FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology (FUOYEJET - Federal University Oye-Ekiti)
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Feasibility of Using Bitterness and Foaming Properties as Surrogate Instrument in Assessing Antioxidant Potentials of Selected Eggplant Cultivars
Get PDFThis study attempt to circumvent the hurdle associated with the utilization of laborious and expensive procedure to assess some health promoting properties of eggplant fruits. The feasibility of using simple and cheap procedure as a surrogate tool to gain insight into the antioxidant potentials of eggplant cultivars was evaluated. Some eggplants cultivars obtained fresh were used for the work. Extracts from the garden eggs were analysed for relative reducing power, total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity using DPPH. Physical and Sensory attributes such as foaming ability and stability, and level of bitterness were also carried out. Results showed that assessment of some antioxidant markers notably total phenolic content (2.266 – 6.406), radical scavenging activity (35.00 – 82.50) and relative reducing power (0.139 – 1.145), showed positive correlation (r = 0.60281 - 0.803348; r = 0.861877 -0.905333; and r = 0.851459 - 0.958941) with bitterness, foaming capacity and foaming stability respectively. Simple and cheap quality control protocol could be used as surrogate tool to gain insight into the antioxidant markers, a health promoting endowment of some eggplants. Keywords - Eggplants, bitterness, foaming capacity, surrogate tool, antioxidant potentials
Strength Improvement of Weak Subgrade Soil Using Cement and Lime
Get PDFThe study investigate the suitability of subgrade soil in Baure Local Government Area of Kastina State Nigeria for road construction. The strength properties of the subgrade was improved using lime and cement. Several analysis including the particle size distribution, specific gravity, Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio tests were performed on natural and lime/cement treated soil samples in accordance with BS 1377 (1990) and BS 1924 (1990) respectively. Soil specimens were prepared by mixing the soil with lime and cement in steps of 0, 3, 6, and 9% by weight of dry soil in several percentage combinations. The Atterberg limits of the weak subgrade soils improved having a minimum plasticity index value of 5.70 % at 3%Lime/6%Cement contents. The maximum dry density (MDD) values obtained showed a significant improvement having a peak value of 1.66 kN/m3 at 9%Lime/9%Cement contents. Similarly, a minimum value of 18.50 % was observed for optimum moisture content at 9%Lime/9%Cement contents which is a desirable reduction from a value of 25.00 % for the natural soil. The unconfined compressive test value increased from 167.30 kN/m2 for the natural soil to 446.77 kN/m2 at 9%Lime/9%Cement contents 28 days curing period. Likewise, the soaked California bearing ratio values increased from 2.90 % for the natural soil to 83.90 % at 9%Lime/9%Cement contents. Generally, there were improvements in the engineering properties of the weak subgrade soil when treated with lime and cement. However, the peak UCS value of 446.77 kN/m2 fails to meet the recommended UCS value of 1710 KN/m2 specified by TRRL (1977) as a criterion for adequate stabilization using Ordinary Portland Cement. Keywords: Weak subgrade soil, Lime, Cement, Atterberg limits, Maximum dry density, Optimum moisture content, Unconfined compressive strength, California bearing rati
Comparative Analysis of Illumination Normalizations on Principal Component Analysis Based Feature Extraction for Face Recognition
Get PDFPrinciple Component Analysis (PCA) is an appearance-based technique for extraction of feature extraction that is commonly used in computer vision and image processing. This technique suffers from illumination variations, thus knowing which illumination control method to be used in PCA-based face recognition system is very important. This paper applies three selected normalization techniques; Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), Adaptive Histogram Equalization (AHE) and Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) to normalize face images. PCA was further used to extract features from the normalized face images. Euclidean distance was used to classify extracted features. The best recognition accuracy of 91.84% was obtained in DCT for ORL Database, while the best accuracy of 76% was achieved in DCT for FERET Database. The highest FAR of 0.9 was achieved in DCT for ORL Database, while the highest FAR of 0.5 was obtained in DCT and AHE for FERET Database. The highest FRR of 0.2821 was achieved in CLAHE for ORL Database, while 0.3000 was obtained in AHE for FERET Database. It was concluded that illumination control approaches have predominant effect on PCA–based facial recognition system. Keywords— Adaptive Histogram Equalization, Contrast Adaptive Histogram Equalization, Discrete Cosine Transform Illumination Normalization, Principal Component Analysi
Incorporation of CdCl2 surface treatment into the CdS/ZnTe hetero-junction solar cell device structures for efficiency improvement
