of the two alternatives because it was formulated to give true optimal solution trajectories. It was found that regular five-spot pattern results to a NPV in excess of $4,900 over inverted design. Respective increase in oil and water productions of 0.23% and 0.22% were recorded for former design against the later.Keywords: intelligent wells; adjoint; optimal control theory; global optimum; water flooding
Studies on the Residual Stress and Strain Gradients in Poly-SiGe Nanocantilevers
Get PDFOne of the fundamental structural requirements for Micro/Nano-ElectroMechanical (M/NEM) devices is low strain gradient. Measurement of strain gradients is time consuming, therefore finding a simple and fast method is necessary. In this paper, a comparative study of the strain gradients in poly-SiGe nanocantilevers measured experimentally and obtained using finite element modelling (FEM) approach is reported. Arrays of nanocantilevers were fabricated from 100 nm thick poly-SiGe films via lithography. Then, strain gradients were calculated from the tip deflections and cantilevers’ lengths. In the modelling study, similar cantilevers were modelled with COMSOL Multiphysics as superposition of smaller layers in which each layer sustained local stress obtained from stress evolution study. Results showed that the average strain gradients obtained from the experimental and FEM studies differ by ~5% and ~6% for film A and B, respectively with standard deviations lying between ±0.004 and ±0.009/µm. While this study established that stress gradient is responsible for the calculated strain gradient, it also emphasises that both parameters are proportional. Key words: Poly-SiGe, Strain gradient, FEM, COMSOL
Impact of the Purdue Improved Cowpea Storage Technology on the Income of Cowpea Farmers in North Central Nigeria
Get PDFThe objective of the study was to determine the potential impact of Purdue improved cowpea storage (PICS) technology on the income of users in north central states of Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure involved selection of 3 Local Government Areas (LGAs) each from 18 senatorial districts of six states, 108 villages. Thereafter 2,220 cowpea PICs stakeholders comprising 1,240 farmers and 960 traders were randomly selected by balloting technique. The study used primary data and structured questionnaire to interview users and non-users of PICS bag. Descriptive statistics, double difference estimator, propensity score matching (PSM) and logic model were used to analyze the data. The result showed a positive mean difference of ₦1,205.12 per 50 kg bag (p<0.01) in income between users and non-users before and after adoption of PICS technology. The result of logit model revealed that variables age, education status, employment status, income and quantity of cowpea used in the analysis were significant at different level of probability. The PSM adjusted with constant coefficient value of 1.000 was statistically significant at 1% level. Thus, the PICS technology was a better strategy adopted by farmers/traders to increase their income and improve their standard of living. Since majority of farmers and traders are young and educated, trainings, workshops and sensitization should be encouraged. This can be effectively done through Agricultural Development Programmes (ADP), Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and attending farmer’s stakeholders meeting for sensitization. Keywords — Cowpea, impact, Propensity Score Matching (PSM), Purdue.