East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine (EASTM - Universität Tübingen)

Heirman, Ann

Reviews                                                                                                                  109 
 
C. Pierce Salguero, Translating Buddhist Medicine in Medieval China, Phila-
delphia: University of Pennsylvania Press (Encounters with Asia), 2014, 
245 pp.  
Ann Heirman 
[Ann Heirman, Ph.D. (1998) in Oriental Languages and Cultures, is Professor of 
Chinese Language and Culture and head of the Centre for Buddhist Studies at 
Ghent University in Belgium. She has published extensively on Chinese Buddhist 
monasticism and the development of disciplinary rules, including Rules for Nuns 
According to the Dharmaguptakavinaya (Motilal Banarsidass, 2002), The 
Spread of Buddhism (edited volume with Stephan Peter Bumbacher, Brill, 2007), 
and A Pure Mind in a Clean Body (with Mathieu Torck, Academia Press, 2012). 
Contact: Ann.Heirman@UGent.be] 
Translating Buddhist Medicine in Medieval China is a most welcome and 
interesting study on the reception of medical ideas in medieval China. It 
examines how Chinese translator–authors understood and adapted Indian 
medical knowledge and how they explained it to their diverse audiences. A 
major aim of Pierce Salguero’s study is to imbed this intercultural commu-
nication in its relevant historical contexts. The chapter structure reflects 
well the main topics of the book: after an explanation of the transmission of 
Buddhist medical knowledge to and throughout China (chapter 1), 
Salguero highlights translation practices in medieval China (chapter 2), 
then focuses on the translation of medical texts (chapter 3), and, intri-
guingly, on the rewriting (chapter 4) and popularization (chapter 5) of 
Buddhist medicine in China. 
The author adopts an interdisciplinary approach, employing both the 
study of systems (such as Buddhism) and the study of discourse, through 
his analysis of Chinese translation and transmission strategies. As he 
explains on p. 5, such an approach not only helps to clarify how foreign 
and local ideas and practices interacted and intermingled, but facilitates 
analysis of how Buddhist concepts were continually and situationally 
negotiated by historical actors. The historical perspective is especially inter-
esting as it enhances our understanding of local contacts in China, reveal-
ing, on the one hand, that healing was an important mechanism through 
which Buddhism gained prominence outside of India, and, on the other, 
that translators actively attempted to adapt Indian ideas and practices to 
local cultural and social contexts in China. 
Chapter 1 comprises two parts. It first addresses Chinese medical know-
ledge prior to the arrival of Buddhism, offering a brief but relevant outline 
110                                                                                                  EASTM 42 (2015) 
 
of religio-medical concepts (essential for a study on translation and trans-
mission), and showing that a balance between the influence of spirits—or 
ancestors—and patterns of cosmic energy pervaded medical discourse at 
all levels of society. The second and major part of the first chapter discusses 
the introduction of Buddhist medicine to China. Here (p. 30), Salguero 
astutely draws attention to the Silk Roads that provided a network for 
cross-cultural contact. Still, he could have placed, perhaps, more emphasis 
on the peculiarities of such cross-cultural activities. While Buddhist texts, 
ideas, and practices did indeed travel over considerable distances, other 
contact, such as trade, was primarily (inter)local, meaning that many trad-
ers never trekked all the way from India to China.1 Texts—whether written, 
memorized, or oral—did travel, however, and these testify to the consider-
able efforts some people made to carry Buddhist ideas and practices to 
China and then make them available to translators. Although Salguero 
certainly identifies these efforts, the reader is left wondering how the monks 
travelled. How did they move from one town to the next? Who were their 
travelling companions? How did they sustain themselves before, during, 
and after their journeys? These transmitters of knowledge were few in 
number (Salguero estimates their total number at 117 on p. 32), but their 
impact was huge. Moreover, that impact was not only “Buddhist.” As 
Salguero points out (p. 33), not all of the knowledge to be found in Bud-
dhist literature can or should be classified as specifically Buddhist or even 
religious. Still, it was through the efforts of the transmitters and translators 
of these Buddhist texts that the Chinese public gained its first experience of 
Indian knowledge. Once introduced to China, a wealth of western ideas 
and practices on healing started to merge with numerous strands of tradi-
tional Chinese knowledge. 
Chapter 2 focuses on the role of human agency in the translation pro-
cess. Again, cross-cultural contacts along the Silk Roads, including the 
maritime routes, are highlighted. As Salguero pointedly remarks (p. 51), 
the translations were done by people with cosmopolitan views who were 
able to discuss the strategies that were required to transfer knowledge from 
India to China. Multiple translation techniques, even within a single text, 
can therefore be seen as ways of negotiation between two different cul-
tural–linguistic systems, rather than dismissed as inconsistencies. This ap-
proach encourages the exploration of social and cultural choices in specific 
historical contexts. Accuracy in (word-for-word) translation is thus no 
longer the focus. Instead, the translators’ creative agency becomes the main 
issue: why and when did they transliterate, use Chinese neologisms, or 
employ familiar Chinese terms? Salguero argues that these choices were 
                                                          
