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Recent Studies on Spiritual Care and Spirituality:In Search of New Directions for Research in Moralogy
Get PDFThis article focuses on the Broad developments that have taken place recently in studies on spiritual care and spirituality, and invertigates how these might open up new avenues for reseach in moralogy. In outline, the paper treats the following topics: 1. The trend in Japanese psychology: from potential to trauma, healing and spirituality: 2. The various definitions of spirituality; 3.The structure of spiritual care; 4. Setting kana alongside kanji in Japanese translations of the word "spirituality"; 5. The "question" and "answer" phases in spirituality; 6.The problem of supporting the uniqueness of one's own life; 7. Moralogy and spiritual care
The reality of Gross National Happiness of Bhutan from the second GNH feasibility research
Get PDFBhutan is very small Himalayan country with 680 thousand Population.The fourth king Jigme Singye Wangchuck(reign: 1972～2006)declared "Gross National Happiness is more important than Gross National Product" after the Conference of Nonaligned Countries in 1976 at the age of 21 years old.After that, GNH is the strategic target of Bhutan., and included as national policy in the new constitution.
GNH has 4 strategic area.
1. Economic self-reliance
2. Environmental preservation
3. Preservation and promotion of culture
4. Good governance
And GNH is made up of 9 categorys.
1. Community Vitality
2. Cultural Diversity and Resilience
3. Education
4. Time Use and Balance
5. Living Standard(income)
6. Health of the Population
7. Good Governance
8. Psychological Wellbeing
9. Ecological Diversity and Resilience
Twice feasibility research of GNH was conducted: first was done from September 2006 to January 2007 in nine prefectures with 350 samples, and second was from December 2007 to March 2008 in 12 prefectures with 950 samples. And third was in 2010. First research was summarized by Dr. Sabina Alkire, Maria Emma Santos, and Dasho Karma Ura in 2008.
Ｉ, the author introduced the thesis in several paper. The outcome of second research was summarized to 8 paper(as 8 category of GNH, except environment category)by the researchers of Centre for Bhutan Studies.
This paper summarize the 8 paper and predict the present and future Bhutan. Bhutan is a developing country with it's 23. 2% poverty people. But 97% of the Bhutanese people answered "happy" at the census in 2005. The reason why even the poor people feel happy, is that in Bhutan people exchange volunteer help and donation, so help each other. It comes from Buddhism that all Bhutanese from young generation to old people embrace.
The Percentage of voluntary help of Bhutanese is 51. 9%: larger than 36. 1% of Japan(2009), 88. 7% of Bhutanese donate by money or good, larger than 34. 0%(2009)of Japanese donation.
And the important finding is the people who do voluntary help and donation is happier than the people who do not do voluntary help and donation.
Particularly, Bhutanese often say Driglam Namzha(etiquette and code of conduct)that in family or school or office, people tie each other and it works as safety-net of society. 93. 7% of Bhutanese answered Driglam Namzha is very important.
The most important of life goals of Bhutanese is Family life(95. 1%), Responsibility(91. 8%), Career Success(90. 3%), Spiritwal Faith(87. 7%), Financial Security(87. 5%), So,Bhutanese think most important family life and financial security is fifth importance.
Bhutanese think importance the spiritual life. 38. 41% of Bhutanese recite prayers daily,48. 57% recite prayers occasionally.
And the people who recite pray daily is happier than occasionally recite people.
(1) Delay of gender equality.
Women work more hours than men, because women cover all housework and craft related activities and so on. So, women is less happier than men.
Gender gap of happiness is first priority of GNH.
(2)Urbanization and progress of economy weeken the traditional culture of Bhutan.
Volunteer activity and donation is most important for Bhutanese happiness.
But Urban people less perform such activity than rural people.
And younger people have less interest Bhutanese traditional culture than older people.
