East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine (EASTM - Universität Tübingen)

 East Asian 
Science, Technology, 
and Medicine 
 
Number 27 
2007 
 
A journal dedicated to the study of traditional and modern  
East Asian science, technology, and medicine. 
 
 
 
Editor:  
Hans Ulrich Vogel 
 
Asien-Orient-Institut  
Abteilung für Sinologie und Koreanistik 
Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen 
Wilhelmstr. 133 
72074 Tübingen / Germany 
FAX: 0049 - 7071 - 295733 
E-Mail: eastm@uni-tuebingen.de 
 
 
Managing and Production Editors: 
Vanessa Dahlmann, Abteilung für Sinologie und Koreanistik, Tübingen 
Valerie Keppel, Abteilung für Sinologie und Koreanistik, Tübingen 
Katharina Markgraf, Abteilung für Sinologie und Koreanistik, Tübingen 
 
 
English Language Editor:  
John P. C. Moffett, Needham Research Institute, Cambridge (UK) 
 
 
Local Advisory Board: 
Klaus J. Antoni, Abteilung für Japanologie, Tübingen 
Song Moon-Ey, Abteilung für Sinologie und Koreanistik, Tübingen 
Viktoria Eschbach-Szabo, Abteilung für Japanologie, Tübingen 
Robert Horres, Abteilung für Japanologie, Tübingen 
Achim Mittag, Abteilung für Sinologie und Koreanistik, Tübingen 
 EDITORIAL COMMITTEE 
Bridie Andrews-Minehan, Department of History, Bentley College 
Francesca Bray, Department of Social Anthropology, University of Edinburgh 
Christopher Cullen, Needham Research Institute and Darwin College,  
Cambridge 
Benjamin A. Elman, East Asian Studies and History, Princeton University 
Charlotte Furth, Department of History, University of Southern California,  
Los Angeles 
Hashimoto Keizō, Faculty of Sociology, Kansai University, Osaka 
Huang Yi-Long, Institute of History, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 
Jeon Sang-woon, Cultural Properties Committee Korea, Seoul 
Catherine Jami, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris 
Yung Sik Kim, College of Humanities, Seoul National University 
Dieter Kuhn, Institut für Kulturwissenschaften Ost- und Südasiens - Sinologie, 
 Universität Würzburg 
Angela Ki Che Leung, Sun Yat-Sen Institute for Social Sciences and Philosophy,  
Academia Sinica, Taipei 
Liu Bing, Institute of Science, Technology and Society, Tsinghua University, 
Beijing 
Liu Dun, Institute for the History of Natural Science, Academia Sinica, Beijing 
Morris Low, Department of the History of Science, Medicine, and Technology, 
Johns Hopkins University 
Georges Métailié, Centre Alexandre Koyré, CNRS-EHESS-MNHN, Paris 
Shi Yunli, Department of the History of Science and Scientific Archaeology, 
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 
Nathan Sivin, Department of the History and Sociology of Science, University of 
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 
C. Michele Thompson, Department of History, Southern Connecticut State 
University, New Haven 
Tsukahara Togo, History and Philosophy of Science, Technology and Medicine, 
Kobe University 
Paul U. Unschuld, Horst-Götz-Stiftungsinstitut für Theorie, Geschichte und Ethik 
Chinesischer Lebenswissenschaften, Charité, Berlin 
Donald B. Wagner, Department of Asian Studies, University of Copenhagen 
Yoshida Tadashi, Center for Northeast Asian Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 
 
 
 
