Jurnal Proteksi Tanaman (Journal of Plant Protection)
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Endophytic Bacteria Consortia as Biocontrol Against Brown Spot Disease (Helminthosporium oryzae) and Growth Promotion in Rice
Full text linkThe brown spot disease (BSD) caused by Helminthosporium oryzae in rice can lead to yield losses of up to 45 %. Using endophytic bacterial consortia as a biological agent is one of the most potential control methods for resisting the disease. This study aimed to obtain an endophytic bacterial consortium with the best efficacy in controlling BSD and its ability to enhance rice plant growth. Statistical analysis in this study was made using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) in a randomized experimental design comprising five treatments with five replications. The treatments included: A (Serratia marcescens ULG1E4 + S. marcescens JB1E3), B (S. marcescens ULG1E4 + S. marcescens JB1E3 + Serratia marcescens JB1E2), C (Bacillus sp. SJI + Serratia marcescens ULG1E4), D (positive control), and E (negative control). Testing was conducted in planta, with the introduction of the bacterial consortium (10⁸ cells/mL) via seed and root soaking methods. Subsequently, the leaves of 30-day-old rice plants were inoculated with H. oryzae by spraying a conidial suspension of 10⁶ conidia/ml. Parameters observed included disease progression (incubation period, incidence, and severity), seedling growth metrics (height, leaf number, root length, fresh and dry biomass), and overall plant development (plant height, leaf number, and tiller count). The results demonstrated that the consortium of Serratia marcescens ULG1E4, Serratia marcescens JB1E3, and Serratia marcescens JB1E2 effectively controlled BSD, achieving a 53.69% reduction in disease severity and promoted rice plant growth, evidenced by a 30.63% increase in leaf numbe
Jenis dan Tingkat Parasitasi Parasitoid Telur Spodoptera frugiperda pada Fase Vegetatif Tanaman Jagung
No full textThe fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an invasive pest that threatens maize production in Indonesia, particularly during the vegetative stage. This study aimed to identify egg parasitoid species and assess their parasitism levels on S. frugiperda during this critical growth phase in Gorontalo, Indonesia. Field sampling was conducted from February to April 2021 using random sampling of egg masses at three maize fields in Suwawa District. The collected eggs were incubated in the laboratory to observe emergence and identify parasitoids. This study revealed the significant contribution of egg parasitoids—particularly Telenomus sp.—in suppressing S. frugiperda populations during the vegetative stage of maize in Gorontalo, Indonesia. Parasitism rates were remarkably high across all observation periods, ranging from 83.82% to 92.54%, and the emergence of Telenomus sp. consistently exceeded that of Trichogramma sp. These findings demonstrate that native egg parasitoids are already actively controlling S. frugiperda in the field and should be preserved through ecologically sensitive pest management. Avoiding insecticide use during early maize growth stages is essential to maintaining the activity of beneficial parasitoids.The Fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda Smith is an invasive insect pest that attacks corn plants in Indonesia. This pest can damage corn plants in the vegetative phase causing crop failure. This research aimed to determine the types of egg parasitoids of the fall armyworm and the parasite level of these egg parasitoids during the maize vegetative stage. This research was carried out from February to April 2021 in Suwawa District, Bone Bolango Regency, Gorontalo Province. In this study, a quantitative descriptive approach was used as the research method. Egg sampling of S. frugiperda was used random sampling. There are two species of S. frugiperda egg parasitoids found in this study, namely Telenomus sp. and Trichogramma sp. The parasitism level resulting from the combination of the two egg parasitoid species of S. frugiperda is remarkably high, ranging from 82.83% to 92.54%. The number of Telenomus sp. parasitoids that hatched ranged from 36.1 to 62.2 individuals, making this species more dominant than Trichogramma sp., which ranged from 4.3 to 6.5 individual
