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Measuring Children’s Reward and Punishment Sensitivity: An Initial Psychometric Evaluation of the Contingency Response Rating Scale
No full textExisting research shows that children’s responses to rewards and punishments are essential for understanding attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and callous-unemotional traits. The present study developed the Contingency Response Rating Scale (CRRS) to fulfill the need for a reliable and valid measure of children’s contingency response style that is brief, easy to use in applied settings, and provides additional information to existing clinical measures. We examined the psychometric properties of the CRRS in a sample of 196 children (ages 5–12), most of whom were referred to evaluate attention and behavior problems in an outpatient clinic. Using principal axis factoring, we identified five factors: (a) punishment ineffectiveness, (b) reward ineffectiveness, (c) punishment dysregulation, (d) reward dysregulation, and (e) contingency insensitivity. The subscales based on these factors showed acceptable test–retest and internal consistency reliability, and scale intercorrelations varied from low to moderate. The subscales also captured significant variance not explained by child or parent demographics and were associated with measures of psychopathology and impairment. The results provide preliminary evidence that the CRRS may be a helpful tool for assessing reward and punishment sensitivity in children with attention and behavior problems
The Evolving Demands and Resources of Live Entertainment: The Development of a Job Demands Resources Sport (JDRS) Model
No full textUtilizing the job demands resource (JDR) model, as a basis to learn and better understand the workplace experience of employees in live entertainment, we developed a model specific to sport. Through a three-stage process, the scale was measured and validated with collegiate sport employees. The first stage included subject matter experts (n = 69) openly listing job demands and resources in their workplace, then the second stage included two samples of employed graduate students (sample one: n = 101; sample two: n = 112), and finally phase three included two samples of collegiate sport employees (sample one: n = 249; sample two: n = 239). Based on the results, a job demands resources sport (JDRS) model was developed with nine of the 10 job demands relating to burnout, and all seven job resources relating to both work engagement and burnout. Theoretically and practically, the JDRS model will help sport employees and organizations identify opportunities to reduce burnout and increase engagement so they may better serve stakeholders
Reward-based prioritization in working memory is distinct from recency and due to a resource trade-off
No full textPrioritized items within working memory often show higher accuracy or faster response times at test. This prioritization benefit is thought to reflect the memory representation being within the focus of attention. The literature on prioritization effects lacks consistency in whether prioritization benefits manifest as a benefit to speed, accuracy, or both, implying that some findings may reflect a speed-accuracy tradeoff rather than improved memory representation. In the present work, we use drift-diffusion modeling to test two theoretical questions regarding prioritization effects without the possibility of a confounding speed-accuracy tradeoff. First, we test whether prioritization effects rely on shifting limited working memory resources away from non-prioritized items. Second, we test whether prioritization and recency effects are two distinct mechanisms or two ways to enter the focus of attention. We find that prioritization effects do reflect shifts in limited working memory resources and that prioritization and recency are two distinct mechanisms. These findings are augmented by model fits suggesting differential effects of prioritization at the perceptual/motor and cognitive levels
GW250114: Testing Hawking’s Area Law and the Kerr Nature of Black Holes
No full textThe gravitational-wave signal GW250114 was observed by the two LIGO detectors with a network matched-filter signal-to-noise ratio of 80. The signal was emitted by the coalescence of two black holes with near-equal masses 1=33.6+1.2−0.8⊙ and 2=32.2+0.8−1.3⊙, and small spins 1,2≤0.26 (90% credibility) and negligible eccentricity ≤0.03. Postmerger data excluding the peak region are consistent with the dominant quadrupolar (ℓ=||=2) mode of a Kerr black hole and its first overtone. We constrain the modes’ frequencies to ±30% of the Kerr spectrum, providing a test of the remnant’s Kerr nature. We also examine Hawking’s area law, also known as the second law of black hole mechanics, which states that the total area of the black hole event horizons cannot decrease with time. A range of analyses that exclude up to five of the strongest merger cycles confirm that the remnant area is larger than the sum of the initial areas to high credibility
LLM-Guided Multimodal Information Fusion With Hierarchical Spatio-Temporal Graph Network for Sentiment Analysis
No full textMultimodal sentiment analysis aims to attain a precise comprehension of emotions by integrating complementary textual, visual, and audio information. However, issues such as sentiment discrepancies between modalities, ineffective integration of multi-modal information, and the intricacy of order dependency significantly constrain the models\u27 efficacy. The authors propose an LLM-guided Hierarchical Spatio-Temporal Graph Network (L-HSTGN). By multimodal large model feature enhancement, bidirectional spatio-temporal joint modeling, and dynamic gate fusion mechanism, they effectively address the aforementioned problems. Firstly, they produce cross-modal emotion pseudo-labels based on the multimodal large model, and the single-modal representation was optimized by combining adversarial regularization. Secondly, they develop a bidirectional spatio-temporal convolution module to concurrently extract local-global temporal characteristics and dynamic spatial correlations