1 For a detailed discussion, see Valerie Hansen’s The Silk Road: A New History, 
New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. 
Reviews                                                                                                                  111 
 
not made at random, but rather were essential elements in the process of 
building conceptual bridges between Indian and Chinese medical know-
ledge. As he puts it (pp. 64–65): “Buddhism’s perceived Indianness was 
simultaneously a limitation and an asset that translators worked both to 
overcome and to capitalize upon.” The Chinese translators displayed their 
legitimacy by using both culturally acceptable language and more exotic 
terminology that testified to the powerful wisdom of Indian knowledge. 
Chapter 3 exemplifies the choices discussed in chapter 2, and attempts 
to identify some long-term patterns. Although Salguero’s text certainly 
does not provide the last word on these patterns, the examples he presents 
are inspiring, and offer some new insights. On the basis of representative 
textual material, he analyzes the Chinese translations of five “conceptual” 
metaphors that structured the way in which medicine was discussed: the 
body as a collection of parts; health and disease as reward and retribution; 
the dharma as medicine; deities as healers; and healing as an occult power. 
To give one example: when discussing health and disease as reward and 
retribution, and thus when discussing the impact of karma, translators of 
embryological treatises (which discussed conception and fetal development) 
typically employed numerous transliterations and calques (neologisms that 
were literal translations of Indian terms). They also used Indian models of 
anatomy and physiology repeatedly. Their audience was mainly interested 
in ascetic values. In contrast, when addressing non-ascetic audiences—
readers who were concerned primarily with the cultivation of merit—trans-
lators employed a much more familiar and accessible (Chinese) lexicon. 
These two examples neatly illustrate the extent to which the translators 
took their intended audiences and the goals of their texts into account 
before embarking on their projects. However, although they are quite re-
vealing, neither they nor the other examples presented in chapter 3 provide 
firm answers to all of the questions relating to the various strategies 
discussed in the preceding chapter. In this sense, the book perhaps prom-
ises more than it is able to deliver. Nevertheless, analysis of Salguero’s 
examples generates some intriguing new hypotheses that are ripe for 
further exploration. 
Of course, transmission of knowledge involves more than mere transla-
tion. It also entails sustained efforts to explain the newly acquired know-
ledge in texts such as manuals, commentaries, and reference works. Chap-
ter 4 focuses on this aspect of transmission—the rewriting of knowledge. 
As with the translation projects, various strategies can be discerned, often 
in response to the contexts in which the authors operated. Salguero points 
to an especially interesting shift that occurred between the sixth and the 
eighth centuries. In the earlier period, Chinese writers tried to explain Bud-
dhist medical concepts in indigenous Chinese terms in an attempt to 
highlight the compatibility of Indian medical thought with traditional Chi-
112                                                                                                  EASTM 42 (2015) 
 
nese concepts. Later writers, by contrast, preferred to use more technical 
Indian terminology, placing far less stress on the supposed links between 
Indian and Chinese knowledge. In the earlier period—when the Chinese 
empire was undergoing a process of reunification—the Chinese authors’ 
primary goal was to make Indian knowledge acceptable to the Chinese elite, 
and they were careful to avoid anything that might lead to accusations of 
conveying a subversive political message. By the eighth century, however, 
in the united empire of the Tang dynasty, the socio-political context had 
changed significantly, and many members of the Chinese elite were well 
acquainted with Indian culture. As a consequence, demand for Indian 
medicines and cures had increased. This opened new opportunities to 
underscore the particular benefits of Indian knowledge, and to demon-
strate one’s personal relationship to it. The chapter’s analysis of the rewrit-
ing of medical ideas, closely embedded in the relevant historical context, 
provides several fascinating insights and new perspectives on the transmis-
sion of concepts from India to China. Although Salguero’s study is too brief 
to be exhaustive, the examples he provides generate a number of interest-
ing new angles for future research. 
This is also the case for chapter 5, where the author concentrates on the 
popularization of Indian medical knowledge. Salguero introduces another 
corpus of Chinese texts—a series of popular narratives aimed at common 
people living everyday lives. The authors of these narratives pieced to-
gether both familiar and novel ideas to illustrate the usefulness of Buddhist 
practices for diverse audiences that were drawn from every sector of soci-
ety. As a by-product of this process, the authors succeeded in strengthen-
ing the status of the Chinese monastic community. Salguero argues that 
these popular texts often employed the same metaphors discussed in 
chapter 3, but also combined them with numerous healing stories from a 
wide variety of “rival writing” (p. 123). Indeed, sharp rivalry between indi-
vidual healers and even whole traditions is frequently evident, which 
testifies to the rich, but also highly competitive, religious landscape in 
medieval China. 
In sum, Translating Buddhist Medicine in Medieval China offers a broad 
and nuanced account of how medical knowledge was transferred from 
India to China. The historical perspective highlighted in this work is parti-
cularly interesting and generates several intriguing new hypotheses. 
Inevitably, though, given the brevity of the text, Salguero can only partially 
explore these new avenues. In this sense, the work constitutes a compre-
hensive outline of contextualized medical translation and transmission 
techniques, but fails to provide a detailed analysis of any particular aspect. 
Notwithstanding this slight reservation, Salguero’s study is certainly most 
welcome, and it will undoubtedly prove to be a source of inspiration for 
many readers and researchers interested in Chinese medical knowledge. 


C. Pierce Salguero, Translating Buddhist Medicine in Medieval China

east.org, admin

 East Asian 
Science, Technology, 
and Medicine 
 
Number 41 
2015 
 
A journal dedicated to the study of traditional and modern 
East Asian science, technology, and medicine. 
 
