Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS) (Journal of UniSZA - Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin)
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THE PLIGHT OF REFUGEES IN MALAYSIA: MALAYSIA AS A TRANSIT COUNTRY IN PROTECTING REFUGEES’ RIGHTS
Get PDFThe role of UNHCR and respective transit countries is to help refugees find lasting solutions that will allow them to rebuild their lives in dignity and peace, via local integration, voluntary repatriation or resettlement in a third country. Awaiting resettlement, the refugees are always mistakenly believed to be economic migrants or illegal immigrants. Due to the absence of legal or administrative regulations governing refugees, they are exposed to detention with the possibility of refoulement. These refugees are not legally permitted to work, which leads them to work discreetly and are willing to perform low-paying jobs in order to earn a living. Children are denied proper education and healthcare, which are considered as luxuries they could not afford. All these are common and enduring plights that still haunt refugees in Malaysia. This article reviews the plight of refugees in Malaysia during the transitional period before resettlement, discusses the roles of Malaysia as a transit country, and proposes lasting solutions for refugees in Malaysia. It is hoped that this article will provide a better understanding of the roles of transit countries particularly Malaysia for protection of refugees’ rights especially on their resettlement. In addition, assistance from UNHCR and other NGOs are also important to solve this problem.
Keywords: Malaysia, refugee, resettlement, transit country, UNHCR.
Cite as: Sahak, S., Nordin, R., & Ishak, M. K. (2020). The plight of refugees in Malaysia: Malaysia as a transit country in protecting refugees’ rights. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 5(1), 378-394. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss1pp378-39
CIRI-CIRI AKUSTIK KONTRAS PENYUARAAN BUNYI FRIKATIF ARAB BERASASKAN PARAMETER TEMPOH FRIKASI: [THE ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF ARABIC FRICATIVE VOICING CONTRAST BASED ON THE FRICATION DURATION PARAMETER]
Get PDFLatar Belakang dan Tujuan: Makalah ini bertujuan menyerlahkan perbezaan penyuaraan bunyi frikatif Arab bersuara dan tak bersuara yang dihasilkan oleh penutur Melayu. Kajian lepas membuktikan bahawa penutur Melayu sering melakukan kesalahan pertuturan faringealisasi Arab.
Metodologi: Analisis ciri-ciri akustik bunyi frikatif Melayu dan Arab di awal kata menggunakan parameter tempoh frikasi, justeru, dilaksanakan bagi menyerlahkan persamaan dan perbezaan bunyi konsonan berkenaan. Kaedah analisis spektrograf menerusi perisian Praat dimanfaatkan bagi membolehkan pengkaji memindahkan data rakaman ujaran dalam bentuk spektrogram dan melakukan penelitian akustik. Hasil dapatan analisis akustik dimanipulasikan menerusi SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). Data spektogram sebanyak 2960 diperoleh daripada rakaman ujaran subjek kajian seramai 24 orang pelajar ijazah Sarjana Muda Pengajian Bahasa Arab dan Tamadun Islam Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Proses rakaman terlebih dahulu dijalankan di studio rakaman Fakulti Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, UKM menggunakan alat perakam TASCAM MP3/WAV. Senarai perkataan mengandungi bunyi frikatif di awal kata bagi kedua-dua bahasa dibaca oleh subjek kajian dengan keadaan tahap pertuturan yang selesa, iaitu tidak terlalu perlahan dan tidak terlalu laju. Subjek diminta mengulangi perkataan tersebut sebanyak lima kali.
Dapatan Kajian: Hasil kajian ini mendapati bahawa bunyi frikatif tak bersuara /s/ adalah lebih panjang berbanding bunyi bersuara /z/. Dapatan kajian juga menunjukkan bahawa tiada hubungan signifikan antara bunyi /س/ dan /sˤ/ dan /ز/ dan /zˤ/. Secara khususnya, kajian ini mengesahkan bahawa tidak semua bunyi faringealisasi Arab dipengaruhi bahasa ibunda. Bunyi ini mampu juga dikuasai oleh bukan penutur natif Arab.
Implikasi: Kajian ini memberi implikasi signifikan terhadap pembelajaran bahasa Arab sebagai bahasa kedua di Malaysia serta perkembangan ilmu fonetik akustik di Malaysia khususnya bagi menambah baik sebutan frikatif Arab dalam kalangan penutur natif Melayu.
Kata kunci: Akustik, bahasa Arab, gangguan bahasa, pemindahan bahasa, tempoh frikasi.
Abstract
Background and Purpose: This paper aims to highlight the voicing contrast of Arabic and Malay fricatives produced by Malay native speakers. Previous studies show that Malay speakers often make mistakes on Arabic pharyngealisation.
Methodology: This study, thus, analysed the frication duration characteristics of Malay and Arabic fricatives in initial word position and highlight their similarities and differences. The spectrographic analysis method via Praat software was utilized to enable the researcher to transfer speech recording data into a spectrogram and analysed acoustically. A total of 2960 spectrograms was obtained from the recording of 24 subjects’ utterences. The subjects are undergraduate students of Arabic Studies and Islamic Civilization of the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. The recording process was performed in the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, UKM recording studio using TASCAM MP3 / WAV recorder. A word list that contains the fricative sound at the beginning of each word in both languages was read by subjects with comfortable speech level, i.e. neither slow nor too fast. Subjects were asked to repeat the word five times.
Findings: The result of the acoustic analysis was manipulated using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. This study found that the fricative sound / s / is longer than the sound / z / for both languages. The findings also show that there is no significant relationship between sound / س / and / sˤ / and / ز / and / zˤ /. In particular, this study confirms that not all Arabic pharyngealisation are influenced by their native language. It can be mastered also by non-native speakers of Arabic.
