Università degli studi di Macerata: Riviste digitali
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    Una Costituente sovrana investita di tutti i poteri? Filippo Vassalli interprete della transizione democratica: appunti, osservazioni, consulenze per gli Alleati (1944-1945)

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    The essay reconstructs little-known aspects of Filippo Vassalli’s constitutional thought, drawing upon archival material. As demonstrated by the analyzed documents, Vassalli’s commitment during the democratic transition was more significant than previously established, culminating in the important legal advice provided twice for the Allies on the powers of the Constituent Assembly. These opinions can be placed alongside the notes and observations on the powers of the provisional government’s Cabinet, found among his papers. Overall, the essay reveals a knowledgeable jurist capable of advancing interesting arguments in defence of the powers of the Constituent Assembly. These arguments, according to the essay’s author assessment, played a role, along with other considerations, in leading the government to modify its decisions. This is therefore an essential piece for reconstructing the contribution made by Italian jurists during the troubled events of 1944-1945.Il saggio ricostruisce aspetti poco noti del pensiero di Filippo Vassalli in campo costituzionale, avvalendosi di materiale archivistico. Come dimostrano i documenti analizzati, l’impegno di Vassalli durante la transizione democratica fu più intenso di quanto finora accertato e si concretizzò in due importanti consulenze richieste dagli Alleati sui poteri dell’Assemblea Costituente, che si possono collocare accanto agli appunti ed alle osservazioni sui poteri del Gabinetto del governo provvisorio, ritrovati tra le sue carte. Nel complesso, emerge la figura di un giurista informato e capace di interessanti argomentazioni in difesa dei poteri della Costituente che, secondo la valutazione espressa dall’autore del saggio, ebbero un peso, insieme ad altre considerazioni, nell’orientare il governo a modificare le proprie decisioni. Si tratta, dunque, di un tassello essenziale per la ricostruzione del contributo dato dai giuristi italiani nelle travagliate vicende del 1944-1945

    Incunaboli d’Europa. Parte II: Nicola Catalano, tra Tangeri e Lussemburgo (1950- 1953)

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    Nicola Catalano’s career epitomizes the hinge between the Moroccan Italian administration of the Tangier International Zone and the early European institutions, illustrating how legal expertise shaped, and was shaped by, semi-colonial governance and postwar European integration. Born in 1910, Catalano’s trajectory – from Sapienza graduate to State Attorney and legal advisor to Italian government bodies – coalesced in Tangier, where his role as Legal Advisor to the International Administration emerged amid a push for functional autonomy within a framework dominated by Franco-British competition and American influence. His selection in 1950, amid a national contest involving multiple candidates, reflected Italy’s strategic aim to reassert influence within Tangier’s multinational administration, despite the presence of Spanish and other European jurists. Catalano’s contributions, including his early intervention on the powers of the Mixed Tribunal and the primacy of international treaties over local laws, anticipated a constitutional logic that transcended traditional sovereignty: he argued that while the Tribunal’s authority was limited to interpretive and applicative functions, it could not unilaterally annul national laws and must defer to the “Constitution convention” governing Tangier. He underscored the hierarchical, yet contested, status of legal sources – treaties, Dahirs (constitutional-like laws), codes, and ordinary laws – within a system where international law could override internal statutes, but where no single body possessed absolute constitutional supremacy in the absence of explicit treaty provisions. Upon his relocation to Luxembourg in 1953 to contribute to the European Coal and Steel Community, Catalano’s thinking crystallized into a rhetoric of economic liberalization and political integration as indispensable conditions for a robust European unity. His writings from Tangier – advocating open economic ex-change, the democratization of commerce, and a federative approach balancing national interests with continental cooperation –anticipated a Europe rooted in Africa’s transcontinental transformers: Tangier’s cosmopolitan constitutionalism as a microcosm of Europe’s future order.La carriera di Nicola Catalano incarna il punto di snodo tra l’amministrazione italo-marocchina della Zona Internazionale di Tangeri e le prime istituzioni europee, illustrando come la competenza giuridica abbia plasmato, e sia stata plasmata, dal governo semicoloniale e dall’integrazione europea del dopoguerra. Nato nel 1910, Catalano ha intrapreso un percorso che lo ha portato dalla laurea alla Sapienza alla carica di Procuratore dello Stato e consulente legale di enti governativi italiani, culminato a Tangeri, dove ha ricoperto il ruolo di consulente legale dell’Amministrazione Internazionale in un contesto caratterizzato dalla spinta verso l’autonomia funzionale, dominato dalla competizione franco-britannica e dall’influenza americana. La sua selezione nel 1950, nell’ambito di un concorso nazionale che coinvolgeva più candidati, rifletteva l’obiettivo strategico dell’Italia di riaffermare la propria influenza all’interno dell’amministrazione multinazionale di Tangeri, nonostante la presenza di giuristi spagnoli e di altri paesi europei. I contributi di Catalano, compreso il suo precoce intervento sui poteri del Tribunale misto e sulla supremazia dei trattati internazionali sulle leggi locali, anticiparono una logica costituzionale che trascendeva la sovranità tradizionale: egli sosteneva che, sebbene l’autorità del Tribunale fosse limitata alle funzioni interpretative e applicative, esso non poteva annullare unilateralmente le leggi nazionali e doveva deferire alla “Convenzione costituzionale” che regolava Tangeri. Egli sottolineò la gerarchia delle fonti – trattati, Dahir (leggi di natura costituzionale), codici e leggi ordinarie – all’interno di un sistema in cui il diritto internazionale poteva prevalere sulle leggi interne, ma in cui nessun singolo organo possedeva la supremazia costituzionale assoluta in assenza di disposizioni esplicite nei trattati. Dopo il suo trasferimento in Lussemburgo nel 1953 per contribuire alla Comunità europea del carbone e dell’acciaio, il pensiero di Catalano si è cristallizzato in una retorica di liberalizzazione economica e integrazione politica come condizioni indispensabili per una solida unità europea. I suoi scritti da Tangeri – che sostenevano lo scambio economico aperto, la democratizzazione del commercio e un approccio federativo che bilanciasse gli interessi nazionali con la cooperazione continentale – anticipavano un’Europa radicata nei trasformatori transcontinentali dell’Africa: il costituzionalismo cosmopolita di Tangeri come microcosmo del futuro ordine europeo

