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    Localizzazione intranucleare ed espressione del gene HLXB9 nel differenziamento neuronale in vitro e nell insorgenza di disordini mielodi

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    I cromosomi mostrano una distribuzione radiale nel nucleo in accordo con il loro livello di GC e con la densità genica. Questo tipo di organizzazione cromatinica è correlata allo stato trascrizionale delle sequenze di DNA corrispondenti. Un alterazione dell organizzazione della cromatina, anche in risposta ad inquinanti ambientali, può determinare un riposizionamento genico a livello nucleare causando patologie varie come quelle tumorali. Inoltre la riorganizzazione della cromatina è un evento fondamentale durante il processo di differenziamento cellulare che prevede l overespressione o la down-regolazione di diversi geni che permettono alla cellula di assumere le caratteristiche specifiche. La tematica affrontata durante il Dottorato di ricerca è stata la riorganizzazione della cromatina in cellule tumorali e durante il differenziamento cellulare. L attenzione è stata rivolta al gene HLXB9 che modifica la sua posizione intranucleare in diversi casi di leucemia mieloide acuta infantile. Esso è localizzato sul cromosoma 7q36.3. È inattivo nei linfociti dopo lo sviluppo embrionale ma è espresso, oltre che in pazienti affetti da leucemia mieloide acuta con t(7;12), nella linea cellulare GDM-1, derivata dal sangue periferico di una paziente con un disordine mieloproliferativo. È un gene coinvolto nel differenziamento dei motoneuroni e delle cellule beta pancreatiche con risvolti patologici, come nella Sindrome di Currarino. In questo lavoro HLXB9 è stato analizzato in linfociti normali e in cellule leucemiche, ed inoltre, in cellule SK-N-BE differenziate in cellule neuronali. Nei linfociti ottenuti dal sangue periferico di pazienti con disordini mieloidi e nella linea cellulare GDM-1, che possiede un attivazione di HLXB9, è stata dimostrata una rilocalizzazione intranucleare del gene in un compartimento più interno del nucleo, dove viene attivamente trascritto. Nella linea cellulare GDM-1, nonostante la presenza di una traslocazione che coinvolge il chr 7, non vi è un riposizionamento intranucleare dell allele di HLXB9 coinvolto nel riarrangiamento, bensì dell allele wild-type che si troverà riposizionato in un compartimento più interno del nucleo.Questa rilocalizzazione potrebbe essere la causa dell overespressione del gene HLXB9 nella linea cellulare GDM-1. Inoltre i linfociti posti in coltura con fitoemagglutinina per tre giorni, ritornando blasti con un attiva proliferazione, presentano una riattivazione del gene HLXB9. Questo fa ipotizzare che l overespressione di HLXB9 nella linea cellulare leucemica GDM-1 possa essere dovuta ad un meccanismo simile a quello coinvolto nell attivazione indotta da PHA. Cellule di neuroblastoma SK-N-BE, proliferative e in fase di differenziamento indotto da acido retinoico, hanno evidenziato un riposizionamento intranucleare del gene HLXB9 durante il differenziamento che è stato inoltre associato con il livello della sua espressione. Le osservazioni sul comportamento di HLXB9 nelle cellule SK-N-BE indicano che esso può essere utilizzato come un marker specifico degli stadi iniziali del differenziamento delle cellule nervose, da utilizzare insieme ad altri marcatori che caratterizzano però la cellula neuronale matura. Una riattivazione del gene HLXB9 è stata anche osservata nelle cellule SK-N-BE indotte in apoptosi con Staurosporina. Essa potrebbe indurre processi di differenziamento cellulare, ma dopo poche ore dal trattamento, le cellule, anziché differenziare in neuroni maturi acquisiscono la tipica morfologia delle cellule apoptotiche. Infine i dati di localizzazione intranucleare di HLXB9 ottenuti sulle linee linfoblastoidi di Primati non umani ci indicano che il gene ha mantenuto la sua localizzazione sia a livello cromosomico, mantenendosi sul telomero del chr 7, sia a livello intranucleare mantenendo una posizione costante alla periferia del nucleo. Questo evidenzia indirettamente come anche la funzione della proteina HB9 codificata da HLXB9 sia evolutivamente conservata