Biological Control of Aphis gossypii on Red Chili Pepper using Locally Isolated Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae
Full text linkRed chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) is a high-value horticultural crop in Indonesia, but its production is severely constrained by Aphis gossypii, which can cause yield losses of up to 65%. This study aimed to evaluate the biological characteristics, virulence, and lethal-sublethal effects of local isolates of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae against A. gossypii. Fungal viability and growth were assessed through spore germination and radial growth assays, while pathogenicity was evaluated using four conidial concentrations (10⁴–10¹⁰ conidia mL⁻¹). Aphid mortality, lethal concentration (LC), lethal time (LT), and reproductive performance were recorded, and the data were analyzed using factorial and probit analyses. The results showed that both fungi exhibited high spore viability (>96%) and stable mycelial growth rates (3.71–3.74 mm day⁻¹). Aphid mortality increased significantly with increasing conidial concentration, reaching 100% at 10¹⁰ conidia mL⁻¹, whereas mortality at 10⁴ conidia mL⁻¹ ranged from 26.67% to 40.00%. Probit analysis revealed comparable virulence, with LC₉₅ values of 8.09 for M. anisopliae and 8.29 for B. bassiana. Lethal time analysis showed a concentration-dependent killing pattern, with B. bassiana acting more rapidly at lower concentrations (10⁴–10⁶ conidia mL⁻¹) and M. anisopliae exhibiting shorter LT₅₀ values at higher concentrations (10⁸–10¹⁰ conidia mL⁻¹). In addition to lethal effects, both fungi significantly suppressed aphid reproduction, particularly at higher conidial concentrations. These findings demonstrate that B. bassiana and M. anisopliae possess strong and complementary bioefficacy against A. gossypii, supporting their potential application in integrated pest management programs.I only submit by englis
Ketahanan Varietas Padi Lokal Asal Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan Terhadap Serangan Wereng Batang Coklat Nilaparvata lugens Stal. (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)
No full textThe use of resistant rice varieties remains a key component in managing the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). However, information on the resistance of indigenous rice varieties from South Pesisir Regency, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia, is still limited. This study aimed to evaluate the resistance levels of several local rice varieties from South Pesisir Regency to BPH. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions using a completely randomized design with seven treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of five local rice varieties (Sarai Sarumpun, Kutu, Bakwan, Banang Salai, and Bujang Marantau), with TN1 and IR74 used as susceptible and resistant controls, respectively. Seven-day-old rice seedlings were infested with second–third instar BPH nymphs. Variables observed included BPH attack symptoms, mortality, attack percentage, and attack intensity. The results showed significant variation in resistance among the tested varieties. Banang Salai exhibited the highest resistance, with 83.13% BPH mortality, 68.75% attack percentage, and 50.34% attack intensity, indicating a resistant response. In contrast, Sarai Sarumpun showed the lowest resistance, with only 25.94% BPH mortality and the highest attack intensity (90.52%), and was classified as highly susceptible. These findings demonstrate that Banang Salai is a promising local genetic resource for BPH resistance, highlighting the potential of indigenous rice varieties to support sustainable pest management.Wereng batang coklat (WBC) (Nilaparvata lugens Stal) merupakan hama utama yang menyebabkan kerusakan tanaman padi. Varietas padi sangat memengaruhi tingkat serangan WBC. Uji coba perlu dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah varietas padi dari Kab. Pesisir Selatan tahan terhadap WBC. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ketahanan beberapa varietas padi lokal asal Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan terhadap serangan WBC. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan menggunakan 7 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri dari varietas padi lokal Kab. Pesisir Selatan yaitu Sarai Sarumpun, Kutu, Bakwan, Banang Salai dan Bujang Marantau, sebagai pembanding varietas TN1 (rentan) dan IR 74 (tahan). Uji ketahanan varietas padi menggunakan bibit padi berumur 7 Hari Setelah Semai (HSS). Setiap ulangan perlakuan diinfestasikan nimfa WBC instar 2-3. Parameter yang diamati adalah gejala serangan WBC, mortalitas WBC, persentase serangan, dan intensitas serangan. Pengamatan dapat dilihat bahwa padi yang tergolong agak tahan adalah varietas Banang Salai, dengan mortalitas WBC sebesar 83,13%, persentase serangan sebesar 68,75%, dan intensitas serangan sebesar 50,34%. Padi yang tergolong agak rentan adalah varietas Bujang Marantau dengan mortalitas WBC sebesar 49,32%, persentase serangan sebesar 96,26%, dan intensitas serangan sebesar 66,52% serta padi yang tergolong rentan adalah varietas Bakwan dan Kutu, dengan mortalitas WBC sebesar 48,88% dan 46,50%, persentase serangan sebesar 97,5%, dan intensitas serangan sebesar 76,40% dan 76,50 serta padi yang tergolong sangat rentan adalah varietas Sarai Sarumpun dengan mortalitas WBC sebesar 25,94%, persentase serangan sebesar 100%, dan intensitas serangan sebesar 90,52%
Struktur Komunitas dan Sebaran Populasi Kutu Putih (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) pada Tanaman Ubi Kayu di Bali: Implikasi Pengelolaan Hama Berkelanjutan
No full textMealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are important pests that threaten cassava in Bali; however, detailed information on their community structure and spatial distribution remains limited. This study aimed to analyze the community structure and spatial distribution patterns of mealybugs infesting cassava across Bali Province, Indonesia. Field sampling was conducted in nine regencies—Jembrana, Tabanan, Buleleng, Badung, Denpasar, Gianyar, Bangli, Klungkung, and Karangasem—using a diagonal sampling method. In each regency, five sampling units were established, with five cassava plants observed per unit. On each plant, three upper, middle, and lower leaves were examined. The results of the study showed four mealybug species: Phenacoccus manihoti, Paracoccus marginatus, Ferrisia virgata, and Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi, with species richness index values ranging from 0.368 to 0.388. All species were recorded in all surveyed regencies and exhibited a predominantly random spatial distribution pattern, as indicated by a variance-to-mean ratio (S²/X ≈ 1). Overall dominance was highest for P. marginatus (46.23%), particularly in Karangasem, followed by P. manihoti (45.72%) in Denpasar. The mealybug community structure was characterized by a diversity index (H′) ranging from 0.73 to 1.22, an evenness index (E) ranging from 0.16 to 0.24, and a dominance index (C) ranging from 0.32 to 0.54, indicating spatially variable communities that ranged from relatively stable to less stable conditions. These findings provide the baseline data on the community structure and spatial distribution of mealybugs on cassava in Bali, offering important insights for developing targeted monitoring and sustainable pest management strategiesKutu putih merupakan salah satu hama potensial yang menjadi ancaman pada budidaya tanaman ubi kayu di Bali. Informasi rinci mengenai struktur komunitas dan persebaran populasi kutu putih yang menyerang tanaman ubi kayu di Bali belum pernah dilaporkan. Penelitian mengenai struktur komunitas dan persebaran populasi kutu putih (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) yang menyerang tanaman ubi kayu di Bali sangat perlu dilakukan untuk melengkapi data ini. Sampel diambil dari 9 kabupaten yang ada di Bali seperti Kabupaten Jembrana, Tabanan, Buleleng, Badung, Denpasar, Gianyar, Bangli, Klungkung dan Karangasem. Setiap kabupaten diambil 5 unit sampel dengan diagonal sampling dan diamati 5 tanaman pada setiap unit sampel. Pada setiap tanaman diamati 3 daun bagian pucuk, 3 daun bagian tengan dan 3 daun bagian bawah. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat 4 spesies kutu putih pada tanaman ubi kayu di Bali yang terdiri dari P. manihoti, P. marginatus, F. virgata dan P. jackbirdsleyi dengan nilai indeks kekayaan berkisar antara 0.368-0.388. Keempat spesies kutu putih tersebut menyebar disemua kabupaten yang ada di Bali dengan pola persebaran populasi acak (S2/X=1). Secara umum komposisi dominansi kutu putih di Provinsi Bali yaitu P. marginatus sebesar 46.23%, P. manihoti sebesar 45.72%, P. jackbirdsleyi sebesar 4.37% dan F. virgata sebesar 3.7%. Struktur komunitas kutu putih di Bali terdiri dari nilai indeks keragaman (H’) berkisar 0.73-1.22, indeks kemerataan (E) berkisar antara 0.16-0.24 dan indeks dominasi (C) berkisar antara 0.32-0.54 yang memiliki dua arti yakni komunitas kutu putih tersebut ada dalam keadaan stabil dan kurang stabil
