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Four pyrrole derivatives used as building blocks in the synthesis of minor-groove binders
No full textThe title nitropyrrole-based compounds, C7H8N2O4, (I) (ethyl 4-nitro-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate), its derivative C12H14N2O4, (II) [ethyl 4-nitro-1-(4-pentynyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate], C15H26N4O3, (III) {N-[3-(dimethyamino)propyl]-1-isopentyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxamide}, and C20H27N9O5, (IV) {1-(3-azidopropyl)-4-(1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxamido)-N-[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl]-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxamide}, are intermediates used in the synthesis of modified DNA minor-groove binders. In all four compounds, the nitro groups lie in the plane of the pyrrole ring. In compounds (I) and (II), the ester groups also lie in the plane of the pyrrole ring. In compound (III), both of the other substituents lie out of the plane of the pyrrole ring. In the case of compound (IV), the coplanarity extends to the second pyrrole ring and through both amide groups. In the crystals of all four compounds, layer-like structures are formed, via a combination of N-H...O and C-H...O hydrogen bonds for (I), (III) and (IV), but by only C-H...O hydrogen bonds for (II)
Early identification of wound infection: understanding wound odour
Get PDFMalodorous wounds can be distressing for patients and their families, negatively impacting on quality-of-life outcomes. For health professionals malodorous wounds can also cause distress manifesting in feelings of disgust when faced with a wound emitting an unpleasant or repulsive odour. There has been investigation into the management of controlling odour particularly in relation to fungating wounds. However, there is limited research that explores techniques for early identification and recognition of wound odours that may be indicative of infection. Electronic nose technology has received some attention, but to date has not been integrated into either diagnostics of infection in wounds or education of health professionals to prepare them for the realities of clinical practice
From Morality Play to Court Masque: A Study of Allegorical Performance Costume from Medieval Religious Dramas to Secular Theatre of the 17th Century
No full textThis paper will explore the development of theatrical costume from the religious mystery and morality plays of the Middle Ages to the secular court masque performances of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. With an emphasis on colour, decoration, symbolism and allegory, the progression from ecclesiastical stoles and simple colour association to highly decorative and extravagant costumes will be analysed.
Used to convey a moral or political message, these performances and their costumes epitomised the occupation with allegory at this time and provide examples of the obvious one dimensional characterisation prevalent in early European theatre.
This examination will demonstrate how religious and secular theatre of this time, often compartmentalised in historical dress and costume literature, were interconnected and inextricably linked in terms of their performance costume
Development of on-machine measurement for ultra-precision machining
No full textSurface measurement is playing an increasingly important role in ultra-precision manufacturing. Nowadays, there is a technological shift from offline measurement to on-machine measurement, forming a closed-loop control for manufacturing processes. Conventionally, the transportation operations between the measurement and machine coordinates are time-consuming and inevitably induce more errors, which cannot be neglected, especially at the ultra-precision level. Development of on-machine measurement for ultra-precision machining processes will enable the reduction of measurement cycle time as well as potential improvement of machining accuracy. In the present study, an in-house designed interferometer probe, called Dispersed Reference Interferometer (DRI) is integrated on an ultra-precision diamond turning machine (Precitech Nanoform 250). The alignment method of DRI is firstly described, in order to establish the measurement coordinate. Different on-machine measurement strategies are also discussed, including multiple radial, multiple circular, and spiral trajectories. Experimental study has shown that the on-machine measurement results of a cosine form sample agree well with the offline measurement. The measurement error difference is less than 10% and correlation coefficient is 0.991
Study of the Emitted Dose After Two Separate Inhalations at Different Inhalation Flow Rates and Volumes and an Assessment of Aerodynamic Characteristics of Indacaterol Onbrez Breezhaler® 150 and 300 μg