Editor-in-Chief 
Hans Ulrich Vogel 
Asien-Orient-Institut 
Abteilung für Sinologie und Koreanistik 
Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen 
eastm@uni-tuebingen.de 
 
 
Editors 
Christine Moll-Murata                                                       Ulrich Theobald 
Fakultät für                                                                                        Abteilung für 
Ostasienwissenschaften                                             Sinologie und Koreanistik                                   
Ruhr-Universität Bochum                      Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen                 
                                                                    
                                                        
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Abteilung für Sinologie und Koreanistik, Tübingen 
 
 
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Universität Frankfurt am Main 
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Paul U. Unschuld, Horst-Götz-Stiftungsinstitut für Theorie, Geschichte und Ethik 
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This journal is printed on acid-free paper.                                        ISSN #1562-918X 


EDITORIAL

 Contents 
 
 
Special Issue  
on the History of Chinese Medicine 
 
 
Introduction from the Guest Editor             9 
—BRIDIE ANDREWS 
 
The Catchy Epidemic: Theorization and its Limits in Han to Song Period 
Medicine 
—TJ HINRICHS   19 
 
 
The Qing Imperial Academy of Medicine: Its Institutions and the 
Physicians Shaped by Them  
—CHE-CHIA CHANG  63 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 To be published in issue 42 
 
 
Ding Fubao and the Modernizing Project in Medicine  
—BRIDIE ANDREWS 
 
 
The Experience of Illness in Early Twentieth-century Rural Shanxi  
—HENRIETTA HARRISON 
   
Review Article 
 
Gan Fuxi, Robert Brill, and Tian Shouyun (eds.), Ancient Glass 
Research Along the Silk Road 
Bettina Zorn and Alexandra Hilgner (eds.), Glass along the Silk Road 
from 200 BC to AD 1000 
—reviewed by James W. Lankton 93 
 
Reviews 
 
Cynthia Brokaw and Christopher A. Reed (eds.), From Woodblocks to 
the Internet: Chinese Publishing and Print Culture in Transition, 
circa 1800 to 2008 
—reviewed by Lucille Chia 106 
 
Dagmar Schäfer (ed.), Cultures of Knowledge: Technology in Chinese 
History 
—reviewed by Peter J. Golas 113 
 
Yanzhong Huang, Governing Health in Contemporary China 
—reviewed by Lisa Handwerker 116 
 
Pascal Crozet and Annick Horiuchi (eds.), Traduire, transposer, 
naturaliser: La formation d’une langue scientifique moderne hors 
des frontières de l’Europe au XIXe siècle 
— reviewed by Viatcheslav Vetrov 121 
 
Carol Benedict, Golden-Silk Smoke: A History of Tobacco in China, 
1550-2010 
—reviewed by Thomas O. Höllmann 127 
 
Vladimir Tikhonov, Social Darwinism and Nationalism in Korea: The 
Beginnings (1880s-1910s)—“Survival” as an Ideology of Korean 
Modernity 
—reviewed by Mike Hawkins 130 
 
 
  
Denise M. Glover, Stevan Harrell, Charles F. McKhann and 
Margaret Byrne Swain (eds.), Explorers and Scientists in 
China’s Borderlands 1880–1950 
—reviewed by Jan Magnus Romgard 135 
 
John P. Dimoia, Reconstructing Bodies: Biomedicine, Health, and Nation 
Building in South Korea since 1945 
—reviewed by Gregg Brazinsky 139 
 
 
 
 


Kim, Nanny

Liu Ts’ui-jung (ed.), Environmental History in East Asia: Interdisciplinary Perspectives

Reviewed are:Gan Fuxi, Robert Brill, and Tian Shouyun (eds.), Ancient Glass Research Along the Silk Road, Singapore: World Scientific, 2009, 473 pp.andBettina Zorn and Alexandra Hilgner (eds.), Glass along the Silk Road from 200 BC to AD 1000, Mainz: Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmu-seums, Tagungsband, 2010, 248 pp

Lankton, James W.

Review Article about Ancient Glass along the Silk Road

Romgard, Jan Magnus

Reviews                                                                                                  135 
 
Denise M. Glover, Stevan Harrell, Charles F. McKhann and Margaret Byrne 
Swain (eds.), Explorers and Scientists in China’s Borderlands 1880–1950, 
Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 2011, xii, 300 pp. 
Jan Magnus Romgard 
[Jan Romgard is a researcher at the Department of Asian, Middle Eastern and 
Turkish Studies, Stockholm University. He received a Ph.D. from Stockholm 
University in 2013, and a Ph.D. in Contemporary Chinese Studies from the 
University of Nottingham in 2014. His most recent research has focused on the 
development of modern geosciences in China, and on the increasing interaction 
between the Chinese and Western scientific communities as Republican China 
modernized and took control of its scientific knowledge production. Contact: 
jan.romgard@su.se] 
This book explores the activities of nine Western scientists from Britain, 
France, the United States, Germany and Sweden that were active in the 
Chinese borderlands from late Imperial China to the end of the Republic in 
1949. It especially looks into the Westerners’ views on the various cultures 
and peoples that they met in their fieldwork. 
Erik Mueggler examines the travels, photography and writings by the 
British botanists Reginald Farrer (1880–1920) and George Forrest (1873–
1932). The author especially points to the contradictions in Forrest’s work. 
Although Forrest initially witnessed and wrote about the violent and racist 
behaviour of the British colonial troops in India, he soon himself adopted a 
colonial attitude towards the peoples that he met in his travels. To his own 
surprise, however, he developed a liking to local Tibetan tribes in Yunnan 
Province and especially to the men that he trained and hired for his 
fieldwork. While Forrest participated in the British colonial project, 
Mueggler points out that it was actually his local crew that made his work 
successful, as their eyes could see “in ways that he could not, in an alien 
form of vision” (p. 54).   
Denise M. Glover contributes with a study on the English botanist 
Ernest Henry Wilson (1876–1930). Wilson spent in total eleven years in 
China making plant collections in the provinces of Hubei and Sichuan. 
While Wilson’s professional work aimed at getting plants for commercial 
and scientific purposes, he was also dedicated to inform and educate the 
public through popular publications. The author argues that Wilson’s 
travelogues are attempts at presenting “ocular proof” (p. 66), as they give 
baselines of facts that are “captured and preserved in language” of what he 
observes while his photographs in turn aid the reader to see the “objective 
‘truth’ to which he refers” (p. 67). Wilson’s view on the indigenous peoples, 
especially in the Sino-Tibetan borderlands, reflected both an ethnocentric 
136                                                                                                  EASTM 41 (2015) 
 