 THE SCOPE OF EASTM 
Copyright  2007. EASTM (formerly Chinese Science) is published by the International 
Society for the History of East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine (ISHEASTM). 
Numbers 1-10 (1975-92) were published irregularly under the editorship of Nathan Sivin 
(University of Pennsylvania). Numbers 11-15 (1993-98) were issued annually at the 
University of California, Los Angeles, by Benjamin A. Elman. Beginning with Number 
16 (1999), the name of the journal changed to East Asian Science, Technology, and 
Medicine and is published at the University of Tübingen, Germany. From 2003 to 2008 
two issues per annum have been the norm, however, only one issue per annum will be 
published from 2009 onwards.  
The publication of this periodical is supported by a grant from the Deutsche 
Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). 
This journal includes studies on the science, technology, and medicine of traditional and 
contemporary East Asia. Any study based on original research using Chinese, Japanese, 
or Korean primary sources or artifacts, that elucidates the relationships and interactions of 
science, technology, and medicine with politics, society, economics, philosophy, culture, 
religion, historiography, as well as their disciplinary traditions, or throws light on the 
work of scientists, technologists, and physicians in East Asia will gladly be considered. 
SUBMISSIONS 
Potential contributors are encouraged to correspond with the editor before submitting 
manuscripts in order to ensure that their work falls within the purview of EASTM, and to 
simplify the preparation of the final copy. All contributions except invited reviews are 
refereed. The editor does not referee. For Chinese romanization, both Pinyin and Wade-
Giles transcriptions are accepted, while for Japanese and Korean, the Hepburn and 
McCune/Reischauer systems are to be used. With regard to style and format, contributors 
should refer to the latest issue of EASTM. Information on the preparation of manuscripts 
and their submission in electronic form will also be provided on request. 
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NOTICE TO LIBRARIES 
Please note that from Number 11 (1993) Chinese Science/EASTM was published 
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while in the period 2009-2011 only one issue per year will be published. 
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HOME PAGE 
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ISHEASTM 
The publication, since the fifties, of Joseph Needham’s (1900-1995) monumental work, 
Science and Civilisation in China, has been followed by a rapid development of research 
on the history of science, technology, and medicine in China, as well as in civilisations 
upon which Chinese culture exerted an important influence, such as Japan, Korea, and 
Vietnam. Since 1982, International Conferences on the History of Science in China had 
been held at irregular intervals. At the sixth of these conferences, held in Cambridge in 
1990 in honour of Joseph Needham’s ninetieth birthday, participants agreed to found the 
International Society for the History of East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine 
(ISHEASTM). 
The Society’s purpose is to serve, represent and speak for scholars of the field defined by 
its name. It aims, primarily, to promote contacts and exchanges between those scholars, 
and also to establish and reinforce links with other scholarly communities, at an 
international level. The Society’s activities include: 
• The organisation of a plenary meeting every three years (Kyoto 1993, Seoul 1996,  
Singapore 1999, Shanghai 2002, Munich 2005, Baltimore 2008); 
• The publication of a journal, EASTM; 
For more information on the society please consult the home page maintained at the 
Needham Research Institute in Cambridge: www.nri.org.uk/ISHEASTM.html  
 