    «Dare concretezza alla Costituzione». 1971: il diritto all’assistenza attraverso un’indagine conoscitiva del Parlamento italiano

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    This article examines the parliamentary hearings initiated in 1971 by the Second Committee on Internal Affairs of the Italian Chamber of Deputies, which focused on the state of public and private assistance in Italy. Set within the broader framework of the 1970s welfare reforms, the initiative represents a significant step in giving concrete effect to the right to assistance enshrined in Article 38 of the Constitution. Drawing on parliamentary hearing records and collected data, the study highlights the structural shortcomings of the Italian assistance system, such as legal fragmentation, centralised decision-making and charitable logics, while also shedding light on the shift towards a more inclusive, community-based and rights-oriented model. Although the inquiry was never completed, it represents a crucial stage in the evolution of assistance in Italy, contributing to the definition of a reform path grounded in human dignity, substantive equality, and democratic participation.L’articolo prende in esame l’indagine conoscitiva promossa nel 1971 dalla II Commissione Affari Interni della Camera dei deputati con oggetto lo stato dell’assistenza pubblica e privata in Italia. L’iniziativa si colloca nel più ampio contesto delle riforme del welfare degli anni Settanta e rappresenta un passaggio significativo nel processo di concretizzazione del diritto all’assistenza sancito dall’articolo 38 della Costituzione. Attraverso l’analisi dei resoconti delle audizioni parlamentari e dei dati raccolti, questa ricerca fotografa le carenze strutturali del sistema assistenziale italiano – frammentazione normativa, centralizzazione decisionale, logiche caritative – e al tempo stesso le spinte verso un modello più inclusivo, territoriale e orientato ai diritti. L’indagine, sebbene rimasta incompiuta, costituisce una tappa cruciale nella storia dell’assistenza in Italia, contribuendo a delineare un percorso di riforma fondato sulla dignità della persona, l’uguaglianza sostanziale e la partecipazione democratica

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    Le responsabilité du chef de l’État

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    Après 1969, aucun des successeurs du général de Gaulle ne s’est senti en mesure de mettre en jeu sa responsabilité. Ce divorce entre autorité et responsabilité constitue sans nul doute le fait majeur de l’histoire politique de la Ve République. Il soulève une question cruciale: l’irresponsabilité présidentielle est-elle conforme aux principes républicains? Le débat de juillet 1791 apporte à cette question une réponse éclairante.Since 1969, none of the general de Gaulle’s successors felt able to bring their responsibility into play. This divorce between authority and responsibility undoubtedly constitutes the major fact of the Fifth Republic political history. It raises a crucial question: is the presidential irresponsibility in accordance with the republican principles? The July 1791 debate sheds some light onto this question

