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Rice field deals in the 9th century: focusing on the deal wordings
Get PDF律令制下の田の売買は，一年限りの賃租（賃貸借）しか許されなかったが，墾田永年私財法から墾田は永売可能にな
り，賃租の継続として起こった永売は「常土」「限永年」といった売買文言で示された，という。これは，田の公有・私
有の視点からの論である。ところで，賃租に出すとは労働力を外部に求めることなので，業務外注としても把握できる。
その視点から，9世紀の墾田売買がわかる近江国大国郷売券群を分析した。売買文言は切ナシ常土・切常土・限永年の3つ
に分類され，売人の署名欄肩書が戸主の場合（戸主売）と墾田主の場合（墾田主売）があった。一期（延暦～弘仁）は戸
主売で切ナシ常土が多いが，二期（承和～貞観3年）は戸主売が消えて墾田主売が主流となり，大部分が切常土である。
三期（貞観5～10年）は切常土と切ナシ常土が混在する。限永年は，少数だが各期にみられる。3つの売買文言は使い分け
られており，その変遷は政策の変化と連動していた。平安初期までに，未墾地を含んでいた大規模営田が制限され，不耕
地を収公する方針に変わる。二期には，不耕なら田主を変更して新田主の一身耕食を認める制度になるが，三期にはその
弊害が説かれて校田が強化された。各期の官符等を検討すると，売買文言の違いは，田主権の要素である名義保持・監
督・耕作のうち，どこまでを外部に出すかの差とみられる。政策変化への在地の対策が，売買文言の変遷として現れたと
考えられる。This paper understands rice field deals in the 律令制 from the perspective of outsourcing rather than that of ownership in previous studies. The historical materials to be analyzed are the bills of developed rice field deals in Ohkuni area in the 9th century. The deal wordings of the bills in Ohkuni area can be divided into three categories:切ナシ常土, 切常土, 限永年. From 796 to 820, 切ナシ常土 with signature title as 戸主 (head of kinship organization) was the majority. However, 840 -861, 切常土 with signature title as 墾田主 (registered holder of rice field) was the majority. 863 -868, 切常土 and 切ナシ常土 were mixed. Besides, a few 限永年were found in each period. Thus, the use of deal wordings had changed. That was brought about by the policy shift towards restriction of large-scale landholding and reversion of uncultivated field to the public. When examining the issues described in policy documents, it can be considered that the deal wordings indicated the differences between outsourcing of name retention, supervision, or cultivation.departmental bulletin pape
A Study on Organizational Behavior of Educational and Research Support Personnel in Japanese Universities ─ Focusing on Support for Doctoral Students in Graduate Schools ─
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Double placements of nursery schools and other facilities for children in children’s homes
Get PDF本研究は、児童養護施設入所児が保育所を利用できない「二重措置(二重利用）」問題とその影響を検討する。坪井ら（2017）による調査で、地方において幼稚園がない、または受け入れに難色を示される場合、やむを得ず園内保育を行う施設が存在することが明らかになった。しかし、園内保育は計画的で質の高い保育を提供できていない可能性があり、早期支援が必要な施設入所児の成長に適切かどうかを検討する必要がある。2023年度に発足した子ども家庭庁の「こども誰でも通園制度」により、保育所利用の柔軟性が増すことが期待されるとともに、今後、行政サービスの二重利用問題が解消され、すべての子どもに必要な支援が提供されることが求められる。This research note examines the issue of " double placements " and its impact on children who are placed in children’s homes, and cannot enroll in nursery schools. A study by Tsuboi et al.( 2017) found that in rural areas, when kindergartens are unavailable or reluctant to accept children who live in children’s homes, some facilities are compelled to provide on-site nurseries (ordaycare centers)． However, it may not be able to provide planned, high-quality care, and it needs to be examined whether it is appropriate for the development of institutionalized children who need early support in early childhood education and nursery school. Children and Families Agency's "Open Pay Care Center for All Children Program", launched in FY2023, is expected to increase flexibility to enroll in nursery schools. Furthermore, it is required that the issue of "double placements" will be resolved and that all children will receive the necessary support.departmental bulletin pape
Enhancement of accounting in small and medium-sized enterprises Aim for companies with strong finance, taxation, and management
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Pragmatic Study of Miss Marple Series ─ Addressing, Terms of Address, and Im/Politeness ─