This journal is printed on acid-free paper.   
ISSN #1562-918X 


Editorial

Jami, Catherine

Western Learning and Imperial Scholarship: The Kangxi Emperor's Study

Vogel, Hans Ulrich

7 
Note from the Editor 
 
Apart from four book reviews this issue of EASTM contains the revised papers 
of a workshop that took place in Princeton in 2002 under the title “Global Sci-
ence and Comparative History: Jesuits, Science and Philology in China and 
Europe, 1550-1850”. The workshop was organized by Benjamin Elman, Profes-
sor of East Asian Studies and History at Princeton University, who also contrib-
uted an introduction to the four essays written by Alix Cooper, Denise Phillips, 
Bruce Rusk, and Laura Hostetler. As will be described by Benjamin Elman, 
these fascinating papers deal with comparative case studies in language, philol-
ogy and cartography, not only taking into account their respective intellectual, 
cultural and scientific environments in Europe and China, but also by investigat-
ing encounters between them. The common aim of the workshop and thus the 
papers is to address interactions and discourses between the local and global 
(especially in the form of bilingualism, in the interpretation of writing systems, 
as well as in ethnographic traditions and cartographic practices), the relevance of 
classical learning and its close relationship with scientific activities, investiga-
tions of the natural world, and currents of natural philosophy, both in late impe-
rial China and early modern Europe. Moreover, a strong claim is made for the 
adoption of rigorous methods in comparative research by using appropriate con-
cepts and categories and by paying due and differential attention to historical 
contexts, thus avoiding misleading and false teleologies in the history of science 
and technology. 
By way of a preview, issue 27 (2007) will contain a collection of articles 
brought together by Catherine Jami, Senior Researcher at the Centre National de 
la Recherche Scientifique (Paris), during the 11th International Conference on 
the History of Science in East Asia, held by our society in Munich, Germany, 
from August 15-20, 2005. Hsu Kuang-tai’s contribution deals with the interpre-
tation of the Four Elements as ti 體 (forms) and of the Five Phases as yong用 
(functions) and outlines the historical development of this type of interpretation 
from Shao Yong’s 邵 雍 (1011-1077) Huangji jingshi 皇 極 經 世 (Supreme 
Principles Governing the World) to Matteo Ricci’s (1552-1610) Qiankun tiyi 乾 
坤 體 義 (Structure and Meanings of the Heaven and Earth). He shows how 
Ricci’s introduction of the Four Elements borrowed from a tradition that can be 
traced back to the eleventh century. Catherine Jami elucidates the relationship 
between Western learning and imperial scholarship as represented by the Kangxi 
emperor’s (r. 1662-1722) study. She makes clear that Kangxi’s emphasis on 
Western learning has to be interpreted as a part of his patronage of scholarship in 
general. Lü Lingfeng discusses the prediction of eclipses and the eventual vic-
tory of European astronomy in Qing China (1644-1911). By analysing the pre-
dictions made at the Astronomical Bureau, he points out that—at least before 
1731―they were not always as accurate as has been usually claimed. This raises 
interesting historiographical issues which are discussed by him. Shi Yunli takes 
an intensive look at the Tianbu zhenyuan 天 步 真 元 (True Principles of the 
Heavenly Pacing), which was compiled by the Polish Jesuit missionary Nikolaus 
8 
 
Smogulecki (1611-1656) and his Chinese disciple Xue Fengzuo 薛 鳳 祚 (1600-
1680). Contrary to widespread belief, heliocentrism is not explicitly propounded 
in this treatise. Yet it proposed an alternative to Western astronomy as practiced 
by the Beijing Jesuits. The publication of the Tianbu zhenyuan in 1664 suggests 
that it might have been a response from the Ming loyalist milieu to the Calendar 
Case. 
As always, it is a pleasure for me to express my sincere gratitude to the au-
thors and anonymous referees for their contributions and critical evaluations as 
well as to my collaborators in Cambridge and Tübingen for their constant sup-
port in producing another interesting issue of EASTM.  
 
 
Hans Ulrich Vogel 
Seminar für Sinologie und Koreanistik 
Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
NEW WEBSITE FOR ISHEASTM! 
 
We are happy to announce that our society has a new website much superior to 
the old one!  To see it, please go to: 
 
www.nri.org.uk/ISHEASTM.html 
 
(We may be switching servers in the near future, so you could well be redirected 
when you follow this link.) 
 


Note from the Editor 

Introduction from the Guest Editor: Special Issue Western Learning in Late Ming and Early Qing China

Winter, Marc D.

148 EASTM 26 (2007) 
Paul Unschuld and Zheng Jinsheng, Hanyu keben—richang shenghuo yu yiliao
汉 语 课 本 — 日 常 生 活 与 医 疗 (Chinesisch—Sprachkurs für Medizin 
und Alltag). Berlin, etc.: Springer, 2002. 2 vols., viii, 350 pp. + ix, 482 pp. 
 
