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“Why my house?” – Exploring the influence of residential housing design on burglar decision making.
No full textCrime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) has been defined (and redefined) by, amongst others, Crowe (2000), Ekblom (2011) and Armitage (2013). The principles upon which it is based also vary considerably with Poyner (1983) presenting five (surveillance, movement control, activity support and motivational reinforcement), Cozens et al. (2005) presenting seven (defensible space, access control, territoriality, surveillance, target hardening, image and activity support), and Armitage (2013) offering yet another combination of the five principles (physical security, surveillance, movement control, management and maintenance and defensible space). This divergence is not purely a matter of semantics – although this issue is important when transferring policy and practice internationally. The principles upon which CPTED are based have been used to inform planning policy and guidance and also to develop practical applications such as the UK’s Secured by Design scheme. Conscious that these principles have primarily been developed by academics, police and policy-makers and that they have failed to evolve with developments in housing design, security measures, drug use and ultimately offender modus operandi, this chapter aims to help rectify the imbalance. A sample of twenty-two incarcerated prolific burglars were asked to discuss what they perceived to be the risk and protective factors of sixteen images of residential housing. Interviews were unstructured and participants were encouraged to describe the images in their own words. Whilst confirming the importance of a selection of CPTED principles, the findings cast doubt on the importance of others – with obvious practice and policy implications
Angling for the "Powte": a Jacobean Environmental Protest Poem
Full text linkIn his monumental 1662 history of the drainage of the fens, the antiquarian William Dugdale reports that outraged locals composed “libellous songs” to protest the theft of their commons. Preserving a rare specimen of this genre, Dugdale printed an anonymous ballad entitled “The Powtes Complaint.” The song adopts a non-human point of view to bewail the destruction of both the wetlands ecology and the fen-dwellers’ economy. This essay examines four different manuscripts of the ballad in the British Library, documenting their variants and commenting on their significance. It also seeks for answers to some pressing questions: when was the song written and where? What did it sound like? What socio-historical and environmental circumstances prompted its composition? How does the ballad portray the fenland ecology, and how does it compare with other seventeenth-century literary representations of the fens? What exactly is a pout? What is the nature of its complaint? And who was the person behind the song
Engaging youth in activist research and pedagogical praxis: transnational and intersectional perspectives on gender, sex, and race
No full textBlack Leaders Matter: Agency, Progression and the Sustainability of BME School Leadership in England
No full textThis article examines the career progression of four Black male headteachers in England. In analysing the narratives of school leaders it sheds light on the agentic and contextual factors which have limited or facilitated a successful transition to school leadership and which sustain success. The headteachers’ professional lives are explored through the lenses of Critical Race Theory and interpretivism. In doing so, it illuminates the journey towards and the realities of a group whose views are currently unrepresented in research on school leadership or that of the experiences of male BME teachers in England.The findings revealed that participants experience both limiting and facilitating structures as they negotiated their roles into headship and as headteachers. Limiting structures are those which constrain or hinder progression into leadership whilst facilitating structures enabled participants to navigate and negotiate gendered racism, make progress in their careers and achieve success in their respective roles. Both limiting and facilitating structures include personal agency as well as contextual factors. Theoretically, this study adds to the small number of studies on race and school leadership in England. More research is needed on the limiting and facilitating structures identified in this study and on the potential generational differences that may exist between more established and newly appointed male BME school leaders. Studying generationally different school leaders may help to illuminate the salience of race and racism across an increasingly diverse population
Design Factors for a Successful Shared Street Space (SSS) Design
Full text linkThe concept of Shared Space Street Shared Space Street (SSS) has the potential to bring many benefits to a city. Those include promotion of social interaction, the connectivity within the city for both vehicles and pedestrians, active engagement of the people with the space, walkability, vitality and street livability, better economic wealth and alike. These factors work together to improve livability, vitality of street and indirectly bring economic wealth to municipalities through increasing the footfall to shops, enhancing the health and safety of the locality and increasing the property values. Hence, this clearly is a consideration for strategic property management and relevant professionals. However, This concept has also been criticized for its practical issues when implemented in some parts of the world. Such issues include difficulties faced by aged people and people with disabilities, harassment faced by the cyclists, etc. This paper explores the methods and approaches that can be used to harness potential advantages of the SSS concept and to overcome its practical issues and criticisms through a detail evaluation of design driven use of space in three case studies within United Kingdom. Finally, this paper proposes a set of design factors which can be applied to a SSS design in order to ensure a successful implementation