    Learning of motor skill in preteens

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    Time distribution of training/practice as an optimizing parameter has been studied and analyzed. The results obtained were designed to clarify a debate that has been running for more than a century: many authors support the idea that concentrating practice over a short time is more successful, while others state the opposite. Tangible, unequivocal results that show the best learning methods would allow us to define training programs that are more effective and efficient. In order to reach this goal, the selected subjects were initially given a new motor skill to be learned. Sixty children participated in the study. They ranged in age from seven to ten, 30 boys and 30 girls, all elementary school students in the city of Catania, Italy. Experimental protocol defined the preteen s learning of an ocular-manual skill, which was completely new to him or her. Moreover, half of the children had to learn this skill using their dominant hand, while the other half with their weaker hand. Results showed that, as expected, the use of the dominant arm results in a greater number of successes, regardless of age and gender. Moreover, the probability of success increases with the age of the children, independently of they were using the dominant or the non-dominant arm. The observed improvement is associated to significant changes of some kinematic parameters of the gesture, as duration of performance, time to peak and peak acceleration. Furthermore, a training session of only 5 days was sufficient to achieve significant improvements in the success probability of a simple but not usual gesture, as the launch of a tennis ball to hit a target, but only when the children were using the dominant hand. It is therefore reasonable to conclude that, at this age, motor learning is already concentrated on the dominant side However, the improvement observed after 5 days of training was no longer present to a control performed after one week. It can be, therefore, concluded that, in order to learn a new gesture in a stable manner, training must be continued for a greater period of time

    Le emergenze sanitarie e gli Smart Hospitals. Apparecchiatura costruttiva di un Pronto Soccorso assemblabile prefabbricato in legno X-LAM

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    Il presente lavoro di ricerca si colloca nel panorama dell edilizia sanitaria mobile temporanea, che viene impiegata durante le emergenze generate da eventi naturali imprevisti (terremoti, alluvioni, tsunami, etc.). Ad oggi la risposta sanitaria a tali emergenze viene garantita principalmente dall invio di personale medico e di strutture mobili quali tende, tende pneumatiche e shelter, pensate allo scopo di permanere nel territorio per brevi periodi di tempo, ma che restano spesso in uso per diversi mesi o addirittura anni. In tale contesto, il presente lavoro di ricerca tenta di offrire un alternativa a queste strutture mobili, proponendo un pronto soccorso prefabbricato in legno X-LAM, facilmente assemblabile, che possa essere utilizzato con carattere temporaneo o che possa permanere nel territorio anche ad emergenza rientrata. Tale pronto soccorso viene pensato per garantire elevata qualità tecnologica e comfort ambientale; integrato e rispettoso del territorio e dell ambiente, utilizza materiali a basso impatto ambientale e ha contenuto energetico molto ridotto durante il ciclo di vita (LCA); assemblato totalmente a secco, produce scarti da cantiere minimi grazie alla prefabbricazione quasi totale dei suoi elementi di fabbrica

    Nitric oxide donating non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NO-NSAIDs) for the treatment of cancer.

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    Nitric oxide donating non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NO-NSAIDs) represent an emerging class of compounds with chemopreventive, chemotherapeutic, chemio-, radio- and immunosensitizing properties against a variety of cancers. These compounds consist of a conventional NSAID to which an NO-releasing moiety ONO2 has been covalently attached. The aim of our study was to evaluate the anticancer potential of the novel NO-NSAID naproxcinod, since it is the only NO-NSAID that, differently from other compounds belonging to the same class, has so far demonstrated a clear safe profile in humans and has not been extensively studied yet as a potential novel anticancer therapeutic. We show here that Naproxcinod is particular effective in both androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells and colon cancer cells. We have further validated the results obtained in vitro in murine xenograft models. The data show a strong antitumoral effect of Naproxcinod in all of the models tested. However, Naproxcinod was not able to significantly decrease the metastatic potential of the CT26CL25 colon cancer cells to the lungs. In conclusion, these data provide strong support for the design of phase II trials based on the administration of Naproxcinod to cancer patients in association to conventional therapies or to prevent disease recurrence

    Adaptability, Biomass Yield, and Phytoremediation of Arundo donax L. on marginal lands: salt, dry and lead-contaminated soils

