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Social Mobility in the UK's Higher Education Sector: A Critical Review
No full textSocial mobility is at the forefront of the British Government’s plans to improve the lives of the most deprived groups in society. Since the election of the New Labour government in May 1997, consecutive governments, have championed the concept of social mobility. The fundamental aim of social mobility is to tackle social barriers for disadvantaged groups in education and employment. However, within the social sciences there has been a lack of critical discussion regarding the theorisation of social mobility within the context of higher education (HE). In recent times higher education research has instead had a greater focus on pedagogy. The aim of this review is to critically explore past and current debates on social mobility, and the importance the concept has in the higher education sector. In this paper special reference will be made to the new UK government higher education policy on the Teaching Excellence Framework (TEF)
A social cognitive perspective: investment decisions in early-stage ventures
Full text linkThe Russian psychologist Bekhterev, was a student of Wilhelm Wundt’s and a follower of his approach to the ‘subjective study of mental processes’. However, in contrast to Wundt, Bekhterev developed an integrated/interdisciplinary approach to the study of objective physiological phenomena which lead to the development of personality psychology in Russia (see Prokhorov & Popov, 2010). These theoretical approaches contribute to the development of social and cognitive psychology, utilising the integrated research methods and theories that can better explain phenomena in psychology (Eysenck, 1997). Moreover, new areas of research have been using the integrated theories and methods from social and cognitive science. For example, cognitive approaches to entrepreneurship research investigate how agents in dynamic environment make investment decisions under uncertainty (Dane & Pratt, 2007; Wiltbank Read, Dew, & Sarasvathy, 2009; Maxwell, Jeffrey, & Levesque, 2011; Mitchell et al., 2007). Also, the study of entrepreneurial decision-making (low probability of success and high uncertainty) explores the influence of personality and individual differences on risky decisions (Sarasvathy et al., 2011). For instance, researchers have explored decision behaviour of a particular type of investors, known as business angels (Levesque et al., 2011) or angel investors (Huang & Pierce, 2015), who invest in early stage formation of entrepreneurial high risk but high return ventures. In this article we argue for an integrated approach in social cognition research; we also aim to explore the use of qualitative and quantitative methods employed in social science and entrepreneurship studies
Multipath ultrasonic gas flow-meter based on multiple reference waves
Full text linkSeveral technologies can be used in ultrasonic gas flow-meters, such as transit-time, Doppler, cross-correlation and etc. In applications, the approach based on measuring transit-time has demonstrated its advantages and become more popular. Among those techniques which can be applied to determine time-of-flight (TOF) of ultrasonic waves, including threshold detection, cross correlation algorithm and other digital signal processing algorithms, cross correlation algorithm has more advantages when the received ultrasonic signal is severely disturbed by the noise. However, the reference wave for cross correlation computation has great influence on the precise measurement of TOF. In the applications of the multipath flow-meters, selection of the reference wave becomes even more complicated. Based on the analysis of the impact factors that will introduce noise and waveform distortion of ultrasonic waves, an averaging method is proposed to determine the reference wave in this paper. In the multipath ultrasonic gas flow-meter, the analysis of each path of ultrasound needs its own reference wave. In case study, a six-path ultrasonic gas flow-meter has been designed and tested with air flow through the pipeline. The results demonstrate that the flow rate accuracy and the repeatability of the TOF are significantly improved by using averaging reference wave, compared with that using random reference wave
La prevención del delito mediante el diseño ambiental (Crime Prevention through Environmental Design)
No full textCrime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) is a method of reducing crime through the design and manipulation of the built environment. Based upon the New Opportunity Theories of crime, CPTED focuses upon blocking opportunities for criminal behaviour through subtle techniques to maximise informal surveillance, territoriality and guardianship, to minimise through movement and to set standards of physical security that are proportionate to crime risk. This chapter will discuss the principles of CPTED and the theories from which it evolved, before exploring how CPTED is applied internationally in terms of policy, guidance and practice. Examples include Chile, Mexico, and Brazil, as well as countries with more established processes of implementing CPTED within the planning process (England and Wales, Netherlands and Australia). Evidence regarding effectiveness will be presented and consideration will be given to the extent to which principles, practice and procedure can be transferred to different countries and cultures
Transition Economies in the Middle East: the Syrian Experience
Full text linkThere have been no in depth studies of post Socialist transition in the Middle East. Syria’s experience is a useful one to explore given its historically important role in the region and its distinctive characteristics. The Syrian economic transition, from the early 1990s to 2011, was in two phases: an incremental liberalisation phase and a transition to Social Market Economy phase. During both phases, Syrian policy makers showed a preference for a gradualist approach to economic transition, rather than a big-bang approach. This was facilitated by oil revenues and subsidies from the Gulf States. The Syrian experience therefore has its own distinct characteristics, as well as elements in common with the transitions in other post Socialist economies
Couple Relationships in the 21st Century. Research, Policy, Practice
No full textThis book presents an incisive and engaging account of love, intimacy and personal life in contemporary Western society. The authors draw on rich qualitative and large-scale survey data to explore how couples communicate with each other, negotiate the pressures and pleasures of parenthood, and the vagaries of sexual desire and intimacy across life course. Focusing on ‘the everyday’, Couple Relationships in the 21st Century unpicks the ordinary and often mundane relationship work that goes into sustaining a relationship over time, breaking down the dichotomy between enduring relationships of quality and good enough or endured relationships. It contests the separation of couples into distinct relationship types – defined through age, parenthood or sexuality. Looking through the lens of relationship practices it is clear that there is no ‘normal couple’: couples are what couples do.