    L’ émergence du pouvoir réglementaire

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    It is usual to consider that in France the Regulatory Power is born with the Constitution of the «An III». If it is true that this Constitution recognises for the first time that the Executive power is allowed to issue rules for the execution of the Law, however, the Regulatory Power really appears under the Constituante, and more so under the Législative. At the start, the rule is nothing more than a law precising a forerunner law, which is more general and has been issued following the ordinary legislative process. However, the revolutionary ideal of the Executive power, with no proper will, was soon clashing with practical reality: the national Assembly couldn’t do everything. That is why the Constituants, as well as the Législative afterward, during short periods delegated part of the regulatory function to the King. These empowerments permitted the Executive to give rules with a growing autonomy, so much that the Legislative power accepted to limit its intervention to a mere control that aimed at checking that rules complied with the law. In this way the rule was dissociated from its legislative origin, to become an act of the Executive power.Il est usuel de considérer qu’en France le pouvoir réglementaire apparaît véritablement avec la Constitution de l’an III. S’il est vrai que le premier texte constitutionnel reconnaissant expressément à l’exécutif un pouvoir de réglementer pour l’exécution des lois est la Constitution de l’an III, c’est en revanche sous la Constituante, plus encore sous la Législative, qu’apparaît le pouvoir réglementaire. À l’origine, le règlement n’est rien d’autre qu’une loi précisant une loi antérieure plus générale adoptée conformément à la procédure législative ordinaire. Cependant, l’idéal révolutionnaire d’un exécutif dépourvu de volonté se heurta rapidement aux nécessités pratiques : l’Assemblée ne pouvait tout faire. Aussi, les Constituants, bientôt imités par la Législative, déléguèrent ponctuellement au Roi une part de la fonction réglementaire. Sur la base de ces habilitations, l’exécutif va réglementer de manière de plus en plus autonome, au point que le législateur acceptera de borner son intervention à un simple contrôle de conformité du règlement à la loi. Ainsi, peu à peu, le règlement va être dissocié de sa gangue législative pour devenir un acte de l’exécutif

    Exécutif et pouvoir réglementaire. La collection authentique des lois et décrets conservée aux Archives nationales, lieu caché d’un pouvoir réglementaire du roi?

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    It is generally accepted that the regulatory power appears at the end of a long process during the French Revolution because of institutional change. Act positioned below the law at the second level in the hierarchy of legal norms, its subordinated position is not the only factor in this long and difficult gestation. Executive act par excellence, the difficulty of defining it refers as much to the creation under the Constituent of a complex balance between the National Assembly and the Executive, as to the persistence of acts of the King within his old jurisdictions. Institutional overlap which goes together with the regeneration promised by the deputies of the nation creates confusions of law. Yet browsing both parliamentary debates and the collection of laws and decrees kept at the National Archives, the regulatory right of the Executive appears to gradually acquire an absolutely original place of its own in the legislative arsenal.Il est généralement admis que le pouvoir réglementaire apparaît au terme d’un processus long du fait du changement institutionnel de la Révolution française. Acte de second ordre, sa position hiérarchiquement inférieure à la loi n’est pas le seul facteur de cette longue et difficile gestation. Acte du pouvoir exécutif par excellence, la difficulté de le définir renvoie autant à la complexe création d’un équilibre à créer sous la Constituante entre l’Assemblée nationale et l’Exécutif qu’à la persistance d’actes pris par le roi dans ses anciennes juridictions. Le chevauchement institutionnel qui accompagne la régénération promise par les députés à la nation crée des confusions du droit. Pourtant, en parcourant tant les débats parlementaires que la collection des lois conservées aux Archives nationales, le droit réglementaire de l’Exécutif apparaît progressivement, en acquérant une place propre et tout à fait originale dans l’arsenal législatif

    Nella Repubblica cisalpina fra aprile 1797 e settembre 1798: un inatteso esempio di costituzionalismo a geometria variabile

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    The historical vicissitudes by which foundations were laid for Italian constitutionalism on the close of the 18th century represent the legal background. The main focus of this article, on the other hand, is on the duality between the abstract statutory provisions and the reality of day-to-day life of the institutions. Without any formal legislative act, many entities took form. For example, the Head of State (not provided for, but ‘self-imposed’) and the trial of ‘constitutional legitimacy’ of legislative acts (created by cisalpine MPs as a response to French violations of the written constitution, even though this same text had paradoxically been imposed by Paris to the Cisalpine patriots).La vicenda storica, all’origine del costituzionalismo in Italia a fine ’700, esprime il fondale normativo. Oggetto precipuo dello scritto invece è il dualismo fra la previsione astratta del testo scritto e la realtà della quotidiana vita istituzionale. In assenza di disposizioni normative sorsero vari istituti, come il Capo dello Stato (non contemplato, ma ‘auto-impostosi’) e il giudizio di legittimità costituzionale (come risposta dei parlamentari cisalpini a violazioni da parte francese del testo costituzionale, pur da Parigi imposto ai patrioti cisalpini)

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    Università degli studi di Macerata: Riviste digitali
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