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Grain size threshold for enhanced irradiation resistance in nanocrystalline and ultrafine tungsten
No full textNanocrystalline metals are considered highly radiation-resistant materials due to their large grain boundary areas. Here, the existence of a grain size threshold for enhanced irradiation resistance in high-temperature helium-irradiated nanocrystalline and ultrafine tungsten is demonstrated. Average bubble density, projected bubble area and the corresponding change in volume were measured via transmission electron microscopy and plotted as a function of grain size for two ion fluences. Nanocrystalline grains of less than 35 nm size possess ∼10–20 times lower change in volume than ultrafine grains and this is discussed in terms of the grain boundaries defect sink efficienc
The recent history of central government guidance about child protection
No full textThe purpose of this chapter is to describe and outline the development of government guidance on child protection from 1974 to date, with particular consideration of the period since the late 1990s. This analysis provides important insights into the changing nature of child protection policy and practice during the period in terms of its priorities, focus and organisation
Method for volumetric assessment of edge-wear in ceramic-on-ceramic acetabular liners
No full textThis paper details a novel method to characterize and quantify edge wear patterns in ceramic-on-ceramic
acetabular liners using a roundness measurement machine to measure the post-wear surface. A 3D surface map is produced which encompasses the measured surface covering the wear patch, the uncontrolled edge geometry and form of the bearing surface. The data is analysed to quantify linear penetration and volume. The developed method was applied in a blind study to a set of six 36 mm ceramic- on-ceramic acetabular cup liners that were measured and analysed to characterise the edge wear. The in-vitro linear wear penetration ranged from 10 μm to 30 μm. The computed volumetric wear results obtained from the blind roundness measurement study were compared against the measured gravimetric results indicating a strong correlation between the results (0.9846). This study has also highlighted that measured liners exhibited an area of localised edge wear locates above the bearing surface as well as a smearing effect on the bearing surface caused by debris from edge wear. A study was carried out to test the repeatability of the measurement method and the inter-operator variability of the analysis. The results of the study show a standard deviation for the entire measurement and analysis process of 0.009 mm3 for first user and 0.003 mm3 for second user over twenty datasets. Hence the method displays high repeatability of the measurement and analysis process between users. This method allows for the delineation of form and wear through the determination of local geometry changes on what is essentially a freeform surface. The edge geometry is only partially controlled from a GD&T perspective and its geometry relative to the bearing surface varies from part-to-part. This method whilst being subjective allows for the determination of wear in this area with a high level of repeatability. However the limitation of this method is that it can only measure 5mm wide band of the liner due to the limited gauge travel range of 2mm
The Emergence of New Psychoactive Substance (NPS) Benzodiazepines: A Review
Get PDFThe market for new psychoactive substances has increased markedly in recent years and there is now a steady stream of compounds appearing every year. Benzodiazepines consist of only a fraction of the total number of these compounds but their use and misuse has rapidly increased. Some of these benzodiazepines have only been patented, some of them have not been previously synthesised, and the majority have never undergone clinical trials or tests. Despite their structural and chemical similarity, large differences exist between the benzodiazepines in their pharmacokinetic parameters and metabolic pathways and so they are not easily comparable. As benzodiazepines have been clinically used since the 1960s, many analytical methods exist to quantify them in a variety of biological matrices and it is expected that these methods would also be suitable for the detection of benzodiazepines that are novel psychoactive substances. Illicitly obtained benzodiazepines have been found to contain a wide range of compounds such as opiates which presents a problem since the use of them in conjunction with each other can lead to respiratory depression and death. This review collates the available information on these benzodiazepines and provides a starting point for the further investigation of their pharmacokinetics which is clearly required
A content analysis of online suicide notes: attempted suicide versus attempt resulting in suicide
Get PDFThe current study analysed fifty suicide notes of those who died by suicide and fifty suicide notes of those who survived their suicide attempt using Smallest Space Analysis (SSA). The core of all suicide notes was discovered to be constructed with the use of four variables: saying goodbye to their audience, feelings of loneliness, method used to attempt suicide, and negative self-image. Furthermore, three different suicide note themes of those who died and three suicide note themes from those who survived were also identified. The analysis revealed that suicide note writers who died by their attempt were more likely to combine a dislike of themselves and a concern for loved ones. The implications of the work in terms of suicide prevention are discussed
What the Prevent duty means for schools and colleges in England: An analysis of educationalists’ experiences
No full textIn July 2015, a legal duty came into force requiring that ‘specified authorities’, including schools and further education colleges (‘colleges’), show ‘due regard to the need to prevent people from being drawn into terrorism’ – popularly referred to as the ‘Prevent duty’. Since the Prevent duty was put before Parliament, it has been the focus of extensive and often highly polarised public debate. While the UK government has argued that the duty ‘doesn’t and shouldn’t stop schools from discussing controversial issues’, critics of the duty have maintained that it will have, and is having, a ‘chilling effect’ on free speech on schools and colleges. In addition, while the UK government has insisted that Prevent and the Prevent duty relate to all forms of extremism, critics argue that, whatever the intention of individual policymakers, practitioners and professionals, Prevent and the Prevent duty continue in practice to concentrate overwhelmingly on Muslim communities, thereby exacerbating stigmatisation of Muslim students.