and romantic view, Glover explains. To Wilson, local peoples were “happy, 
unsophisticated children of Nature” and yet represented a contrast and 
different way of life compared to the industrial and modern life at home.  
Tamara Wyss explores the travels by her German grandparents 
Friedrich and Hedwig Weiss who worked as diplomats for the Weimar 
Republic, stationed in Sichuan and Yunnan. In 1913, the Weiss couple 
made a short, but rewarding journey to the Nuosu people in southern 
Sichuan. Hedwig Weiss (1889–1974) wrote a report from this journey in 
which she accounted for the Nuosu way of life and for the tribe’s clashes 
with the expanding Han Chinese. The author notes that the Weiss couple 
identified themselves more with the Nuosu than with the Chinese. Like 
Wilson, they idealized the virtues of the “noble savage” (p. 106), and 
Hedwig Weiss, inspired by the German Romantic movement, even drew 
parallels between the Nuosu warfare against Han Chinese troops and the 
ancient fights that Germany’s forefathers had with the Roman Empire. 
Wyss argues that the Weiss couple had a lust for adventure and travel, 
which they could realize because of the imperial ambitions of Germany. 
Although the Weiss couple felt and were truly German, their Jewish back-
ground gives another dimension to their fieldwork in China. Their 
otherness within their own culture places their encounter with the Nuosu 
in the context of their own lives and backgrounds, Wyss explains.  
One chapter, written by five different authors, is devoted to the 
Austrian-American explorer, linguist, botanist and geographer Joseph Rock 
(1884–1962). Rock, born to an Austrian servant, immigrated to the United 
States to become a respected, self-taught botanist based in Hawai’i. He 
spent almost three decades in the field in China where he stayed for longer 
times with the Naxi people in northwestern Yunnan. He wrote about the 
Naxi history, culture and religion and made a dictionary of their language. 
He was a scholar of the old school, formally dressed even in the field, 
ordering European meals to be cooked by his servants and playing classical 
recordings in his tent.  
Margaret B. Swain contributes with a study of the Franco-Catholic 
missionary Paul Vial (1855–1917), active in Yunnan Province. Vial was a 
devoted ethnographer and linguist who studied the Sani culture and 
language while actively striving to improve the situation for this people. 
He wrote a Sani-French dictionary and created a model community in 
Lunan County where he promoted modern education, housing, irrigation 
and the Catholic faith. Like the Weiss couple, Vial likewise found himself 
closer to the local people than to the expanding Han Chinese. He was, as 
Swain explains, “a conflicted colonial imperialist” (p. 150). While convert-
ing local peoples in the Catholic faith, and striving for modernization, he 
also took a “fierce pro-indigenous Sani stance against Han rule” (p. 150).   
Reviews                                                                                                  137 
 
Next, this book devotes two chapters on the activities of the American 
Baptist missionary and scientist David Crocket Graham (1884–1961). 
Graham was a trained anthropologist, archaeologist, ethnologist and field 
collector working in Sichuan Province between 1911 and 1948. In 1932, 
Graham became curator of the Museum of Art, Archaeology and Ethno-
logy at West China Union University (now Sichuan University) where he 
also taught comparative religions, archaeology and anthropology. As the 
authors point out, Graham had a modernist Christian bias in his views on 
the indigenous population. Yet, he believed in the universality of religions, 
and regretted the decline in local religious tradition. Moreover, Jeff Kyong-
McClain and Geng Jing point out that Graham’s ethnographical and ar-
chaeological researches actually became part of the nation-building process 
in Republican China. During the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), the 
Chinese government was forced to move its capital to Sichuan, which 
made it more important for the Han Chinese to bring the borderlands and 
their inhabitants under central control. Within the political situation of this 
time, Graham’s work came to conform to Republican Chinese needs. While 
he always took a keen interest in the sake of the indigenous communities, 
he also participated “enthusiastically” in interpreting his findings in ways 
“that unified rather than split the new nation-state” (p. 237), the authors 
conclude.  
The final chapter looks into the collaborations and friendship between 
the scientists Johan Gunnar Andersson (1874–1960) and Ding Wenjiang 
(1887–1936). Andersson, a Swedish geologist and self-taught archaeologist, 
worked as a mining adviser for the Chinese government between 1914 and 
1925. He then worked closely with the reform-minded Ding Wenjiang who 
was the first head of the National Geological Survey of China and a leading 
promoter for modern science of the time. Both Andersson and Ding shared 
a passion for fieldwork and believed in science as a tool for progress. 
However, new data from Andersson’s archaeological fieldwork questioned 
the traditional narrative on China’s ancient history. The Swede’s discovery 
of the prehistoric Yangshao Culture proved the existence of a “proto-
Chinese” culture that he argued could be related to even earlier cultures in 
Central Asia. Was the Yangshao Culture therefore the result of an ancient 
migration from the West?, he asked. Fiskesjö explains that this theory 
challenged the classical narrative of the civilized Chinese state versus the 
“barbarian” peoples in the peripheries. Yet, the interpretation of the find-
ings was soon adapted to suit the traditional narrative on ancient China. 
While Ding supported Andersson from a scientific viewpoint, he suggested 
that the new findings could possibly be related to the mythical Xia Dynasty, 
mentioned in ancient sources. Even Andersson, despite his western origin 
theory, aligned his discovery to fit in with the modern idea of nation-states. 
As Fiskesjö points out, Andersson described the Yangshao as “an early 
138                                                                                                  EASTM 41 (2015) 
 
