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Efficacy and Safety of Angiopoietin-like 3 Inhibitors in Decreasing Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
Get PDFHypercholesterolemia is estimated to effect 31.7% of the United States population according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The mainstay of treatment for this condition is currently statin therapy. While these medications are often effective in decreasing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) to patient’s goal range, there are populations in which they are not sufficient. These populations include those who have genetic predispositions, such as familial hypercholesterolemia, or those who experience refractory hypercholesterolemia to statin medications. To combat this issue, a class of medications named Angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) inhibitors have been created to use as an adjunct to statin therapy for hypercholesterolemia treatment. The purpose of this literature review is to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of ANGPTL3 inhibitors as an adjunct to statin therapy in lowering LDL-C levels in those with severe hypercholesterolemia. A literature review was performed using electronic databases including PubMed, ClinicalKey, and Embase. Keywords were ANGPTL3, statin, and familial hypercholesterolemia were used, which yielded 1,935 results. These were then filtered further by clinical trials within the last 10 years, which yielded 116 results. Exclusion criteria included those that included vupanorsen (discontinued), bempedoic acid, Inclisiran, and PCSK9 inhibitor adjuncts. Eight articles were included in this literature review as well as one case study. Current literature suggests that ANGPTL3 inhibitors are effective and well tolerated in reducing LDL-C levels as an adjunct to statin therapy. This is applicable to clinical practice in treating patients with severe hypercholesterolemia in which statin therapy is not effective alone in lowering LDL-C levels to the patient’s desired goal range
Effectiveness of Epinephrine in Cardiac Arrest on Survivability with a Favorable Neurologic Outcome
Get PDFCardiac arrest represents a critical medical emergency characterized by the cessation of effective cardiac function resulting in loss of blood flow to vital organs. The management of cardiac arrest often involves pharmacological interventions, primarily the administration of epinephrine. Historically, epinephrine has been the first-line agent in resuscitation protocols due to its sympathomimetic properties that can enhance cardiac contractility and blood circulation. However, the efficacy of epinephrine in yielding favorable long-term survival outcomes with maintained neurological function remains in question. This literature review examines the effectiveness of epinephrine in adult cardiac arrest, comparing outcomes to scenarios of no drug use and alternative pharmacotherapy, specifically vasopressin and combination therapies. Searching the electronic databases Pubmed and Embase resulted in a total of 10 articles for review. The studies revealed that while epinephrine administration significantly improves the likelihood of achieving return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), it does not correlate with an increased chance of survival with neurological recovery after arrest. Conversely, studies evaluating vasopressin demonstrated similar results in outcomes related to ROSC but inconclusive benefits in long-term survival. The combination of medications, including vasopressin with epinephrine and nitroglycerin, also failed to provide superior outcomes. The use of vasopressin-steroid-epinephrine (VSE) combination therapy appeared promising in improving outcomes but was not statistically significant. In conclusion, although epinephrine remains pivotal in acute resuscitation efforts, there is a critical need for ongoing research to explore alternative therapies and refine existing protocols to optimize patient survival and neurological outcomes in cases of cardiac arrest
The Influence Of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) Feedback On Star Formation In Spiral Galaxies
Get PDFWe investigate the influence of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) feedback on star formation in spiral galaxies by analyzing a sample of 324 red and 273 blue spiral galaxies from 115 low-redshift galaxy clusters. The multi-wavelength dataset combines optical emission line data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), X-ray luminosity from the Chandra X-ray & XMM-Newton observatories, and ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) measurements from GALEX and WISE. Using diagnostic emission line ratios, we constructed Baldwin, Phillips, and Terlevich (BPT) diagrams to classify galaxies based on nuclear activity. Our analysis reveals that most of the red spirals have AGNs and LINER signatures in optical data, based on BPT and other diagrams. This proves thepresence of AGNs and (negative) feedback from AGNs quenching star formation. Conversely, X-ray analysis show that many blue spirals have high X-ray luminosities and are also located in the AGN regions of the BPT and other diagrams, suggesting that AGN-driven positive feedback may be enhancing star formation. Specific star formation rates and Dn(4000) also support this dual role, with blue spirals showing younger stellar populations and higher star formation efficiency. This thesis results support that AGN feedback plays a key role in the evolutionary pathway of spiral galaxies, particularly in quenching star formation and driving the transition from blue to red spiral populations