These debates made clear an urgent requirement for a stronger evidence base from which to understand and assess how the Prevent duty is playing out in schools and colleges. This report begins to respond to this requirement. Focusing on the experiences and attitudes of school and college staff, it examines four questions: 1) How has the new Prevent duty been interpreted by staff in schools and colleges in England? 2) How confident do school/college staff feel with regards to implementing the Prevent duty? 3) What impacts, if any, do school/college staff think the Prevent duty has had on their school or college, and on their interactions with students and parents? 4) To what extent, if at all, have school/college staff opposed or questioned the legitimacy of the Prevent duty?
The report is based on in-depth qualitative interviews with 70 education professionals across 14 schools and colleges in 2 areas of England (West Yorkshire and London); in-depth qualitative interviews with 8 local authority level Prevent practitioners working in different local authority areas to support schools and colleges; and a national online survey of educationalists (n=225)
Identifikasjon og analyse av making do-sløsing på byggeplasser
No full textMålet med dette kapittelet er å gi leseren
en god forståelse av «making do» som er et
viktig begrep i Lean Construction med hensyn
til å forårsake sløsing i byggproduksjon.
Begrepet refererer til en situasjon der en
arbeidsoppgave startes opp uten at alle de
nødvendige innsatsfaktorene for gjennomføringen
av oppgaven er på plass, slik som
materialer, maskiner, verktøy, kompetent
personell, tilgang til arbeidsstedet og informasjon/tegninger. Vi diskuterer making do
som en type sløsing og presenterer data fra
to undersøkende casestudier gjennomført på
byggeplasser
Urban growth, regeneration and social inclusion in Porto Alegre: the City Entrance Integrated Programme case study
No full textSince 1989 Porto Alegre has become an international reference for planning (UN Habitat, 1996) and regeneration practices associated also with the Participatory Budget process (Pacheco, 2001; Fedozzi, 1998), aiming at poverty reduction and social inclusiveness (Getúlio Vargas Foundation, 2004; UNDP, 2003; UN/UMP, 2003). Within the new city masterplan approved in 1999 the City Entrance Integrated Programme (henceforth PIEC) has been delivered since 2002 (Vargas, 2003; PMPA, 2014). The paper critically analyses the outcomes of the 4th District’s regeneration process and relate them to recent trends in terms of informal rapid urbanisation, social and ecological indicators.
The findings highlight how, even though enjoying economic development and positive macro-economic trends, Porto Alegre is facing new or increasing challenges in terms of housing needs, informal urbanisation, social and environmental resilience. Unexpected internal people displacement, together with real estate speculation and the rise of new informal urbanization, provide a worrying picture of increasing inequalities across the city. The paper provides a reflection on the shortcomings and the fragility of the planning process, especially in terms of social and environmental impact, to draw some provisional conclusions and directions for further research activities
Collaborative Inquiry by Teacher Educators: Mess and Messiness
No full textCollaborative inquiry is a widespread and dominant approach to professional
learning within education and is backed by a growing research base. However,
one dimension of it seems to have been largely neglected by research methods
texts and research accounts: the messiness of teacher collaboration. This seems
a significant gap in the collaborative inquiry “story”. Drawing on Adamson and
Walker’s notion of messiness as the choices, problems and unexpected challenges
of a collaborative inquiry, this chapter foregrounds mess and messiness to answer
four research questions: what is messiness in collaborative inquiry? How does
messiness happen? Should we document mess and messiness? How can you
document messiness? These questions are answered by drawing on existing
literature and using illustrative examples from the author’s doctoral research.
The chapter argues that when honestly documented, using “Second Text” and
“confessional tales”, for instance, messiness can contribute to enhanced rigour
within collaborative inquiry. It concludes by asserting that researchers need to
acquire “Bildung” if they are to “surf the wave(s) of messiness” in their research
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