Australian Computer Society: ACS Digital Library
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Applied Ethics and Digital Information Privacy: Informing the Design of Covid-19 Contact Tracing Apps
Full text linkTo counteract the spread of Covid-19, many countries have introduced mobile applications for contact tracing, which raises considerable questions about how these apps protect users’ information privacy. Through an exploratory analysis of Covid-19 contact tracing apps being used in Australia, France, Germany, Japan, and New Zealand, we identify normative and technical principles for the design of privacy-sensitive contact tracing apps. Based on a Restricted Access/Limited Control (RALC) account of information privacy, we discuss how the apps protect users’ information privacy through limiting access to and allowing users to actively manage their personal information. Our findings illustrate what understanding of information privacy is evident from the various designs of Covid-19 contact tracing apps, and how competing design principles can contribute to users’ information privacy. From a practical perspective, our findings can inform the design of contact tracing apps and the development of privacy approaches that can be applied in particular contexts. Our work thus bridges the gap between ethical design guidelines and technical analyses of specific implementations
Errors, Irregularities, and Misdirection: Cue Utilisation and Cognitive Reflection in the Diagnosis of Phishing Emails
Full text linkThe study aimed to examine the role of, and potential interplay between, cue utilisation and cognitive reflection in email users’ ability to accurately (and efficiently) differentiate between phishing and genuine emails. 145 participants completed the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT), a phishing diagnostic task, and the Expert Intensive Skill Evaluation (EXPERTise 2.0) battery, which provided a gauge of users’ cue utilisation in the domain. The results revealed an interaction between users’ cognitive utilisation and cue reflection, whereby users low in both facets performed significantly worse in diagnosing phishing emails than all other groups. Further, those participants with both higher cue utilisation and cognitive reflection took significantly longer to make their diagnosis. It is concluded that a high level of cognitive reflection was able to compensate for a lower level of cue utilisation, and vice versa. Participants reported using seven types of cue during diagnosis, however, there was no significant relationship between the types of cues used and users’ level of cue utilisation. Taken together, the findings have implications to the design of user-level interventions in relation to the identification of vulnerable users, as well as the need to consider training approaches that extend beyond the use of simple cue inventories
Gender bias in AI-based decision-making systems: a systematic literature review
Full text linkThe related literature and industry press suggest that artificial intelligence (AI)-based decision-making systems may be biased towards gender, which in turn impacts individuals and societies. The information system (IS) field has recognised the rich contribution of AI-based outcomes and their effects; however, there is a lack of IS research on the management of gender bias in AI-based decision-making systems and its adverse effects. Hence, the rising concern about gender bias in AI-based decision-making systems is gaining attention. In particular, there is a need for a better understanding of contributing factors and effective approaches to mitigating gender bias in AI-based decision-making systems. Therefore, this study contributes to the existing literature by conducting a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of the extant literature and presenting a theoretical framework for the management of gender bias in AI-based decision-making systems. The SLR results indicate that the research on gender bias in AI-based decision-making systems is not yet well established, highlighting the great potential for future IS research in this area, as articulated in the paper. Based on this review, we conceptualise gender bias in AI-based decision-making systems as a socio-technical problem and propose a theoretical framework that offers a combination of technological, organisational, and societal approaches as well as four propositions to possibly mitigate the biased effects. Lastly, this paper considers future research on the management of gender bias in AI-based decision-making systems in the organisational context
Using Process Stories to Foster Process Flexibility: The Experts’ Viewpoint
Full text linkProcess flexibility is essential for organizations coping with uncertainty, emergence, and change. In this study, we research how process stories may lessen friction in realizing flexible processes. We use friction as a metaphor, which characterizes the realization of flexible processes as handling two opposing forces: one pushes towards flexibility while the other pulls against flexibility. Using in-depth interviews with BPM experts as a data-gathering technique, we provide insights into the dynamics of friction in the BPM lifecycle. We also provide empirical evidence about the capability of process stories to lessen friction in realizing flexible processes. This research contributes to understand the context where process stories may be most fit to realize process flexibility and adds knowledge about practical complaints experienced by BPM experts when realizing process flexibility
Building Social Resilience and Inclusion in Disasters: A Survey of Vulnerable Persons' Social Media Use