No full textOnbrez Breezhaler® is a low-resistance capsule-based device that was developed to deliver indacaterol maleate. The study was designed to investigate the effects of both maximum flow rate (MIF) and inhalation volume (Vin) on the dose emission of indacaterol 150 and 300 μg dose strengths after one and two inhalations using dose unit sampling apparatus (DUSA) as well as to study the aerodynamic characteristics of indacaterol Breezhaler® using the Andersen cascade impactor (ACI) at a different set of MIF and Vin. Indacaterol 150 and 300 μg contain equal amounts of lactose per carrier. However, 150 μg has the smallest carrier size. The particle size distribution (PSD) of indacaterol DPI formulations 150 and 300 μg showed that the density of fine particles increased with the increase of the primary pressure. For both strengths (150 μg and 300 μg), ED1 increased and ED2 decreased when the inhalation flow rate and inhaled volume increased. The reduction in ED1 and subsequent increase in ED2 was such that when the Vin is greater than 1 L, then 60 L/min could be regarded as the minimum MIF. The Breezhaler was effective in producing respirable particles with an MMAD ≤5 μm irrespective of the inhalation flow rate, but the mass fraction of particles with an aerodynamic diameter <3 μm is more pronounced between 60 and 90 L/min. The dose emission of indacaterol was comparable for both dose strengths 150 and 300 μg. These in vitro results suggest that a minimum MIF of 60 L/min is required during routine use of Onbrez Breezhaler®, and confirm the good practice to make two separate inhalations from the same dose
Applied Qualitative Research in Psychology
No full textWith a highly pragmatic, yet rigorous and theoretically driven approach, this edited book demonstrates why qualitative research in psychology matters, and how it is applied in real world settings. Employing examples of qualitative research from across the different sub-disciplines of psychology, a range of experts in a broad spread of methods show how and why these are used in a wide variety of settings. With its distinctive applied and pragmatic focus, this book will appeal to those with an interest in qualitative methods across the spectrum of psychology and beyond
The use of qualitative research methods in psychology has become increasingly popular in recent years, but issues related to the conduct of qualitative psychological research in real-world settings are often glossed over in textbooks and classroom teaching. Applied Qualitative Research in Psychology takes a rigorous and theoretically driven approach to show how and why qualitative research is used by experts across various contexts and specialisms.
Applied Qualitative Research in Psychology:
- Is edited by experienced qualitative researchers, and includes contributions from a range of qualitative psychologists doing innovative applied qualitative research
- Covers a range of issues, methods and different participant groups, while remaining accessible to the novice researcher
- Introduces a range of exciting methods that students can employ in their own work
Drawing on examples from a range of sub-disciplines, this distinctive book demonstrates why qualitative research in psychology matters, and how it can be applied in real world settings
Determining stress in turbocharger impellers due to component machining
No full textTurbocharger impeller wheels are traditionally manufactured using a casting process. However, with the improvement of multi-axial machining technology, machined impeller wheels are becoming popular among turbo machinery manufacturers due to their enhanced durability. Nonetheless, machining a complex impeller shape from a solid billet, results in tool marks being left on the component surface. As presented in this paper, repeatedly running a wheel to 5% beyond the design speed limit can result in fatigue failure initiating from the machining marks.
In this paper, the ‘as machined’ geometry of sample wheels has been determined using both CT scanning and optical surface measurement techniques. The data from these measurements has been used to generate solid CAD models suitable for finite element analysis to simulate the stress distribution of reverse engineered wheels. The maximum principal stress predicted is 15% higher than that obtained from the nominal CAD model. In order to model the measured geometry efficiently, a novel technique has been used to enforce cyclic symmetry on geometry that is not precisely cyclically symmetric.
The work has demonstrated that it is possible to predict the stress raising effect of the machining marks at the design stage. The analysis methodology presented in the paper will enable future integrated optimisation of both the design and manufacture of impeller wheels to ensure that wheels with a specified operating envelope are machined as efficiently as possible
A study of the effect of helium concentration and displacement damage on the microstructure of helium ion irradiated tungsten
No full textTransmission electron microscopy (TEM) with in situ He ion irradiation has been used to examine the damage microstructure of W when varying the helium concentration to displacement damage ratio, irradiation temperature and total dose. Irradiations employed 15, 60 or 85 keV He+ ions, at temperatures between 500 and 1000°C up to doses of ~3.0 DPA. Once nucleated and grown to an observable size in the TEM, bubble diameter as a function of irradiation dose did not measurably increase at irradiation temperatures of 500°C between 1.0 and 3.0 DPA; this is attributed to the low mobility of vacancies and He/vacancy complexes at these temperatures. Bubble diameter increased slightly for irradiation temperatures of 750°C and rapidly increased when irradiated at 1000°C. Dislocation loops were observed for at irradiation temperature of 500 and 750°C and no loops were observed at 1000°C. Burgers vectors of the dislocations were determined to be b = ±1/2 type only and both vacancy and interstitial loops were observed. The proportion of interstitial loops increased with He-appm/DPA ratio and this is attributed to the concomitant increase in bubble areal density, which reduces the vacancy flux for both the growth of vacancy-type loops and the annihilation of interstitial clusters
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