No full textp-ZnTe thin film semiconductors have been successfully used as an absorber material to n-CdS window layer by effectively optimising the ZnTe absorber layer thickness. In order to create a two terminal hetero-junction diode from the n- and p- type materials, two ohmic electrical contacts are required. This was achieved by depositing n-CdS layers on glass/fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) conducting substrate and evaporating Au on p-ZnTe layer. The ZnTe layer was successfully electroplated on CdS thin film grown on glass/fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) conducting substrates. The device structures were subjected to heat treatment in air with and without CdCl2 surface treatment using temperature of 400oC and duration of 10 minutes. The incorporation of the CdCl2 treatment led to enhancement in the solar cell efficiency. Solar cells developed from glass/FTO/n-CdS/p-ZnTe/Au device structure gave an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 450 mV, short circuit current density (Jsc) of 7.26 mAcm-2 and fill-factor (FF) of 0.31 resulting in 1.0% efficiency (η) for n-CdS/p-ZnTe heterostructure annealed ordinarily in air. After treating the top surface of n-CdS/p-ZnTe heterostructure with CdCl2 solution, all the solar cell parameters improved with Voc of 480 mV, Jsc of 24.0 mAcm-2 and FF of 0.46 giving a total efficiency of 5.3%. For the CdS/ZnTe heterostructures treated without and with CdCl2 solution, the rectification factors (RF) observed from the I-V characteristics under dark condition for these devices are 101.0 and 102.2 respectively. Both devices show ideality factors (n) in excess of 2.0 and the reverse saturation currents are 79.4 and 0.16 nA for hetero-junction structures without and with CdCl2 treatment respectively. The improvement in the solar cell efficiency can be accredited to the integration of the CdCl2 treatment in the p-n junction cells. Keywords: Solar Cells, p-n Junction Diodes, n-CdS, Heterostructure, p-ZnTe, CdCl2 surface treatment
Annealing and surface treatment effect on the optical and electrical properties of n-type CdS binary compound semiconductors
No full textThe preparation of CdS thin films were actualised with electrodeposition technique using cathodic voltage of 1200 milli – Volts (mV). The optical and electrical properties of three different classes of CdS semiconductors namely as – deposited CdS layers (AD-CdS), CdS layers heat-treated in air without any chemical treatment (HT-CdS) and CdS layers treated with CdCl2 and annealed in air (CC-CdS) have been investigated in this work. Results from optical analysis showed that AD-CdS layers have the least absorption edge and highest energy bandgap. Annealing the CdS thin films without and with CdCl2 treatment brings the energy bandgap to same value of ~2.42 eV. The main distinction between the HT- and CC-CdS layers is that the absorption edge of CC-CdS films is sharper than the HT-CdS. Results from electrical analysis revealed that the magnitude of photo-electro-chemical (PEC) cell signals which give a clue about the doping concentration of the semiconductor material is greater in CC-CdS layers than in AD- and HT-CdS layers.Keywords: AD-CdS, HT-CdS, CC-CdS, Energy Bandgap, Absorption Edge, PEC Cell Signal
Assessment of Orange (Citrus Sinensis) Supply Chain Activities in Kano State
Get PDFThe study focused on the handling system of orange in Yanlemo Market of Kano State. A field study was conducted with structural questionnaires that targeted the orange supplies, traders and agricultural equipment suppliers/fabricators. Result obtained reveals that the orange handling activity is dominated by male traders. Average of 2 to 5 bags of oranges are usually handled by about 53.3% of the respondents, while 8.3% handle more than 10 bags of the oranges daily. Dan Tivi was found to be the commonest orange variety in the study area. Some other varieties established in the study area are; Dan Nassarawa, Dan Ondo and Dan Delta representing about 8.3, 1.7 and 1.7% of the varieties handled in the study area respectively. The mode of transportation, sorting, and washing was found to be manual with a lot of challenges. The predominant manual handling of the orange established in the study area could be amongst the major reasons for the high losses usually recorded by the traders on a daily basis. Thus, useful suggestions that could be employed by researchers and policymakers to provide improvements in the supply chain activities to prevent such losses are presented. Keywords— Orange, Assessment, Supply Chain, Handlin
Effect of Selected Electronic Waste Dump Sites on Quality of Surrounding Water Bodies in Abuja, Nigeria