Marc D. Winter and Urs P. Pretôt 
 
[Marc D. Winter is an independent scholar, currently doing post-doc research 
for a thesis on Qing-dynasty hanxue scholarship and one of its main opponents, 
Fang Dongshu. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Zürich, Switzer-
land, where he worked as a research assistant for four years. During this time he 
helped produce the journal Asiatische Studien / Études Asiatiques and attended 
numerous conferences. Mr. Winter has published several articles and is the au-
thor of an introductory study on the Shuowen jiezi. 
 
Urs P. Prétôt is teacher and clinical instructor at the “Institut für Traditionelle 
Chinesische Medizin Basel” in Switzerland. He studied 6 years TCM in China, 
Germany, and the USA and earned his Master Degree of Sciences (TCM) in 
1991.  He passed the program of the American College of Traditional Chinese 
Medicine, San Francisco / USA with honors. He has written three books and 
numerous essays about TCM.] 
 
 
This two-volume publication attempts a great task. It not only intends to be a 
language-course for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) terminology, but one 
for contemporary Chinese as well. The book is in German and Chinese. The 
authors are well-known specialists of Chinese medical history, one, Paul Un-
schuld, a professor at the University of Munich,  the other, Zheng Jinsheng, a 
professor from the Academy of traditional Chinese medicine in Peking. The two 
have previously co-written a twenty-three-page article in vol. 48 of Monumenta 
Serica (2000) on “Manuscripts as Sources of Chinese Medical History”. A CD is 
intended to accompany this language course published by the Springer Publishing 
House in Heidelberg, Germany, but it was not included in the review copy, and 
we suppose, the same is the case for the resale copy, because online bookstores 
report the CD as “out of print”. 
The book, the title of which translates as Language Course for Medicine and 
Every-day Life is in two volumes. Volume one contains eighteen lessons of situ-
ational dialogues, i.e. situations the authors believe one may encounter in China 
as a student of TCM. The second volume offers variations of, and explanations 
for, the situations introduced in the first volume. Since reviewing this course 
requires linguistic as well as medical expertise, this review was coauthored by 
Urs P. Pretôt, an experienced TCM physician, and Marc D. Winter, a sinologist 
at the University of Zürich, Switzerland. 
149 Reviews 
The first volume starts with a very brief foreword, the table of contents and 
then right away with lesson one: what to say when meeting somebody? The next 
lessons deal with the vocabulary and phrases needed when fixing a date on the 
phone (L2), visiting somebody (L3), and when sharing a meal (L4). The lessons 
following that assume realistic situations within the context of a TCM-enthusiast 
studying in China. Thus, the situations are a general introduction to the Chinese 
medical system (L5) and to the medical treatment administered to foreigners 
(L6). Next the student is taught much of the vocabulary and phrases used in a 
pharmacy (L7), and when taking an acupuncture class (L8). Thereafter the circle 
of the imaginary student grow larger, as he or she goes to the hospital with an 
injured child for a checkup (L10) after having provided First Aid (L9). There is 
then also a pregnancy-check (L11) and a visit to a medical bookstore (L13). 
The authors claim in the foreword that the book is not only intended for stu-
dents of TCM, but also for medicine or pharmaceutical salesmen or the general 
public. Lessons 14 through 18 are therefore even more general than those that 
precede them. They deal with traveling and health issues (L14), visiting an acu-
puncture and moxibustion department of a hospital (L15), discussions among 
university students of medicine (L16), going to a trade fair (L17) and negotiating 
a trade agreement (L18). 
Each lesson consists of a dialogue, where every statement is in three lines: 
Characters, romanization, and German translation. The romanization throughout 
is non-italic Hanyu Pinyin, complete with tone markers on the vowels. As always 
in Pinyin there is some confusion concerning the method for writing more than 
one syllable: For the first ten lessons, Zhang and Unschuld hyphenate words they 
feel belong together, from then on and for the later eight lessons, syllables in one 
word are written together.  
After the dialogue some standard questions and answers are repeated. They 
are concise enough to fit on a word-card, but still long enough to actually be 
more than just vocabulary. To pick a random example: In lesson 6 the standard 
phrases are: “haizi daxue biye le ma? 孩 子 大 学 毕 业 了 吗”, which translates 
as  “Has your child graduated from university.” The sentence in Pinyin is spelled: 
“hái-zì dà-xué bì-yè-lè ma?” Each lesson consists of some annotations of very 
diverse content related to the dialogue, and finally, vocabulary. At the end of the 
first volume we find a list of all the words in the book. There is a lot of vocabu-
lary to be mastered in each lesson. Lesson 11 for instance features 64 new words. 
Volume two is divided into the same 18 lessons, each one offering variations 
of the sentences given in the lesson in volume one. The variation is highlighted in 
red, which is set in italics here. For instance for the sentence from lesson 6 “wo 
qing-jiao ni 我 请 教 你”, meaning “I ask your advice” the authors give three 
variations: “wo dei qing-jiao ni 得” => “I have to ask your advice”, “wo dei xian 
qing-jiao ni 得 先” => “I have to ask your advice first”, “suo-yi wo qing-jiao ni 
所 以” => “therefore I ask your advice” (p. 130). These variations aim to teach a 
feeling for the language. As similar elements are used repeatedly, the reader gets 