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    Water shortage, especially during spring and summer seasons, is the main limiting factor the crop production (Araus et al, 2002; Passioura, 1977), moreover, in the Mediterranean area, inadequate irrigation practices may also exacerbate the problem of the soil salinity. The pollution of soils due to accumulation of heavy metals is a global problem that may involve the loss of agricultural areas: contaminated land is no longer suited to farming, and may be especially harmful to the entire ecosystem (Alloway, 1995). Plants tolerant to heavy metals, may be used to enhance sites unsuitable for biomass production, restoring the ecosystem services and providing valuable feedstocks to biorefineries, in a phytoremediation process. Among the perennial species for energy purpose, Arundo donax L. could be a suitable species for marginal lands including dry areas, salt and lead contaminated soil in the Mediterranean environment. On the basis of these premises the following research lines were carried out with the aim of assess the possibility of cultivate Arundo donax L. on dry, salt and lead contaminated marginal lands: - Line 1: Giant reed screening to salinity levels - Line 2: Response of Arundo donax L. clones at increasing levels of salinity and at different soil water content - Line 3: Phytoremediation of Arundo donax L. in lead-contaminated soils with different water levels of the soil - Line 4: Phytoremediation of different Arundo donax L. clones in lead-contaminated soils The effect of NaCl concentration in the soil induced by irrigation, influenced the morphology and physiology of the studied clones. The results showed that under conditions of salt and water stress all the physiological parameters were affected and plants growth, aboveground dry biomass yield were reduced. Giant reed was able to grow with irrigation water up to 12 dS m-1. However, if this parameter would be considered to classify a soil as marginal, it is clear that marginal land would be obtained marginal yields. Although the Arundo plants are not hyperaccumulators, high phytoextraction yields can be achieved in contaminated soils, due to a conjugation of phytotolerance and high yields. This allows us to consider that Arundo can be more efficient than certain hyperaccumulator plants but with very low yields. On the other hand, the viable growth of Arundo in contaminated soil and subsequent soil revegetation, ensures the long term stability of the surface, reducing the leachates, the amount of potentially toxic elements released into watercourses and groundwater and the development of a vegetative landscape or ecosystem in harmony with the surrounding environment

    Sintesi di isossazolidinil-ipa ad arrività antineoplastica

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    Nel lavoro oggetto della tesi di dottorato viene riportata la sintesi e l attività antineoplastica di una serie di idrocarburi policiclici aromatici (IPA) a core isossazolidinico, isossazolinico ed isossazolico. I composti sono stati preparati per cicloaddizione 1,3-dipolare di nitroni e nitril ossidi con dipolarofili variamente sostituiti. L attività antitumorale è stata valutata su tre linee cellulari (HeLa, HN6, HN13) mediante saggio MTS. I risultati ottenuti mostrano che i derivati isossazolidinici presentano le migliori proprietà; in particolare, il (3R,5S)-3-(1,10-fenantrolin-2-il)-2-(2-metossibenzil)-isossazolidin-5-il)metanolo esibisce una IC50 pari a 4,5 µM sulla linea cellulare HN13 ed è capace di inibire la topoisomerasi I

    Analisi ed implementazione di metodi geomatici per l'elaborazione di dati geopetrologici interoperibilità, geostatistica e classificazione di immagini multispettrali a raggi X