Get PDFDue to inappropriate management of vast amount of waste produced by various human activities, urban surface and ground water resources have been under danger of pollution. It is noted that solid waste management is a universal issue and that it is a growing source of worry in developed and developing countries due to the increase in urbanization, changes in consumer pattern, and industrialization which all directly transform to an increase in solid waste generation. The sampling points used of the research are Electronic Waste (e waste) dump sites of Guzape, Karmo and Kubuwa areas of Abuja with terrains of flowing surface water bodies/ pond water. The sample sites were chosen to investigate the impact of e-waste on the water quality of surrounding water bodies in the environment. Parameters measured from collected water samples are pH, Temperature, Conductivity, Turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Suspended Solids, Calcium, Magnesium, Ammonia Nitrogen, Nitrate Nitrogen, Nitrite Nitrogen, Phosphate, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Bicarbonate, Manganese, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium and Chromium. Results showed heavy metal values for Cadmium and Manganese in the water samples were above the maximum permitted level as compared with standards for drinking water, it is inferred that the impact of E waste in the environment contributed to the presence of heavy metals in the water samples. Copper, Zinc, and Chromium were also detected in all water samples collect except for a sample with the absence of Chromium in the water sample.Key words: Disposal sites, Electronic waste, Water qualit
Environmental Assessment of Surface Water/Coal Deposit Interaction from Trace Minerals in Okaba Coal Field, Okaba North Central Nigeria
Get PDFThe concentration of inorganic chemical substances released into surface water from Okaba coal deposit were measured using spectroscopic techniques in order to assess the extent of pollution. Parameters measured (Pb, Fe, Cu, Cr, SO42-, Cl-, Mn, Zn and pH) showed that water samples within the mine area contain Pb, Fe, Cr, Cl-, Mn and Zn in concentrations beyond permissible intake limits; and the concentration of chloride measured (3000 mg/L) is capable of causing acid mine drainage (AMD). Concurrent evaluation of these inorganic substances using quantitative assessment reveal the possible presence of trace minerals like galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrite and clay in Okaba coal deposit. Keywords— Acid mine drainage (AMD), Coal, Trace minerals, Water pollutio
A Comparative Analysis of Decision Tree and Bayesian Model for Network Intrusion Detection System
Get PDFDenial of Service Attacks (DoS) is a major threat to computer networks. This paper presents two approaches (Decision tree and Bayesian network) to the building of classifiers for DoS attack. Important attributes selection increases the classification accuracy of intrusion detection systems; as decision tree which has the advantage of generating explainable rules was used for the selection of relevant attributes in this research. A C4.5 decision tree dimensional reduction algorithm was used in reducing the 41 attributes of the KDD´99 dataset to 29. Thereafter, a rule based classification system (decision tree) was built as well as Bayesian network classification system for denial of service attack (DoS) based on the selected attributes. The classifiers were evaluated and compared using performance on the test dataset. Experimental results show that Decision Tree is robust and gives the highest percentage of successful classification than Bayesian Network which was found to be sensitive to the discritization techniques. It has been successfully tested that significant attribute selection is important in designing a real world intrusion detection system (IDS). Keywords— Intrusion Detection System, Machine Learning, Decision Tree, and Bayesian Network
Modification of Institute for Agricultural Research Multi-Crop Thresher for Improved Performances
Get PDFIn millet producing areas of Nigeria, the predominant method of threshing is traditional. It involves beating the millet panicle with a stick, over a log of wood or by pounding using mortar and pestle. This method is inefficient, time-consuming, labor intensive, prone to drudgery, uneconomical, low output and gives product contaminate with extraneous material such as stones and sand. Though imported threshers are effective in millet threshing; they are expensive, complexed in design and required skillful personnel for operation. An Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR) multi-crop thresher for sorghum, millet, and wheat was modified for improved performances. The performance of the modified thresher was evaluated using Ex-borno variety of pearl millet. Two levels of moisture content; 9.21% and 10.81%, four feed rates levels; 3, 4, 5 and 6 kg/min, four levels of drum speed; 700, 800, 900 and 1000 rpm were considered during the experiment. The test results indicated as high as 98.78% threshing efficiency, a minimum of 1.02% grain damage, maximum cleaning efficiency of 97.19%, and 2.50% scatter loss and maximum throughput capacity of 194.02 kg/hr. In comparison to the previous thresher, threshing efficiency, mechanical grain damage, cleaning efficiency, scatter losses, and throughput capacity have improved by 2.01%, 330.56%, 9.79%, 10.78%, and 69.86% respectively. The developed thresher is anticipated to increase the farmer’s productivity due to improved performances.Keywords: Millet, Threshing Efficiency, Cleaning Efficiency, Feed Rate, cylinder Spee