Chinese culture” and even later abandoned his western origin theory after 
further examinations of the data. Both Ding and Andersson were affected 
by the political situation in China of their time. Fiskesjö also argues that the 
Yangshao Culture today has become part of a new nationalistic narrative 
on the formation of China: The Yangshao people has turned into “a sort of 
vanguard of Chinese civilization in a sea of primitives […] in the new 
origin myth” (p. 261), as the author concludes.  
In his introduction, Stevan Harrell summarizes the various characters 
covered in the book, their part in the European-American exploration of 
the Chinese borderlands, and their view on the peoples and cultures that 
they met on their journeys. As he rightly points out, although the Western-
ers often took for granted ideas of white or European-American superiority 
typical for the era under which they lived, they all shared a joint belief in 
science and in social progress for humanity. They believed that their work 
contributed to the general scientific knowledge. What the book does not 
problemize, however, is the surrounding geopolitical situation that further 
influenced scientific activities in China’s borderlands at the time. Foreign 
activities in the region were often a part in the tug-of-war between the Big 
Powers for increased control and exploration of the Far East and of Central 
Asia. Not only European and American field scientists became involved in 
this game, but also a large number of Russian and Japanese explorers that 
likewise collected data and mapped the region. Moreover, the later part of 
the period also witnessed a growing number of Western educated Chinese 
scientists that also began exploring and collecting data in China’s border-
lands, which is only briefly mentioned in the book. These later activities 
were propelled by the foreign activities in the area, an awakening Chinese 
nationalism and by the formation of modern Chinese scientific institutions, 
such as that of the Academia Sinica in 1928. Moreover, there were—of 
course—also many more members of the Western scientific community 
present in the field in this era than the nine explored in the book. Yet, 
despite of this is the Explorers & Scientists in China’s Borderlands 1880–1950 
well worth reading for its diverse examples and insights into the thinking 
of these specific members.  
 


Denise M. Glover, Stevan Harrell, Charles F. McKhann and Margaret Byrne Swain (eds.), Explorers and Scientists in China’s Borderlands 1880–1950

FRONT AND BACK COVER

Messner, Angelika C.

Reviews                                                                                                                  121 
 
TJ Hinrichs and Linda L. Barnes (eds.), Chinese Medicine and Healing: An 
Illustrated History, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England: 
The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2013. 
Angelika C. Messner 
[Angelika C. Messner, Prof. Dr., heads the China Center at Kiel University. Born 
and educated in Italy, she studied Medicine, Sinology, History of Medicine and 
Anthropology in Innsbruck, Vienna, Beijing and Freiburg i. Br. She has written 
and published on a wide range of topics, including Chinese science and medicine, 
the cultural exchange between China and Europe since the seventeenth century, 
and the relationship between the sacred and the profane in China. At Kiel 
University she is the speaker of the research group “Societas Ethologica et 
Sociologica” and active member of the research center “Perception and Reception 
of Finitude.” In 2010, she was an invited Research Fellow at the Max-Planck-
Institute for the History of Science in Berlin. With the support of the German 
Science Foundation (DFG) she has initiated and coordinated the Villa Vigoni 
Research Conferences, 2009, 2010 and 2011 on the “Re-Construction of Emotion 
Knowledge, States of Mind and the Imaginary in Late Imperial China.” These 
research conferences have helped to create a network between colleagues working in 
the field of Chinese literary studies and those working in Chinese science and 
technology as well as in Chinese anthropology studies. Contact: 
messner@sino.uni-kiel.de] 
Medical history is a complex tapestry of the history of ideas, practical and 
cosmological knowledge concepts, frameworks and practices. Considering 
its foundation in practice, medicine needs to be investigated first and fore-
most in terms of concrete actions and practices. The issue of practice de-
marcates domains of everyday care as well as of extraordinary events and 
crisis. As such, practice is about insecurities and tribulations, attempts and 
doubts much more than any clear-cut theory would allow. So important is 
the issue of practice in the domain of medicine that one can hardly avoid it 
when doing any kind of historical or anthropological research in this 
domain.  
Previously, historical research in Chinese medicine was largely con-
cerned with reconstructing the main systems of knowledge. By the 1970s, 
this process of collecting, evaluating and systematizing historical sources, 
although far from finished, was being challenged by an orientation towards 
the varieties of medical practices.  
Chinese Medicine and Healing is the outcome of such concerns. Taking 
into account the divergent implications of medical practices for the social 
122                                                                                                  EASTM 42 (2015) 
 