Such issues should be taken into consideration by GNH commission, especially the topthe Prime minister Jigmi Y. Thinley
Seeking A New Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading System (Reitaku Model) from the Viewpoint of the Industrial Community: A Proposal for Non-Cap Approach
Get PDFThe industrial community in Japan has not yet fully supported the idea of establishing a greenhouse gas emissions trading system (ETS). It is because they believe that there are at least three fundamental problems. First, the establishing the ETS dose not reduce the gas emissions. All it does is to create new financial products. Second, when emission credits become targets of money game, they might trigger another financial crisis. Third, since under the ETS the government usually sets an upper limit (cap) on each user (all the ETS participants), this controlled economy has a severe impact on the competitiveness of Japanese corporations.For the purpose of resolving those concerns, based upon experiences of the Reitaku Model,which is a virtual market established at a computer program at Reitaku University, we make the following proposals.1 )From the viewpoint of CDM business players, brokers and financial institutions, emission credits are assumed as inventory assets such as financial products. It is because for them credits are items to sell. But from the viewpoint of manufacturers, emission credits allocated by a government are considered to be key factors for business activities, which are different from financial products (and from non-tangible fixed assets).2 )Instead of financial products (or non-tangible fixed assets), we regard emission credits as inventory assets such as materials or stored items. Since those assets turn into expenses through production, marketing or managerial activities, it seems rational to treat emission credits as materials or stored items.3 )If we assume credits as materials or stored items, eventually we will be able to presume that emission credits become invalid within several years (like three years) after allocation. It is because inventory assets like materials are usually destined to deteriorate. For the sake of convenience, at the Reitaku Model we call the first year credits green, the second yellow, and the third red. If credits are not used within three years, then all the red credits will be transferred from holders' account to the clear-off account of the government.4 )Emission credits should not be allocated for free. Therefore, at this Model, users have to purchase them from the government at the beginning of each fiscal year. In addition, at the end of the year, users receive refunds from the government in proportion to how many substantial credits each user has purchased during the year.5 )Making credits allocated by the government inventory assets, steadily lowering the governmental refunds rate, and reducing the total size of emissions credits to offer, the Reitaku Model makes it possible to reduce the total size of greenhouse gas emissions, without imposing any upper limit (cap) on users.If those points are taken into account, three concerns of the industrial community could be resolved.If corporations come to comprehend actual gas emission expenses incurred, they will be able to control cost and thereby reducing gas emissions. For this purpose, credits should be sold to the users at the fired price, ard treated as inventory assets like materials or stored items by the users.If emission credits are set to lose its use value within three years, they could be excluded from money game targets. Based upon this understanding, and in order to calm down frantic money game over emission credits, we propose an idea of making credits invalid within three years after allocation.Third, when those conditions (fare-paying inventory assets with three year expiration) are jointly introduced, the government comes to a point where it does not need to set any upperlimit (cap) on each user. It is because each user will eventually find its own cap (properinventory level) and will continue to lower the upper limit so as to reduce cost. For this reason,those proposals make it possible for Japan to establish a new ETS avoiding the controlled economy
KY コーパス英語母語の学習者における日本語指示詞の習得過程―「これ」「それ」、「この」「その」各形式の使われ方を中心に―
Get PDF本稿は、学習者が指示詞の語彙形式をどのように体系づけて使用し、発達させているかを明らかにするため、KY コーパスの英語母語学習者が使用した指示詞の語彙形式「これ」「それ」「この」「その」について、使用パタン、および談話における機能を調査した。その結果、同じ系統(コ系、ソ系)や次元(「これ、それ」「この、その」)であっても、初めから体系的に発達させていくというより、個々の形式をそれぞれに発達させていく傾向にあることがわかった。また、それぞれの形式が決まったパタンを用いて使い始める傾向にあることから、学習者は各形式を初めから生産的に使用するのではなく、パタンと共に文脈と結び付け、機能として使用しながら発達させている可能性があり、使用依拠モデル(N. Ellis 2002、Tomasello 2003)との関連性が示唆された
Aging analysis in the case of Automotive recalls
Get PDFThe subject of this paper is to consider a loose tripartite relation. That relation consists of cost accounting, product counter-parting to costing and durable periods. Cost accounting has built up layer of many topics over last ten decades. Typical topics are as follows: an advent of allocation problem of overheads, development of standard costing for controlling the manufacturing costs, shifting absorption to direct costing at the depression era, change of peanuts butter method to ABC of allocating overheads.
One of the latest wave is Target Costing originated from Japanese automotive manufacturer. The advocacy of this type of costing has drastically changed the conventional idea. Target Costing is known as a practical activity of strategic cost determination on the blue print of planning, concept and development of new products.
The conventional idea itself had nothing to do with product costing directly. Since an appearance of Target Costing, this status quo has changed. As a result, a product − automotive in this paper − and parts and equipment performance or function seem to be affected negatively by a strong pressure to reduce costs. “Being affected negatively” means to cause defect or malfunction to parts and equipment. This situation, if apparent, leads to product recalls. Recall announcement would be released when this matter is reliable for the manufacturers