Managing a Complex Global Circular Economy Business Model: Opportunities and Challenges
No full textThis paper presents an in-depth case study detailing the history, experiences and wider practitioner and policy lessons from a circular economy business model over a thirty-year period highlighting the successes, difficulties and conflicts of adopting a circular economy model. The case is based on interviews, key documents and customer insight. The findings demonstrate how sustained circular economy business practices can deliver significant new revenues, resource productivity and business continuity benefits, but also require managers and practitioners to develop competencies and capabilities, such as balancing linear and circular systems, to address complex and highly dynamic factors including rapid technological shifts and market volatility
Further Education Colleges in the United Kingdom: Providing Education for Other People’s Children
No full textFurther Education (FE) colleges have existed in towns and cities throughout the United Kingdom (UK) in some form for well over a century. They bear similarities with American Community Colleges and Australian TAFE colleges, but they are characterized by their diversity and by the breadth of their curriculum, which includes vocational, academic, and higher education courses. Their primary role has, however, always been the provision of work related courses, mainly for young people. Despite their size and apparent significance, FE colleges are often poorly understood by policy makers who have had little if any experience of these institutions which cater mainly to the less privileged in society. This chapter provides an overview and an analysis of FE colleges in all four nations of the UK, but it focuses mainly on England. It examines the history of these colleges to explain their very local roots, and it finds continuity in what has determined how colleges have developed up to the present day. English FE colleges have been subject to frenetic policy initiatives since the 1990s, and despite their ostensible independence they have been more and more tightly managed by central government agencies. The present juncture is an important one for the sector as FE colleges in the UK are currently facing major challenges due to sweeping cuts in funding. Yet, even if they have little control over their own future, FE colleges have continually demonstrated an extraordinary capacity to adapt and survive, mainly by providing individual students with the courses they choose to follow
Comparing Mamdani Sugeno fuzzy logic and RBF ANN network for PV fault detection
Full text linkThis work proposes a new fault detection algorithm for photovoltaic (PV) systems based on artificial neural networks (ANN) and fuzzy logic system interface. There are few instances of machine learning techniques deployed in fault detection algorithms in PV systems, therefore, the main focus of this paper is to create a system capable to detect possible faults in PV systems using radial basis function (RBF) ANN network and both Mamdani, Sugeno fuzzy logic systems interface.
The obtained results indicate that the fault detection algorithm can detect and locate accurately different types of faults such as, faulty PV module, two faulty PV modules and partial shading conditions affecting the PV system. In order to achieve high rate of detection accuracy, four various ANN networks have been tested. The maximum detection accuracy is equal to 92.1%. Furthermore, both examined fuzzy logic systems show approximately the same output during the experiments. However, there are slightly difference in developing each type of the fuzzy systems such as the output membership functions and the rules applied for detecting the type of the fault occurring in the PV plant
Domestic Burglary: Burglar Responses to Target Attractiveness
No full textSecured by Design (SBD) is a place-based approach to crime reduction that brings together standards of physical security with the broader principles of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) to set minimum requirements that enable properties to be awarded SBD status. Developed in 1989 in England, SBD is managed by Police Crime Prevention Initiatives and delivered by Designing out Crime Officers (DOCOs), Architectural Liaison Officers (ALOs) and Crime Prevention Design Advisors (CPDAs) located within each police force. Whilst the effectiveness of the scheme has been evaluated, so far studies have drawn only on police recorded or self-reported crime. This study adds offender perceptions to that collection of evaluations. Twenty-two prolific burglars were asked to interpret a series of sixteen images of residential housing. The results confirm that housing design plays a key role in influencing offender decision-making, the risk of surveillance and standards of physical security being primary deterrents. The findings highlight areas for improvement within the scheme, particularly relating to measures based upon the concepts of defensible space and management and maintenance
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