A Computational And Experimental Framework For Investigating Mitochondrial Dysfunction In Neuroinflammation And Neurodegeneration
No full textNeurodegenerative diseases, including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), are characterized by progressive neuronal loss and functional decline, driven by chronic neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. ALS primarily affects motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis, while AD results in cognitive decline due to widespread neuronal degeneration. Microglia, the brain’s resident immune cells, maintain neuronal health but can become excessively reactive under mitochondrial dysfunction, exacerbating neuroinflammatory responses. Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A (TFAM), essential for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) stability and function, is critical for mitochondrial maintenance. Its dysfunction in microglia leads to impaired mitochondrial function, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, oxidative stress, and inflammatory signaling, all of which contribute to disease progression. However, the molecular mechanisms linking TFAM dysfunction to neuroinflammation remain poorly understood. This dissertation investigates these mechanisms using genetically engineered mouse models with microglial-specific TFAM deletion (Cre-loxP system) to mimic mitochondrial dysfunction. Single-cell RNA sequencing, proteomics analysis, and ontology-driven gene interaction networks were leveraged to identify transcription factors, pathways, and gene interactions involved in oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Experimental validation using immunohistochemistry and quantitative PCR (qPCR) further assessed mitochondrial integrity and microglial activation. This study aims to uncover novel molecular interactions linking TFAM loss to mitochondrial damage and neuroinflammatory signaling, providing insights into potential therapeutic targets. By integrating computational and experimental approaches, this research advances the understanding of mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation, offering new strategies to mitigate oxidative stress and reduceinflammation
Exploring Geothermal Energy Development In The Deep Reservoirs Of The Williston Basin: An Integrated Analysis Using Empirical, Probabilistic, Numerical Simulation And Machine Learning Techniques
No full textGeothermal energy, a renewable, clean, and abundant energy source, is gaining global attention as a key contributor to the transition towards a low-carbon economy. However, uncertainties in reservoir characterization and development risks hinder its widespread adoption, particularly in the Williston Basin. This study focuses on the Williston Basin, particularly the Red River and Deadwood formations, to explore the potential of deep geothermal reservoirs in North Dakota. The study integrates a multi-disciplinary technique in empirical, probabilistic, numerical simulation, and machine learning to reduce uncertainties and risks associated with geothermal energy exploration and development. Probabilistic methods (Parametric and Monte Carlo), incorporating geo-statistics, are employed to quantify geothermal resources and conduct uncertainty analysis. The probabilistic approach is further utilized to compare hydrothermal systems and CO2 Plume geothermal system within the deep reservoirs varying reservoir conditions. Permeability modelling, a critical factor in geothermal reservoir characterization, is evaluated utilizing multiple empirical correlations. Additionally, machine learning techniques, including supervised and unsupervised learning, are applied to abundant log data and limited core data to predict reservoir permeability, demonstrating their efficacy over traditional empirical methods. Thermal simulation of the 3D model is performed using KAPPA, a three-phase multi-component thermal and steam simulator, to assess the thermally recoverable energy in deep aquifers. Key results demonstrate significant geothermal potential in North Dakota’s deep reservoirs, with probabilistic analysis identifying critical factors influencing geothermal performance. Machine learning outperforms traditional methods in permeability prediction, reducing uncertainty. Numerical simulations confirm substantial thermally recoverable energy, highlighting the impact of geological heterogeneity on resource viability. This study highlights the untapped geothermal potential of North Dakota and the importance of an integrated approach for accurate geothermal resource assessment
High-Fidelity Surface And Environment Simulation Using Immersive Virtual Reality For Lunar Analog Training