Physiological Interference of Nanoemulsion-Formulated Botanical Insecticide Para-Menthane-3,8-Diol on Spodoptera frugiperda
Full text linkPara-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD), derived from citronellal of citronella plants, has potential as an eco-friendly botanical insecticide for controlling Spodoptera frugiperda. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological interference caused by a PMD nanoemulsion formulation on S. frugiperda. Bioassays were conducted using the leaf-dip method. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test with Statistix 8 and Duncan’s multiple range test at a 5% significance level using SPSS version 25. Probit analysis with POLO PLUS was performed to determine LC₂₅ and LC₅₀ values. The results showed that PMD nanoemulsion induced significant physiological interference in S. frugiperda, as indicated by increased mortality with LC₂₅ and LC₅₀ values of 0.15% and 0.48%, respectively. At a concentration of 0.75%, the treatment disrupted development by reducing pupation and adult emergence to 30% and altering the sex ratio to 1 male: 0.22 female. Sublethal interference was evident through strong antifeedant activity (62.88%) and pronounced changes in physiological parameters, including consumption rate (0.0328 mg/day), growth rate (0.0023 mg/day), and efficiency of ingested food (6.0029 mg/day). Overall, the PMD nanoemulsion formulation interfered with survival, feeding behavior, growth, and developmental physiology of S. frugiperda, highlighting its potential as an eco-friendly botanical insecticide.Para-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD), derived from citronellal of citronella plants, has potential as an eco-friendly botanical insecticide for controlling Spodoptera frugiperda. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological interference caused by a PMD nanoemulsion formulation on S. frugiperda. Bioassays were conducted using the leaf-dip method. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test with Statistix 8 and Duncan’s multiple range test at a 5% significance level using SPSS version 25. Probit analysis with POLO PLUS was performed to determine LC₂₅ and LC₅₀ values. The results showed that PMD nanoemulsion induced significant physiological interference in S. frugiperda, as indicated by increased mortality with LC₂₅ and LC₅₀ values of 0.15% and 0.48%, respectively. At a concentration of 0.75%, the treatment disrupted development by reducing pupation and adult emergence to 30% and altering the sex ratio to 1 male: 0.22 female. Sublethal interference was evident through strong antifeedant activity (62.88%) and pronounced changes in physiological parameters, including consumption rate (0.0328 mg/day), growth rate (0.0023 mg/day), and efficiency of ingested food (6.0029 mg/day). Overall, the PMD nanoemulsion formulation interfered with survival, feeding behavior, growth, and developmental physiology of S. frugiperda, highlighting its potential as an eco-friendly botanical insecticide
Toxicity and Developmental Disruption of Piper aduncum Nanoemulsion against Paracoccus marginatus under Laboratory Conditions