the idea that Chinese consists of fixed elements that can be combined freely. This 
150 EASTM 26 (2007) 
is of course correct, and the reviewer assumes that once the basics of studying 
Chinese have been mastered, these variations can teach a student a lot about the 
Chinese language. Another example, this time from lesson 13: for the sentence 
“Beijing you chubanshe 北 京 有 出 版 社” (=> “In Peking there are publishing 
houses”), the authors give six variations: “… you hao ji jia chunbanshe 有 好 几 
家 出 版 社” (=> “several publishing houses”), “… you hao ji jia yiyao chuban-
she 有 好 几 家 医 药 出 版 社” (=> “several medical publishing …”), “… you 
hao ji jia zhuanmen de yiyao chubanshe 有 好 几 家 专 门 的 医 药 出 版社” 
(=> “several publishing houses specialized on medicine”), “dan Beijing you hao 
ji jia yiyao … 单 北 京” (=> “Only in Peking …”), “dan Beijing jiu you hao ji jia 
chubanshe 单 北 京 就 有 …” (=> “In Peking alone, there are several …”) and 
“ni zhidao, dan Beijing you … 你 知 道，单 北 京 …” (=> “You know, in Pe-
king alone …”) (p. 272).  
This course was clearly written with a practical and hands-on approach in 
mind. It puts practice before theory, and it doesn’t waste time explaining phonet-
ics or even the pinyin system. But the authors take it one step further: what makes 
this book very particular is the fact that often-used words in language courses like 
“subject”, “object” or “clause” won’t be found here. It is a language course al-
most entirely without linguistic jargon or even grammatical explanations. All the 
basics are left out, so the characters are merely given with the words of the vo-
cabulary, though there is no explanation as to how to write them. Chinese is un-
derstood as a system of unchangeable expressions that can be combined at ran-
dom, when following the rules concerning the order of a sentence. 
Because of the beautiful simplicity of the Chinese language, this may even 
work. Of course, the disadvantage of a didactic system that never deduces a rule 
from examples is that students don’t develop a sense of language method. If, for 
instance, they have a sentence like “ni xue de hao 你 学 得 好” (=> “You study 
well”) and “wo juede bu shufu 我 觉 得 不 舒 服” (=> “I don’t feel well”) it is 
not necessarily the case that they are able to deduce the rule for the complement 
of grade. It is the strong impression of the reviewers that a novice of Chinese who 
uses this book will most certainly go awry, especially since the CD is unavail-
able, and for an autodidact there are absolutely no guidelines for pronunciation. 
However, a student who has mastered the basics of Chinese and wants to deepen 
his or her knowledge in Chinese medicine will most likely find this book to be 
very useful indeed. 
The two authors, Unschuld and Zhang, are not, primarily, linguists. They are 
mainly concerned with Chinese medicine. Therefore, we shall now leave the 
linguistic arguments and turn to the question of medicine. Since this publication 
not only claims to be a language course, but also a course for medicine, we also 
need to look at the medical vocabulary and knowledge taught through the course 
of lessons. Generally speaking, we were not at all impressed with the results of 
this core element. 
151 Reviews 
In this respect the reviewers were left somewhat clueless as to who would ac-
tually profit from this book. For a student of TCM it contains far too little infor-
mation. Hardly any vocabulary from the fields of physiology, pathology, diagnos-
tics or therapeutics is given. So the student doesn’t learn the names of acupunc-
ture points or meridians, nor materia medica, save for a few random examples. 
Most students who attend a European institute studying TCM will make a sojourn 
of one to four months in China as a part of their education. For these students, the 
course is not focused enough to really learn the relevant vocabulary. And while 
for students attending a traditional medical college in Chinese it is not broad 
enough, neither is it specific enough for the needs of salesmen. 
In addition, the vocabulary here is not strictly traditional medical jargon, 
since many modern Western terms are introduced, as well. For a Western reader 
looking to start his or her studies in the People’s Republic, the authors have as-
sembled a very general—and also very basic—choice of vocabulary, which in 
our opinion satisfies nobody. It appears to the reviewers that the book is a general 
language course centered around medical situations. It is much more concerned 
with everyday life in Mainland China than it is with introducing the student of 
medicine to the arcane world of TCM-terminology. It is a compromise between 
too many influences, and, as is often the case with compromises, will leave most 
readers a bit frustrated and desiring more about whatever their interest in medi-
cine is. 
To sum up our findings, we consider this book to be a hybrid between a lan-
guage course and an introduction to only a limited amount of medical terminol-
ogy. But on both aspects, the book falls short. Those expecting a language course 
will find the sentences helpful, but will not get a solid foundation in Chinese 
language, because no help on grammar or even pronunciation is offered, let alone 
on writing. Those who look for an introduction to medical terminology will wind 
up needing a separate list of medical terms for their sojourn because the course 
introduces too little of relevant medical vocabulary. The ideal reader will be 
someone who has already finished a course of Chinese language and now wants 
to study some of the words related to TCM and enlarge his or her repertoire of 
sentences and constructions, because he or she is about to go to China to study 
Chinese medicine for some years. And this person will most likely not pack this 
language course either, but be better of with a decent dictionary. 