realm, this book revisits the crossroads of particular moments of change 
over the course of two thousand years, spanning huge local distances 
within changing Chinese borders, as well as Europe, America, Africa and 
Australia. The introduction by the two editors, Linda L. Barnes and TJ 
Hinrichs, is followed by ten sections that are subdivided into contributions, 
a bibliography and a carefully compiled index with terms and concepts in-
cluding Chinese characters. The first eight of the ten parts of the book fol-
low a diachronic perspective, chronologically covering the time span from 
pre-Han times (going back as far as the second millennium BC) through the 
People’s Republic of China in the twentieth century. The final two sections 
deal with contemporary processes, with a special focus on the waves of mi-
gration of Chinese medical practice into different parts of the world in the 
twentieth and twenty-first centuries. 
Illustrated with geographical maps and chronological timetables as well 
as pictorial material, the individual subsections are easy to access. They are 
complemented by short pieces, highlighted in gray, that offer particular 
views on related issues, topics and places in terms of “fine grained 
knowledge.” All in all, the book assembles 52 contributions. Despite span-
ning almost three millennia and vast geographical distances within China 
and beyond, the book nevertheless manages to be much more than an 
encyclopedic anthology. It can be seen as a well-arranged assemblage of 
single pieces that together and on their own tell a story from particular 
perspectives grounded in basically existential issues, such as concerns over 
medical care, and the solution of physical and social crisis and problems. 
Readers are invited to explore the history of Chinese medicine as a highly 
sophisticated academic field grounded on an explorative and solution-
oriented approach. Due to the afore-said practical dimension, the indivi-
dual contributions in the book avoid “certain conceptual frameworks that 
had traction in earlier scholarship on medicine” (p. 3). This is a clear state-
ment against often unspoken, yet longstanding bifurcations, such as “sa-
cred” and “secular,” “science” and “religion,” in academic approaches to 
historical research in general. 
Section one, introduced by Constance A. Cook, discusses the domains in 
which medicine in ancient China, was acted out: shamanism, divination, 
exorcism and life-cultivating practices. She presents the ways Shang and 
Zhou people conceived of individual lives, human bodies and a whole 
variety of ghosts and demons surrounding them, through analysis of 
divination and exorcism practices. These were the primary diagnostic and 
treatment methods for illness on both the individual and the state level. 
Pointing to the ways the microcosmic and macrocosmic dimensions were 
intermingled (to drive out one’s enemies from the country and to exorcise 
disease from the body were part of one and the same reality), she intro-
duces the use of bone and tortoise shell for communication with spirits 
Reviews                                                                                                                  123 
 
throughout the period. A short extract from an oracle bone inscription 
shows the concrete practice of this (Ken Takashima, p. 8). However, by the 
sixth century BC, cosmologies based on qi, the vapor taken to constitute the 
essence of all matter, and the concepts of yin and yang emerged, and with 
them herbal preparations with the use of alcohol and meat for nurturing 
the sick and elderly.  
In the second section on the Han Period (206 BC-220 AD), Vivienne Lo 
first of all contextualizes the development of authoritative medical writing, 
e.g. its standardization and canonization, and the emergence of acupunc-
ture, that is needles, stones and Artemisia, as means of treatment. A large 
number of medical manuscripts from this period evidence the co-existence 
of highly diverse forms of healing that related to magic and religious 
world-views as much as to very particular and locally practiced ways of 
diagnosis and healing.  
This foundational period for the history of Chinese medicine in terms of 
content, canonization and standardization saw the emergence of superficial 
surgery, therapeutic exercise and sexual and breath cultivation, as well as 
the treatment of women and their specific vulnerabilities during and after 
childbirth. The latter is described by Lisa Raphals in a short insertion. From 
this section the reader gains insights into the interactions between experts’ 
practices for nourishment and longevity and the knowledge frameworks 
these experts relied on. These included: the culture of calculation, the im-
portance of the reckoning arts for connecting human bodily processes with 
cosmological signs and processes, the social positioning and cultural mean-
ing of these experts in diverse contexts, and faith in the power of numbers 
(numerology). Another short interwoven chapter deals with the late Han 
masters of healing that were seen as eccentrics with superhuman abilities, 
and divine teachers (TJ Hinrichs).  
Section three on the period of division and the Tang dynasty (220-906 
BC), introduced by Fan Ka-wai, provides detailed information on the 
changing social and institutional contexts of medicine. Pointing to the sig-
nificance of traders, students, envoys, Buddhist monks and Daoist priests 
for the ongoing exchange and mutual incorporation of medical knowledge, 
practices, books and drugs with the Korean peninsula, on one hand, and 
with South and Central Asia on the other, this section consists of a 
multitude of short “thick descriptions.” These include Shamans (Lin Fu-
shih), Prerequisites for Treating Childlessness (Jessey JJ.C. Chao), Nurtur-
ing the Fetus (Sabine Wilms), Childbirth (Jen-der Lee), particular practices 
of Daoist cultivation (Gul Raz), iatromantic diagnosis and treatment (Don-
ald Harper), and the life and work of the eminent physician, herbalist, and 
Daoist Sun Simiao (Victor Xiong).  
Section four continues with Song and Jin period (906-1234) extensions of 
medical policies, institutions (medical schools, regularization of medical 
124                                                                                                  EASTM 42 (2015) 
 