Get PDFThe study explores the integration of high-fidelity Virtual Reality (VR) into astronaut training for lunar analog missions. A realistic VR simulation was developed to represent lunar terrain, allowing participants to perform critical tasks under simulated lunar conditions. Specifically, participants navigated from a compromised lunar habitat (ILMAH) facing a pressure breach, to a secure facility, testing their ability to respond effectively to emergency scenarios. Participants underwent three sequential trials to assess how VR and physical constraints influence gait and performance: (1) a baseline trial measuring natural gait without equipment; (2) a trial incorporating a real spacesuit and lunar gravity simulated through an offloading system; and (3) a trial combining the spacesuit, offloading system, and immersive VR. Participant feedback on realism, mobility, task efficiency, and psychological readiness was gathered via post-trial questionnaires, while gait and movement data were recorded using motion capture technology. This research addresses significant gaps in lunar analog training, evaluating the effectiveness of VR under lunar-simulated gravity in enhancing physical performance, spatial orientation, and psychological preparedness. Findings from this study aim to contribute to the development of cost-effective and high-fidelity VR training methods, supporting the advancement of future lunar exploration missions
Efficacy of Menstrual Cycle Awareness in the Identification of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Get PDFPremenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) impacts 3-8% of women of reproductive age globally. • PMDD is characterized by psychological and physical symptoms that occur in the week before menses. • This literature review aims to investigate the efficacy of menstrual awareness in the identification of women who meet criteria for PMDD versus the commonly used PHQ-9 depression screening tool. • Studies were all peer-reviewed and included randomized control trials and cross-sectional studies. • Findings of this review suggest that while the PHQ-9 may be a sufficient screening tool for identifying severe symptoms of PMDD, it would need to be administered in both the luteal and follicular phase to accurately identify cyclical patterns of mood changes. • Menstrual cycle awareness, through use of the PSST and other retrospective tools, is more effective at identifying symptoms of PMDD as it specifically assess for luteal phase symptoms. • A daily record of symptoms kept for at least two menstrual cycles is necessary for the final diagnosis of PMDD, and this can be supplemented by apps such as Flo.https://commons.und.edu/pas-grad-posters/1329/thumbnail.jp
Monoclonal Antibody Therapy Versus Oral Immunotherapy in Food Allergies
Get PDFFood allergies are classified as an immune hyperreaction that leads to various symptoms that can range from mild to severe and even result in death. Often, management of food allergies includes avoidance of triggering substances or rescue treatment after exposure has occurred. This literature review aims to examine preventative management options for food allergies, including oral immunotherapy, and recent medications, including monoclonal antibodies. The databases searched for this literature review include PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar. Additional references were also selected from reference lists in those studies as they pertained. This review explores the success in reaching desensitization following treatment with oral immunotherapy (OIT) or monoclonal antibodies (MAB) or combinations of the two treatments and the potential benefits and risks of each treatment option in preventing food allergic reactions. The literature has shown that depending on patient’s allergies and immunoglobin E (IgE) levels, they may benefit more from one treatment over the other. Studies have shown that individuals with multiple food allergies have higher success at reaching allergen desensitization with MAB, as the medication can simultaneously desensitize someone to multiple allergens. When looking at baseline IgE levels, higher levels have been shown to benefit more and have a higher success rate of desensitization from a combination of OIT and MAB, as they are more at risk of developing reactions. In comparison, individuals with a lower baseline IgE level had a higher success rate of desensitization with OIT alone. Current guidelines in the United States still focus on food allergen avoidance, but newer therapies have shown promising outcomes in developing food desensitization and preventing allergic reactions.https://commons.und.edu/pas-grad-posters/1327/thumbnail.jp
Beaded Belt Bag
No full textA beaded belt bag with blue, red, yellow, orange, and white beads with leather tassels and metal cones.
Featured in the exhibition, Plain of Stars: An exhibition to uplift, acknowledge, and celebrate Indigenous students.https://commons.und.edu/native-art/1116/thumbnail.jp
The Beginning of a 5 Day Patrol
No full texta selection of the regiment is sent off to complete a five-day patrol of their territory. This patrol is not to be confused with The Goettge Patrol of the same goal, but unfortunate outcome. Title taken from photographer\u27s original album.https://commons.und.edu/infantry-photos/1100/thumbnail.jp