Full text linkSocial media (SM) is increasingly used to reach out to populations for preparedness and response to disasters. Given the disproportionate impacts of disasters on vulnerable populations (e.g., older persons, persons socially/geographically isolated, persons living with disabilities, persons of low socio-economic means) in this study we focus specifically on the attitudes, needs and future plans of vulnerable persons towards accessing and sharing information via SM during extreme weather events. Advancing understanding in this area is important as there is growing evidence that people who may be described as more vulnerable may have different communication needs and less access to disaster related information and technologies. We present the results of a survey of 215 vulnerable persons in Victoria, Australia. Rather than consider vulnerable persons as a homogenous group, we examine how persons with different vulnerabilities perceive SM for accessing and sharing information in the context of disasters and report findings which challenge prevalent assumptions about vulnerable persons and SM. Overall we find that vulnerable persons are not passive recipients of support during disasters but have self-awareness, a strong desire to receive information and the capacity to usefully contribute to the provision of reliable information via SM. With a view to improving outcomes for vulnerable persons in disasters we offer an agenda for future research
The Relationship between Social Capital and Social Media Addiction: The Role of Privacy Self-Efficacy
Full text linkThe rise of social media raises important ethical issues regarding social media user behaviors. This study seeks to investigate the determinants of social media addiction by focusing on social capital and privacy self-efficacy. We argue that social capital has a mixed association with social media addiction by highlighting the difference between social capital bonding and social capital bridging. Notably, social media users differ in their usage purposes; as some build more bridges, others focus on bonding. Moreover, we posit that the relationship between social capital and social media addiction is moderated by social media user privacy self-efficacy. We collected the data using a survey approach and the data was analyzed using covariance-based structural equation modeling. The findings support our hypotheses. First, we found that social media users with high bridging experience lesser social media addiction. Those with high bonding have more social media addiction. Second, social media users' privacy self-efficacy moderates the relationship between social capital and social media addiction. This occurs by reinforcing the negative association between social capital bridging and social media addiction and the positive association between social capital bonding and social media addiction. Our findings provide important theoretical contributions and implications for practice
The Impact of Blockchain on Supply Chains: A systematic Review
Full text linkSupply chains face many challenges around coordination, information asymmetry, quality assurance, complex disruptions, and traceability. Blockchain is arguably a technology that can address these challenges and make a significant impact. To shed light on the impact of blockchain, we undertake a cross-discipline systematic literature review on blockchain and supply chains. This review focused on identifying blockchain’s current and proposed impacts on the supply chain at three levels: organisational, inter-organisational, and industry. The findings identified twelve core supply chain themes across pre-implementation, post-implementation, and emerging tensions associated with adopting blockchain. These findings extend knowledge by going beyond understanding blockchain and its application and articulating multi-levels of impacts. Based on our review, we propose future research directions. By providing an overview of the current impact of blockchain, the review also offers insights to help managers to make informed decisions around the implementation and use of blockchain in supply chains
‘Cambridge Moralica’ - Towards an Ethical Framework for Social Media Analytics
Full text linkEn route to the unravelling of today’s multiplicity of societal challenges, making sense of social data has become a crucial endeavour in Information Systems (IS) research. In this context, Social Media Analytics (SMA) has evolved to a promising field of data-driven approaches, guiding researchers in the process of collecting, analysing, and visualising social media data. However, the handling of such sensitive data requires careful ethical considerations to protect data subjects, online communities, and researchers. Hitherto, the field lacks consensus on how to safeguard ethical conduct throughout the research process. To address this shortcoming, this study proposes an extended version of a SMA framework by incorporating ethical reflection phases as an addition to methodical steps. Following a design science approach, existing ethics guidelines and expert interviews with SMA researchers and ethicists serve as the basis for redesigning the framework. It was eventually assessed through multiple rounds of evaluation in the form of focus group discussions and questionnaires with ethics board members and SMA experts. The extended framework, encompassing a total of five iterative ethical reflection phases, provides simplified ethical guidance for SMA researchers and facilitates the ethical self-examination of research projects involving social media data
Editorial for the Special Section on Research on Applied Ethics: Developing Ethical Guidelines for Social Media Analytics
Full text linkInformation systems, sociomaterial practices and the emergence of environmental management infrastructures
Full text linkInformation systems are an integral part of environmental management infrastructures – complex assemblages of social and technical artifacts, human actors and sociomaterial routines enacted in the pursuit of environmental sustainability outcomes. We analyse the case of an environmental management infrastructure developed around a ‘vessel management system’ by a South Australian regulator between 2004 and 2013. The goal of this infrastructure was to sustain water quality by controlling the discharge of ‘greywater’ from vessels on South Australia’s inland waters. We conceptualise environmental management infrastructure, and the information systems they encompass, as the temporally emergent outcome of human agents’ attempts to extend their environmental management practice in a particular direction, and how that trajectory of emergence is shaped by the intersection of human agencies, material performances and disciplinary practices