relief) and state publishing of medical texts under the Bureau for Editing 
Medical Treatises. Hinrichs does not leave out any of the attempts by the 
Song state to produce and disseminate medical knowledge for the purpose 
of rectifying commoner customs. Her introduction is interrupted by short 
descriptions of the Plague God Cults (Paul R. Katz), Legendary Daoist 
Women (Catherine Despeux), and Song Printed Medical Works and Medie-
val Japanese Medicine (Andrew Edmund Goble).  
The introduction to section five, on the Yuan and Ming Periods (1206-
1368), by Angela Ki Che Leung is just as detailed and comprehensive. Here 
again the whole range of healers and physician types and their social 
positions, which were intimately entwined with ongoing negotiations with 
elite learned traditions, are discussed. Interspersed into this are short con-
tributions on Arabic Medicine in China by Paul D. Buell, Vietnamese 
Monk-Physicians at the Ming Court (C. Michelle Thompson), medical syn-
thesis in Chosŏn Korea (Soyoung Suh), the temples established by the Yuan 
government for medical schools (Reiko Shinno), Children’s Medicine 
(Hsiung Ping-chen), the work of famous late Ming physician Li Shizhen 
(Kenneth J. Hammond), and finally Variolation (Chang Chia-Feng). All 
these cohere around medical concerns, social necessities and societal hier-
archies in a way that could not be better done.  
Yi-Li Wu in her introduction to the  Qing Period (section six) describes 
the whole range of cultural, social and intellectual trends of the dynasty: 
the gentrification of medicine, the relation of medicine and secret societies, 
medical charity and philanthropy, medical publishing and government me-
dicine, global medical exchanges, including the Jesuits and the introduction 
of European medicine in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, acupunc-
ture in Europe, the Protestant medical missionaries in late nineteenth-cen-
tury China, Chinese views of Western medicine, and last but not least the 
relation of Western medicine in late nineteenth and early twentieth-century 
China to the Chinese Self-strengthening movement. Again this is comple-
mented by short contributions on Fertility Control and Demographics 
(Francesca Bray), Female Alchemy (Elena Valussi), the Nineteenth-century 
Bubonic Plague Epidemic (Carol Benedict), the Emperor’s Physician 
(Chang Che-chia), medical and martial arts in late imperial vernacular fic-
tion (Paize Keulemans), Eighteenth-century European Views of Gongfu 
(Linda L. Barnes), and finally the “Warm Diseases” Current of Learning 
(Marta E. Hanson). 
Section seven addresses the Republic of China (1912-1949). Dealing with 
the creation of modern Chinese medicine, which was closely linked to a 
move to abolish traditional Chinese medicine, and introducing public 
health and the establishment of a modern state, Bridie Andrews opens up 
with a whole range of illuminating photographs. These depict mission hos-
pitals (old and modern), street doctors, a group picture of traditional mid-
Reviews                                                                                                                  125 
 
wives after training in sanitary delivery methods (1929), and a picture of Dr. 
Wu Liande (1911), the well-known co-author of one of the first mono-
graphs on the history of modern medicine in China, who was appointed as 
the first director of the Manchurian Plague Prevention Service in 1911, and 
nominated for the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1935. This section is inter-
spersed with short pieces on Dissection in China (Larissa Heinrich), Neu-
rasthenia (shenjing shuairuo) in China (Hugh Shapiro), and Advertising 
Hygienic Modernity (Ruth Rogaski). 
Section eight on the People’s Republic of China (1949 to the present) 
addresses the entirely new struggles for legitimation of Chinese medicine, 
as Volker Scheid points out in his introduction to this section.  He painstak-
ingly and meticulously traces the changing realities, political decisions and 
discussions from the 1950’s through to today, concluding that the current 
pluralistic health care system is becoming a highly fractured field of medi-
cal practices, with no longer any need for a clear-cut dichotomy of “Chi-
nese medicine versus Western medicine.” This section is dedicated to Pro-
paganda and Health (Stefan R. Landsberger), Folk Nutritional Therapy in 
Modern China (Eugene N. Anderson), Inventing Qigong (David Ownby), 
Chinese Medicine as Popular Knowledge in Urban China (Judith Farquhar), 
Seal Penis, Viagra, and Sexual Potency in Post-Mao China (Everett Zhang), 
Religious Healing in the People’s Republic of China (Thomas DuBois), and 
SARS, Bird Flu, and Media Transparency in China (Hepeng Jia).  
Section nine and Section ten, entitled A World of Chinese Medicine and 
Healing: Part I and Part II, both introduced by Linda L. Barnes, deal with 
the spread of Chinese medicine to the world outside of China. Tracing the 
multiple paths of migration through France, Vietnam, Québec, Harlem, 
England, Japan and Sri Lanka requires first of all looking back into the 
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This is what the individual items 
in the first part are about. Historical accounts again alternate with shorter 
texts marked in gray on Acupuncture in Argentina (Bettina Freidin), Acu-
puncture in Germany (Gunnar Stollberg), the particular situation of Chi-
nese medicine education in the U.S. (Sonya Pritzker), Acupuncture in Iraq 
(Lazgeen Ahmad, Interview by Douglas Newton), sub-health and preven-
tive medicine (Mei Zhan), and Placebo-controlled Randomized Trials and 
Chinese Medicine (Ted J. Kaptchuk). Section ten presents an even more 
diverse world of practices in Chinese Medicine, which, for instance, in Afri-
can contexts comprises everything practiced by a Chinese physician (also 
biomedicine), as well as medicine that comes from China (Chinese medical 
drugs, and Chinese-manufactured Western biomedical drugs). This section 
addresses the multidirectional migrations of Chinese life, medical, spiritual 
and religious knowledge and practice in and outside the Asian geographic 
area. There is a rich tradition of practices that all somehow refer to a 
Chinese ideosphere, and that are not easily distinguished via the bifurca-
126                                                                                                  EASTM 42 (2015) 
 