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Reliability and Factor Validity of the Collaborative Practice Scale for Care Workers and Nurses in Geriatric Health Services Facilities
Get PDF介護老人保健施設の介護職と看護職の協働を測定する尺度の信頼性と因子妥当性を検証することを目的とした。31の介護老人保健施設に勤務する介護職と看護職492名を対象に自記式質問紙調査を実施し，個人属性・特性（年齢，性別，職種，就業形態，職位）と施設特性，協働実践尺度をたずねた。調査協力の同意が得られた392名から調査票が返送された（回収率79.7％）。このうち職種の回答に欠損のあった3名を除外し389名（介護職209名，看護職180名，有効回答率79.1％）を分析対象とした。尺度の修正済み項目合計相関は0.62～0.77の範囲にあり，尺度全体の Cronbachの α係数は0.91であった。サブスケールでは，「協調性」はα＝0.84，「自己主張性」はα＝0.88であった。また，共分散構造分析の結果，修正指数にもとづいて誤差共分散を修正したモデルの CFI は 0.97，RMSEA は0.08であった。これらの結果から，介護老人保健施設の介護職と看護職の協働実践尺度（誤差共分散修正モデル）の信頼性と因子妥当性が認められた。The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and factor validity of a scale measuring the collaboration between care workers and nurses in geriatric health services facility. We conducted a self-administered questionnaire survey among 492 care workers and nurses working at 31 geriatric health services facilities. The survey included questions on basic attributes and characteristics (age, gender, job title, employment status, and position), facility characteristics, and collaboration policy scale. Responses were received from 392 individuals (response rate: 79.7%). The analysis included 389 respondents (209 care workers and 180 nurses, effective response rate: 79.1%), excluding 3 whose answers were lacking in their job categories. The total corrected item correlations for the scale ranged from 0.62 to 0.77, and the Cronbach α coefficient for the scale as a whole was 0.91.The α for each subscale was α = 0.84 for “cooperativeness” and α = 0.88 for “assertiveness”. Covariance structure analysis showed that the CFI of the model with the error covariance corrected based on the corrected index was 0.97 and the RMSEA was 0.08. These results confirmed the reliability and factor validity of the Collaborative Practice Scale (modified rror variance model) between care workers and nurses in Geriatric Health Services Facilities.departmental bulletin pape
The training project for faculty of staff of the National University of Mongolia at the Open University of Japan
Get PDFThe National University of Mongolia( NUM) is the nation’s top university, and in recent years it has been focusing on improving its online distance education. The exchange with NUM and Open Univercity of Japan （OUJ） dates back to 1995, when Professor Emeritus Inamura began joint research with Professor Battulga of NUM. Since 2017, through the JICA Partnership Program and Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, OUJ faculty members and staff have cooperated with NUM in developing studios and producing contents, strengthening the cooperative relationship between NUM and OUJ, In 2019, a comprehensive agreement was concluded between NUM and OUJ. In January 2024, a plan was proposed to accept faculty members and staff from NUM at OUJ using funds from a JICA project to provide training in online education and video contents production. On March 14, Professor Battulga, Chair of the Department of International Relations and Public Administration, and Associate Professor Otgontsetseg, Head of Center for faculty development and learning support, visited the university, and the acceptance of the training was officially decided.
From July 24 to August 7, 2024, OUJ hosted three faculty members and three staff members from NUM for this training. During the training, three staff members learned about OUJ’s online education and created a video content. On the final day, a presentation of the training was held showing the videos they had created.departmental bulletin pape
The daily life desired by citizens depicted in 17th century Dutch genre paintings ─ From paintings by Pieter de Hooch and Jan Steen ─
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