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    La presente tesi di dottorato ha avuto come oggetto principale dell attività di ricerca lo studio della geomatica l.s. quale strumento fondamentale utile all archiviazione, trattazione, elaborazione e sviluppo di tecniche di interpolazione ed analisi quantitativa di dati provenienti da diverse fonti di acquisizione in campo geoscientifico. La geomatica, è stata qui intesa quale strumento di sintesi tra, l insieme delle conoscenze derivanti dalle discipline del rilevamento geologico, con quelle discipline geoscientifiche relative all acquisizione e al trattamento di dati alla scala micrometrica (ad es. Petrografia, Geochimica, Petrologia etc ) al fine di sviluppare una serie di protocolli e strumenti atti a collegare in maniera interoperabile (i.e. in grado di far dialogare in modo automatico i sistemi informatici) e completa dati articolati e complessi, comunque riconducibili ad una primitiva geografica, identificata dal punto di campionamento. Su tale base l attività di ricerca, basata su tre fasi distinte, ha consentito di: I. sviluppare un geo-database prototipale contenente tutte le informazioni relative alle analisi dei campioni di roccia alle diverse scale di osservazione, provenienti da diverse fonti strumentali; II. applicare ad un area pilota (il batolite di Squillace-Petrizzi Calabria centro orientale) alcune tecniche di interpolazione in grado di minimizzare i limiti intrinseci di una campionatura in campo geologico (ad es. distribuzione randomica e discontinua dei punti di campionamento), affiancando a queste tecniche lo sviluppo di un nuovo algoritmo atto a realizzare in maniera automatica mappe geo-litologiche su base TAS (Total Alkali Silica); III. sviluppare un insieme di strumenti in parte originali, atti ad analizzare, attraverso tecniche di analisi statistica multivariata, immagini a raggi X di campioni di rocce metamorfiche provenienti dall area di Mammola (zona meridionale del Massiccio delle Serre Calabria) con lo scopo di integrare i dati minero-chimici puntuali con mappe micro-tessiturali di tipo quantitativo ottenute su metapeliti a granato. I risultati ottenuti alla fine del triennio di attività hanno consentito di verificare come la geomatica, intesa nella sua trasversalità più ampia, sia ancora alle fasi iniziali del suo sviluppo, specialmente in alcuni campi geoscientifici. In tale contesto, scopo principale della presente tesi è stato quello di fornire al lettore uno strumento completo e versatile sullo stato dell arte ad oggi dell utilizzo delle tecniche geomatiche in campo geoscientifico, con particolare riferimento all ambito geo-petrologico. A tale obiettivo è stato altresì affiancato quello di testare ed in parte integrare, con nuovi ed opportuni algoritmi, nuove tecniche geomatiche in grado di: gestire, interpolare e trattare dati geo-petrologici a scala variabile da quella dell affioramento a quella della sezione sottile

    Metal organic chemical vapor deposition of multifuctional perovskitic oxides: from giant K to colossal magnetoresistance materials, from ionic conductors to multiferroics.

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    In the last years, mixed oxides with perovskite structure ABO3 (A=alkaline metal or alkaline earth or rare-earth metal, B= transition metal) have attracted increasing interest due to their several magnetic and electrical properties, which make them particularly interesting candidates in a variety of technological applications. Many of the physical properties of perovskites depend crucially on crystal structure and on the possibility to vary their composition by the partial substitution of cations occupying the A and/or B sites. In fact such substitutions are responsible for the distortion of perovskite octahedra and /or oxygen vacancy creation, which affect the functional property. In this context, the following work focuses on some different perovskite materials such as calcium copper titanate (CaCu3Ti4O12)(1-3), bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3)(4,5), lanthanum cobaltite (LaCoO3),(6) barium ceriate (BaCeO3) and Ca-doped praseodymium manganites (Pr1-xCaxMnO3) (6), which possess challenging physical properties of scientific and technological interest. Suitable Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) approaches have been optimized to fabricate the high quality films of the above mentioned complex oxides. The structural and morphological characterization of films have been carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Additional information regarding the epitaxial growth of thin film have been obtained using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and pole figure analysis. Chemical composition has been assessed through energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), while the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been used to evaluate the element oxidation states and to confirm the sample purity. The experimental results obtained by structural, morphological and compositional characterizations have shown that good quality perovskite thin films have been satisfactorily and reproducibly deposited through the present MOCVD approach. The epitaxial pure CaCu3Ti4O12 thin films have been obtained on different substrates, single crystal SrTiO3 (100) and on La0.9Sr1.1NiO4/LaAlO3 conductor stack. The study has focused on the interplay between kinetic and thermodynamic factors in stabilizing the CaCu3Ti4O12 phase. The functional properties of the Pr1-xCaxMnO3 thin films have been investigated through magnetic measurements. This data evidence the main characteristics of the thins films, i.e. the presence of a FM transition temperature that has been correlated to the transport properties of the film. The approach used to obtain LaCoO3 thin film has the advantage of being a very simple method for the easy production of lanthanum cobaltites and makes it possible to control simultaneously the evaporation rates of the La and Co precursors, thus avoiding any problems related to the crystallite size, resulting in a constant evaporation rate even for very long deposition time. In regards to BiFeO3 thin films, the piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) and piezoresponse force spectroscopy (PFS) investigations suggest that within the present MOCVD approach, obtained films possess good piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties. In particular the obtained data indicate that deposition temperature plays a crucial role since films obtained at high temperature possess better ferroelectric properties