tion of “expert” or “layperson.” This section, therefore, is highly amor-
phous due to the interplay of past and present, national and regional, local 
and global. It sheds light on the entanglements of diverse fields, such as 
food and herbal therapies in current Chinese and non-Chinese contexts, the 
issue of general social care and charity practices in clan halls and 
associations, new organizations for self-cultivation in the PRC, newly 
emerging preventive spiritual and divination practices, dream interpreta-
tion and fengshui, face reading, and the diverse meanings of qi in the PRC, 
Taiwan and other parts of the world. This multi-layered section moreover 
is supplemented by two shorter essays on the qi-visualizing discourse and 
practice past and present (Nancy N. Chen), and Taiji in America (Elijah 
Singer). 
This last section most explicitly exemplifies the balancing act required 
when presenting both detail and a comprehensive narrative. The authors 
and editors of the book have succeeded admirably in arranging scattered 
pieces of specific knowledge into a cohesive whole. This has saved them 
from having to reduce highly complex and multiple processes, events and 
discourses to one single (meta)-narrative. The short and concise “thick de-
scriptions” blend with the larger “space of narrative,” creating a whole in 
which the assemblage of diverse pieces, voices, practices, elements and per-
spectives in the field of Chinese medical history illuminate the given time 
and place in new and unexpected ways.  
This book, in terms of theory, systematic knowledge, ‘fine grained’ 
knowledge, and format, is innovative in its scope and in its methodological 
practice. Firstly, because it takes into account a great many variables when 
dealing with medicine and healing from an historical as well as a contem-
porary perspective. Far from avoiding the many ambiguities around Chi-
nese medicine, “China” and Chinese medicine are treated as flexible con-
cepts rather than as objectively continuous and fixed terms. Secondly, the 
contributions to the anthology to a great extent are concerned with the 
actors’ and the patients’ own understandings of what they are doing, and 
of what they are looking for. This is the way the various and differing de-
marcations of what “medicine” and “medical” are presented through times 
and regions can reveal today. Finally, the gray-marked short texts that 
intersperse the single sections in varying number and length, in each case 
describe a singular moment in time and place. To be sure, one might ques-
tion the significance of some of these moments for the whole story. On the 
other hand, these short pieces provide glimpses of an encyclopedic whole. 
As such, some of them will serve as seeds for future research of highly 
complex and multi-layered material. In sum, the book provides a solid ba-
sis on which students can track the history of Chinese medicine, it points to 
so far unknown fields of knowledge and practice as important parts of a 
multi-faceted and multi-layered story. 
Reviews                                                                                                                  127 
 
Students and teachers of Chinese medical history have long waited for 
this masterpiece. 


TJ Hinrichs and Linda L. Barnes (eds.), Chinese Medicine and Healing: An Illustrated History

Review Article on Recent Publications on Shen Kuo’s Mengxi bitan (Brush Talks from Dream Brook

Sivin, Nathan

Recent Publications on Shen Kuo’s Mengxi bitan (Brush Talks from Dream Brook)

 Contents 
 
 
Note from the Editor-in-Chief 7 
 
 
Typography for a Modern World?—The Ways of Chinese Movable  
Types 
—MICHELA BUSSOTTI AND HAN QI    9 
 
 
An Unpublished Manuscript Geologica Japonica by Von Siebold: 
Geology, Mineralogy, and Copper in the Context of Dutch 
Colonial Science and the Introduction of Western Geo-sciences 
to Japan  
—TOGO TSUKAHARA  45 
 
   
Reviews 
 
P. Kevin Mackeown, Early China Coast Meteorology: The Role of Hong 
Kong 
—reviewed by Brian Morton 81 
 
Michael Shiyung Liu, Prescribing Colonization: The Role of Medical 
Pratices and Policies in Japan-Ruled Taiwan, 1895–1945 
—reviewed by Robert Kramm 86 
 
Karel Davids, Religion, Technology, and the Great and Little 
Divergences: China and Europe Compared, c. 700-1800 
—reviewed by Jacob Eyferth 94 
 
Wenren Jun, Ancient Chinese Encyclopedia of Technology: Translation 
and Annotation of Kaogong ji (The Artificers’ Record) 
—reviewed by Lothar von Falkenhausen 100 
 
Review Articles 
 
Joy Yueyue Zhang, The Cosmopolitanization of Science: Stem Cell 
Governance in China 
—reviewed by Ole Döring 104 
 
Gabor Lukacs, Kaitai Shinsho: The Single Most Famous Japanese Book 
of Medicine & Geka Sōden: An Early Very Important Manuscript 
on Surgery 
—reviewed by Grégoire Espesset 113 
 
Yongtao Du and Jeff Kyong-McClain (eds.), Chinese History in 
Geographical Perspective 
—reviewed by Cordell D.K. Yee 129 


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