Back to Normal? Perspectives of Faculty and Teaching Librarians on Information Literacy Instruction After the Lockdowns
No full textObjective - While LIS scholars have extensively studied the widespread disruptions to library instruction during the lockdown period of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a relative dearth of research concerning the longer-term implications for teaching information literacy (IL). This exploratory survey sought to examine how faculty have introduced IL skills to students before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdowns. After returning to in-person operations in 2021, the authors observed a change in how faculty have engaged with libraries to teach IL to their students. Methods - Utilizing parallel survey instruments, we asked faculty and librarians for their perceptions of current and past practices with scheduling library IL sessions, evaluating student research skills and considering how they acquired those skills. Results - Although responses showed an unsurprising decrease in library instruction requests during the pandemic lockdowns, faculty respondents noted a return to nearly pre-pandemic norms after the resumption of in-person operations. Teaching modality and use of research assignments did not appear to impact faculty IL scheduling behaviors, but differences in faculty and librarian responses highlighted potential disagreements about the impact of COVID-19 on faculty use of library instruction. Additional questioning indicates a disconnect between how faculty perceive student research skills and their reasons for scheduling library instruction, which suggests misperceptions of librarian expertise and differences in understanding how librarians should teach information literacy. Open-ended responses provided additional context to these issues, while identifying potential barriers and opportunities. Conclusion - Overall, our findings indicate that, rather than fundamentally altering faculty approaches to information literacy, the COVID-19 disruptions revealed and exacerbated endemic problems with the prevalent one-shot model of library instruction
\u3cem\u3eBig Tracks, Little Tracks: Following Animal Prints\u3c/em\u3e (1999) by Millicent E. Selsam
Get PDFComing up with the most reasonable explanation of the available clues is something we all do on a daily basis. This book describes animal tracks as clues from which children can make inferences about what kind of animal left them and what they were doing when they did.https://digitalcommons.montclair.edu/iapc_thinkingstories_picturebooks/1011/thumbnail.jp
No detected signal of the 2022 epizootic from multiannual Diadema antillarum settlement data in the Florida Keys
Get PDFThe sea urchin Diadema antillarum is a key coral reef grazer that remains functionally extinct on many Caribbean reefs following a mass mortality event in 1983–84. In 2022, another widespread mortality event, likely caused by a scuticociliate parasite, again decimated D. antillarum at reefs across the Caribbean. Understanding the population-level impacts of this recent epizootic will be important for coral reef conservation efforts. This study examines multi-year larval settlement data from the Florida Keys to determine if the 2022 mortality event reduced larval settlement. Larval settlement was assessed monthly at three long-term monitoring sites (Delta Shoal, Tennessee Reef, and Pickles Reef) using artificial turf plates, spanning three periods: 4.5 years before, 5 months during, and 2 years after the 2022 epizootic. Zero-inflated Poisson regression analysis indicated no significant change in settlement rates across these time periods. Although many zero values were observed, peaks in settlement also occurred, reaching a mean of up to 40 settler m⁻² in a given month. However, the magnitude and frequency of settlement pulses required for population recovery remain unknown. Nonetheless, the findings suggest that the abundance and fecundity of the source population(s) were not severely impacted by the 2022 epizootic. While other potential influences on settlement, such as predation, were not evaluated, these results may offer some optimism for managers working to restore grazing function on Florida’s reefs through D. antillarum population enhancement
Quantitative Preventive Approaches to Diabetes: Mathematical Modeling and Analysis
Get PDFThe rising prevalence of diabetes presents a pressing global health concern, necessitating effective control strategies. This study aims to construct a mathematical model to analyze the influence of diverse factors on blood sugar levels, with a focus on identifying optimal methods for maintaining healthy glucose levels. Employing ordinary differential equations (ODE), the model investigates variables including leptin resistance, fat mass, glucose, insulin resistance, beta cell mass, daily physical activity, and dietary intake. Utilizing parameter estimates from existing literature, the model’s framework is established, and simulation results elucidate the intricate interplay between lifestyle choices and blood glucose dynamics. Furthermore, the model evaluates the effectiveness of preventive interventions in blood sugar regulation and diabetes prevention. This research emphasizes the importance of adopting a holistic approach to diabetes prevention, encompassing regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and proactive management of risk factors
\u3cem\u3eSir Fig Newton and the Science of Persistence\u3c/em\u3e (2023) by Sonja Thomas
Get PDFWhen twelve-year-old Mira Williams’s companion and confidant, the cat Sir Fig Newton, contracts diabetes, her parents say she may have to give him to someone who can afford his treatment. The resources Mira will need to save Fig and keep him close include ingenuity, family ties, friendships, and the kind of faith she finds can be compatible with science. Thomas’ novel shows a teenager’s sophisticated engagement with complex questions of race, faith, science, and relationships.https://digitalcommons.montclair.edu/iapc_thinkingstories_middlegrades/1001/thumbnail.jp