Full text linkParacoccus marginatus is one of the important pests that can reduce papaya production. Piper aduncum nanoemulsion has potential as a botanical pesticide to control papaya mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus). This present research was aimed to determine the most effective concentration in suppressing the development of P. marginatus. This study consisted of 6 treatments and 5 replications: 0.33%, 0.43%, 0.57%, 0.75%, 0.99%, and control. The observed parameters were: nymph mortality, adult mortality, daily mortality, adult emergence, LC50, and LC95. The data obtained were analyzed using variance (ANOVA) and 5% Tukey. The LC50, and LC95 value was analyzed using Polo Plus. Piper aduncum nanoemulsion exhibits strong insecticidal activity against nymphs and adults of Paracoccus marginatus under laboratory conditions. Among the concentrations tested, 0.99% was the most effective, causing 81.11% nymph mortality at 72 hours post-application; adult emergence was limited to only 13.33%. The LC₅₀ and LC₉₅ values at 72 hours were 0.506% and 1.222%, reflecting the potency of the nanoemulsion at relatively low doses. Further research under field conditions is recommended to evaluate its efficacy, formulation stability, and safety on non-target organisms
Potential of Novel Bacteria from Sidoarjo Hot Mud for Controlling Potato Soft Rot Caused by Erwinia carotovora
Full text linkSoft rot is an important potato disease caused by the bacterial pathogen Erwinia carotovora. Although chemical bactericides are commonly used for control, biological control using antagonistic bacteria offers a promising and environmentally friendly alternative. Bacteria capable of surviving in extreme environments have been reported to show high efficiency and the ability to withstand various environmental conditions. This study aimed to isolate, evaluate the potential and activity, and identify the molecular basis of novel bacteria from Sidoarjo hot mud against E. carotovora, the causal agent of potato soft rot. The methods used included sample collection, bacterial isolation and screening, inhibition assays against E. carotovora, soft rot suppression assays on potato tubers, molecular identification using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and antibiosis mechanism testing. Based on the research, 16 bacterial isolates were obtained, of which four isolates (BLS3, BLS6, BLS7, and BLS10) demonstrated antagonistic activity, as evidenced by the formation of clear inhibition zones on nutrient agar medium. Suppression assays further confirmed their ability to significantly reduce soft rot symptoms in potato tubers. Among these, BLS10 isolate exhibited the highest inhibition and suppression activity, with an inhibition zone of 2.03 cm and a soft rot mass of 0.52 grams. Molecular identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that isolates of BLS3, BLS6, BLS7, and BLS10 were identified respectively as Bacillus velezensis, Bacillus methylotrophicus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Ochrobactrum intermedium. All isolates demonstrated a bacteriostatic antibiosis mechanism, indicated by turbidity in peptone water, suggesting inhibition through secondary metabolite production
The Pengaruh Takaran Pupuk Nitrogen terhadap Serangan Penyakit Layu Fusarium dan Pertumbuhan pada Tanaman Pisang (Musa sp.)
No full textFusarium wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) is a major constraint in banana cultivation, and its development in the field is frequently associated with improper nitrogen fertilization. However, information on how different nitrogen fertilizer rates influence Fusarium wilt severity remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of varying nitrogen doses on Fusarium wilt and growth of banana. The experiment was conducted under laboratory and field conditions at the Horticulture Research Center of BRIN, Solok, Indonesia, using a randomized block design with nine treatments and four replications. The treatments were nitrogen with different rates (control, 100, 250, 400, and 550 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), applied with and without Foc inoculation. The results demonstrated that nitrogen fertilization enhanced vegetative growth of banana plants under pathogen-free conditions. However, in Foc-infected plants, increasing nitrogen rates—particularly at high levels—exacerbated disease development. High nitrogen rates (400–550 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) accelerated symptom appearance, indicated by shorter incubation periods, and increased disease severity. In contrast, a moderate nitrogen rate (250 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) delayed symptom development and reduced disease severity, although it did not prevent infection. These findings suggest that excessive nitrogen fertilization increases Fusarium wilt severity, while moderate nitrogen application may help suppress disease progression. Therefore, nitrogen management in Fusarium wilt–endemic banana production areas should prioritize moderate nitrogen rates and avoid excessive fertilization as part of an integrated and sustainable disease management strategy.Penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat pengaruh takaran pupuk nitrogen terhadap serangan penyakit layu dan pertumbuhan tanaman pisang. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Bersama dan lahan pengujian Pusat Riset Hortikultura BRIN di Solok. Rancangan penelitian adalah acak kelompok terdiri dari 9 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan dan masing-masing perlakuan terdiri atas 5 tanaman. Perlakuan adalah pisang Barangan Merah yang diinokulasi dengan: A=100kg N/ha/th, B= 250kg N/ha/th, C=400kg N/ha/th, D=550 kg/ha/th, E=100 kg N/ha/th + Foc, F=250kg N/ha/th + Foc, G=400kg N/ha/th + Foc, H=550kg N/ha/th + Foc dan I= 0 + Foc (kontrol). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pupuk nitrogen dengan takaran paling tinggi yaitu perlakuan H (550 kg/ha/th) menyebabkan tananaman pisang lebih cepat terserang penyakit layu fusarium dengan masa inkubasi 34 hari. Perlakuan nitrogen sesuai anjuran yaitu perlakuan F (250 kg/ha/th) dan takaran satu tingkat lebih rendah E (100 kg/ha/th) menyebabkan masa inkubasi paling lama yaitu 50,80 hari dan 44,75 hari. Takaran pupuk nitrogen tidak berpengaruh terhadap persentase serangan penyakit layu pada tanaman pisang uji, persentase serangan penyakit layu 100%. Intensitas serangan penyakit paling tinggi terdapat pada perlakuan nitrogen tinggi (550 kg/ha/th) dan tidak berbeda nyata dengan perlakuan lainnya (83,83% - 73,45%), kecuali dengan perlakuan takaran nitrogen anjuran yaitu perlakuan F (250 kg/ha/th) dengan nilai 69,41%.Tanaman pisang yang tidak diinokulasi patogen Foc, pertambahan tinggi paling baik adalah perlakuan nitrogen 250-550 kg/ha/th (42,74 - 44,05 cm), berbeda nyata dengan takaran nitrogen 100 kg/ha/th (34,44 cm). Semua tanaman dengan perlakuan inokulasi Foc prtambahan tinggi tanaman lebih rendah (24,11 – 26,22 cm).
 
Potential of PGPR from Rhizospheric Grass in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, Indonesia, against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
Full text linkBacterial leaf blight (BLB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is one of the most destructive diseases affecting rice, resulting in significant yield losses and reduced grain quality. The overuse of chemical bactericides has raised environmental concerns and contributed to the emergence of resistant pathogen strains, emphasizing the need for sustainable alternatives. Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) offer a promising alternative due to their dual role in enhancing plant growth and suppressing phytopathogens. This study aimed to isolate and characterize PGPR from the rhizosphere of Imperata cylindrica, a grass species thriving in the extreme sand sea environment of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (BTSNP), Indonesia. The sampling site represents a unique volcanic soil ecosystem characterized by sandy texture, high surface temperatures, and nutrient-poor conditions, with no vegetation other than I. cylindrica. These extreme environmental conditions suggest that the associated microbial communities may be highly adapted to abiotic stress and possess valuable traits for plant growth promotion and pathogen suppression. A total of 46 rhizobacterial isolates were obtained, of which five (Isolates 5, 6, 8, 10, and 12) demonstrated nitrogen-fixing ability, phosphate-solubilizing activity, and strong antagonism against Xoo. Morphological, physiological, and biochemical analyses identified Isolates 5, 8, and 12 as Pantoea spp., while Isolates 6 and 10 were classified as Erwinia spp. In vitro inhibition assays revealed that Isolate 6 exhibited the highest antagonistic activity, comparable to streptomycin, and was categorized as "Very Strong." These findings highlight Isolate 6 as a promising candidate for development as a biological control agent for sustainable rice disease management