    Brigate Rosse. Rote Armee Fraktion. Una proposta di lettura dell'estetica della politica

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    La scelta della lotta armata attraverso il racconto dei protagonist

    Strategies to prevent adaptive immune response in xenotransplantation: MHC Class II knockdown pigs and the use of costimulation blockade regimens

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    In project 1, orthotopic liver transplantation was carried out in baboons using wild-type (WT,n=1) or genetically-engineered (GE) pigs (alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout, GTKO), n=1; GTKO pigs transgenic for human CD46, n=7). Biopsies of GE livers were obtained pre-transplantation, 2h after reperfusion and at necropsy (4 7 days after transplantation). The histopathology of livers and major native organs and lymph nodes were studied by direct light microscopy, immunohistology, and electron microscopy to determine morphological changes in the liver and native organs. In project 2, 12 baboons received carotid artery patch transplants from GE pigs (either GTKO/CD46/CIITA-DN; Group 1,n=8 or GTKO/CD46; Group 2,n=4). One baboon in Group 1 received no immunosuppressive therapy. Group 1A(n=2) received abatacept-based regimen. Groups 1B(n=3) received belatacept-based regimen and Group 1C(n=2) received a regimen based on costimulation blockade of both the CD28/B7 and CD40/CD154 pathways. Results: In project 1, after GE pig liver transplantation, hyperacute rejection did not occur. Survival was limited to 4 7 days due to repeated spontaneous bleeding as a result of profound thrombocytopenia which necessitated euthanasia. At 2h, graft histology was largely normal. At necropsy, genetically-engineered pig livers showed hemorrhagic necrosis, platelet aggregation, platelet-fibrin thrombi, monocyte/macrophage margination mainly in liver sinusoids, and vascular endothelial cell hypertrophy. Immunohistochemistry showed minimal deposition of IgM, and almost absence of IgG, C3, C4d, C5b-9, and of a cellular infiltrate, suggesting that neither antibody- nor cell-mediated rejection played a major role. In project 2, when GTKO/CD46/CIITA-DN grafts were transplanted (Group 1), but no immunosuppression was administered, an elicited anti-pig antibody response, a proliferative T cell response on MLR, and intense cell infiltration of the graft were documented. When CD28/B7 pathway blockade was administered (Group 1A), no proliferative response was seen in T cells on MLR, and the elicited antibody response was greatly attenuated. It was only when both pathways were blocked that no elicited antibody response was documented (Groups 1C and 2). In these cases, cell infiltration of the graft was minimal or absent. In recipients of CIITA-DN grafts with both CD28/B7 and CD40/CD154 costimulatory pathway blockades (Group 1C), there was no proliferative response on T cells post-transplantation, elicited antibody response was the lowest. Only blockade of both pathways (Group 1C) prevented T cell proliferative and elicited antibody responses and cell infiltration of the graft. In order to determine whether the CIITA-DN mutation was playing a role, this regimen was administered to four baboons receiving grafts from GTKO/CD46 pigs (Group 2). No proliferative or elicited antibody responses were documented and there was no significant cell infiltration of the graft. Conclusions: In project 1, after GTKO and GTKO/CD46 pig liver Tx in baboons, the rapid development of a profound thrombocytopenia was by far the major problem seen. The histopathologic features described can largely be explained on this basis. If platelet activation and aggregation/phagocytosis can be prevented, possibly by further genetic modification of the pigs or by novel therapeutic agents, bridging by a pig liver to allotransplantation may become a feasible clinical option. In project 2, blockade of both the CD40/CD154 and CD28/B7 pathways is required to prevent the baboon adaptive response to a pig artery patch graft. If the graft is taken from a CIITA-DN pig, then the adaptive response is reduced. The presence of a CIITA-DN graft reduced the baboon T cell-dependent anti-nonGal IgG response

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