Paul Unschuld and Zheng Jinsheng, Hanyu keben - richang shenghuo yu yiliao 汉语课本 - 日常生活与医疗 (Chinesisch-Sprachkurs für Medizin und Alltag)

Lü, Lingfeng

Eclipses and the Victory of European Astronomy in China

Cover

Contents 
 
 
Note from the Editor 7 
 
Reflections on the Current State and Significance of the History of  
 East Asian Technology 
—DIETER KUHN 9 
 
The Doctor’s Body: Embodiment and Multipilicity of Chinese Medical 
Knowledge 
—MU PENG   27 
 
 
Special Issue 
in Honor of Prof. Ho Peng Yoke’s Eightieth Birthday 
(continued) 
 
Seers and Jesters: Predicting the Future and Punning by Graph Analysis 
—BERNHARD FÜHRER    47 
 
Astral Divination in the Context of Mesopotamian Divination, Medicine, 
Religion, Magic, Society, and Scholarship 
—DAVID BROWN  69 
 
 
Review Article 
 
A Confucian Asian Ethos? Essentials of the Culture of East Asian  
 Bioethics 
—OLE DÖRING  127 
 


Döring, Ole

A Confucian Asian Ethos? Essentials of the Culture of East Asian Bioethics

Kuhn, Dieter

Reflections on the Current State and Significance of the History of East Asian Technology

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