With a foreword by Dr Reenee Singh, Director, London Intercultural Couples Centre and Co-Director, Tavistock Family Therapy and Systemic Research Centre, this new extended edition provides an invaluable critical insight on contemporary experiences of coupledom and will be essential reading for scholars and students, clinicians working in couple and family therapy, and those involved in relationship support services
Politics and the popular in British Music Theatre of the Vietnam era
Full text linkBritish music theatre works of the 1960s and early 1970s largely avoided direct engagement with contemporary political topics. Intriguing in this light is Michael Hall’s recent proposition that Brecht’s music theatre set the terms for younger British composers’ experiments with the genre. Brecht proved a complicated model, however, because of composers’ anxieties about music’s capability to convey socio-political messages, and their reluctance to accord popular music a progressive function. The entanglement of Vietnam war activism and rock music forms the backdrop for analyses of two works that do address Vietnam directly – George Newson’s Arena and Anthony Gilbert’s The Scene-Machine (both 1971) – both of which also pass pointed comment on different popular music traditions. Both works highlight the difficulty in emulating Brecht’s model in an era when the concept of ‘the political’ was being significantly redefined, and the cultural gap between activist cadres and the wider population was unprecedentedly visible
Novel psychoactive substance use by mental health service consumers: an online survey of inpatient health professionals’ views and experiences
Full text linkPurpose:
There is evidence that novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are commonly used by people with severe mental illness. The aim of the study was to undertake a scoping survey to explore inpatient mental health workers' perceptions of NPS use by consumers.
Design/methodology: A cross-sectional online survey of mental health professionals. Participants were opportunistically recruited through social media and professional networks.
Findings:
A total of 98 participants (of 175 who started the survey) were included in the analysis. All reported that some patients had used NPS prior to admission. Over 90% of participants reported observing at least one adverse event relating to NPS use in the previous month. The majority of participants reported that patients had used NPS during their inpatient admission. Three quarters were not clear if their workplace had a policy about NPS. Most wanted access to specific NPS information and training. Participants reported that they lacked the necessary knowledge and skills to manage NPS use in the patients they worked with.
Research Limitations/Implications:
Whilst we are cautious about the generalizability (due to methodological limitations), our findings provide useful insight into the perceptions of inpatient staff regarding the extent and impact of NPS use including concerns regarding impact on mental and physical health, as well as ease of availability and a need for specific training and guidance.
Practical Implications:
Mental health professionals require access to reliable and up to date information on changing trends in substance use. Local policies need to include guidance on the safe clinical management of substance use and ensure that NPS information is included.
Originality/value:
To the best of our knowledge this is the first survey of the perceptions of mental health staff working in inpatient mental health settings regarding NPS.The findings suggest that NPS is a common phenomenon in inpatient mental health settings, and there is a need for more research on the impact of NPS on people with mental health problems
Seyla Benhabib: Communicating with the Concrete Other
No full textBenhabib reframes the question of whether civil society can accommodate the conflicting demands of cultural, ethnic, and gendered identities. While these are often presented as incommensurable, she argues that discourse theory provides a foundation for negotiating paths through and beyond such conflicts. Her oeuvre forensically maps the territories of individual and collective self-knowing and self-organisation, finding fissures and harmonies between these tectonic plates of human experience. Communication is the agent for creating possible futures. She has described her central concern as “how to reconcile universalistic principles of human rights, autonomy, and freedom with our concrete identity as members of certain human communities divided by language, by ethnicity, by religion.” This constitutes one of the most ‘wicked ’problems facing contemporary society, using the term wicked to indicate intractability. Engaging with such foundational concepts requires a moral clarity—even bravery—that is evident throughout her work. While earlier texts look to social justice to reconcile demands for individual self-expression with those for social stability, later works explore cosmopolitanism under increasing duress
Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System
No full textGastrointestinal (GI) physiology describes the normal functions of the digestive tract, particularly that of its hollow organs. Within the oropharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small bowel, colon, and rectum, nutrient solids and fluids are ingested, propelled, mixed, digested, and absorbed while non-absorbable materials are stored and excreted. Critical to the digestive process are the exocrine secretions of the pancreas, liver, and gastrointestinal mucosae. These secretions break and dissolve the large, complex, ingested molecules of food into smaller compounds, which are then ready for absorption into the intestinal epithelium and its circulation. The gastrointestinal wall embedding transporters and mucosal enzymes critically controls the absorption of nutrition and exogenous substances, such as drugs, across GI mucosa. The chapter gives an overview of the three major physiological functions of the gastrointestinal system, i.e., are motility, secretion, and digestion/absorption, influencing the fate of nutrition and pharmaceuticals administered into the GI tract
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