Contributions: This study provides significant implications for learning Arabic as a second language in Malaysia as well as the development of acoustic phonetics, particularly, in improving the fricative pronunciation of Arabic among native speakers of Malay.
Keywords: Acoustic, Arabic, frication duration, language interference, language transfer.
Cite as: Shahidi A. H., Radzi, M. P., Aman, R., CheLaeh, M., & Anwar, O. D. (2020). Ciri-ciri akustik kontras penyuaraan bunyi frikatif Arab berasaskan parameter tempoh frikasi [The acoustic properties of Arabic fricative voicing contrast based on the frication duration parameter]. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 5(1), 143-168. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss1pp143-16
BETWEEN THE CLASSICAL MU'TAZILITES AND NEO-MU'TAZILITES: AN ANALYSIS OF HARUN NASUTION’S MODERN ISLAMIC THOUGHT IN INDONESIA
Get PDFLately, the classical schools of Islamic theology are generally associated with various modern movements such as Neo-Kharijites and Neo-Mu'tazilites especially in terms of their negative influence. This paper aims at critically analyzing the way in which modern Muslim scholars claim the legacy of the classical Mu‘tazilite school. It specifically offers a critical overview of the spirit and contents of both early Islamic movements. It is attempted to draw a more objective picture of the classical Mu‘tazilite school, based on their primary sources. The Indonesian Harun Nasution is taken as an example of a Neo-Mu‘tazilite scholar. This paper argues that the original Mu’tazilite spirit is not accurately represented by Harun Nasution. The Mu‘tazilite was the first theological school who tried to defend and preserve the original teachings of Islam in the face of the many challenges of their time. Today, the Mu‘tazilite school is often misrepresented by portraying it as a purely rationalistic school and liberal thought. It is the view of the author that the misrepresentation of the Mu‘tazilite school as being a radical school of thought that propagated liberal society solely guided by reason, will bring bad consequence to the understanding and development of Muslim society in general. It can be either giving opportunity to the rise of liberal society with the claim of past root of the history of Muslims as occurred in Nasution’s case or rejecting reason from being important source of knowledge acknowledged by Islam.
Keywords: Harun Nasution, Indonesia, Mu‘tazilite, Neo-Mu‘tazilite, rationalism.
Cite as: Abd Rahman, A. A. (2020). Between the classical Mu'tazilites and Neo-Mu'tazilites: An analysis of Harun Nasution’s modern Islamic thought in Indonesia. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 5(1), 336-355. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss1pp336-35
CROSS-CULTURAL PRAGMATIC STUDY OF APOLOGY STRATEGIES IN BALOCHI WITH REFERENCE TO CHINESE LANGUAGE
Get PDFBackground and Purpose: Cross-cultural studies help to reduce linguistic misunderstandings. Owing to the mastery of the grammar and vocabulary of any language, speakers who may be fluent in a second language, may still be unable to produce language that is socially and culturally acceptable, thus indicates the importance of pragmatics in general and cross-cultural pragmatics in particular. The development of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) creates urgency for the Baloch and the Chinese people to know each other's language and culture, as the project is located in 'Gwadar', a Baloch region, where Balochi is widely spoken. The purpose of this paper is to explore apology strategies used in the Balochi language spoken in Balochistan, Pakistan with reference to Chinese, including Baloch cultural values which influence language.
Methodology: The data were collected through Discourse Completion Test from 30 native speakers of Balochi language enrolled in various departments at International Islamic University Islamabad Pakistan. On the other hand, the Chinese language data were adopted as a reference from a research study conducted by Chang (2016). The Balochi data were analyzed by employing the framework presented by Blum-Kulka, House, and Kasper (1989).
Findings: The findings show that the Baloch native speakers use indirect strategies of apology, explanation strategy, and taking and denying responsibility which are similar to the Chinese language.
Contribution: The paper may help to expand the scope of cross-cultural pragmatics to non-western languages. The paper may also be significant in the teaching curricula to design comparative courses in Chinese and Balochi.
Keywords: Apology, Balochi, Chinese, cross-cultural pragmatics, strategies.
Cite as: Hussain, M., & Aziz, A. (2020). Cross-cultural pragmatic study of apology strategies in Balochi with reference to Chinese language. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 5(2), 152-169. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss2pp152-16
PROGRAM RAWATAN DAN PEMULIHAN DI CURE & CARE SERVICE CENTRE: MOTIVASI UNTUK RAWATAN DAN EFIKASI DIRI DALAM KALANGAN RESIDEN DAN BUKAN RESIDEN: [CURE & CARE SERVICE CENTER TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION PROGRAMME: TREATMENT MOTIVATION AND SELF EFFICACY AMONG RESIDENTS AND NON-RESIDENTS]
Get PDFTujuan dan Latarbelakang: Kajian bertujuan mengkaji program rawatan dan pemulihan di CCSC dalam kalangan residen dan bukan residen. Residen merupakan penghuni sepenuh masa dan mengikuti program rawatan dan pemulihan yang dikendalikan oleh CCSC. Bukan residen adalah disebaliknya. Kajian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti peramal yang signifikan terhadap motivasi rawatan dan efikasi diri untuk tidak terlibat dari dadah dalam kalangan residen dan bukan residen.
Metodologi: Empat buat CCSC telah dipilih dalam kajian ini. Seramai 102 responden iaitu 55 orang residen (53.4 %) dan 47 orang bukan residen (47.6%) daripada empat buah CCSC mengisi soal selidik berkaitan dengan motivasi rawatan dan efikasi diri untuk menjauhi dadah.
Dapatan: Tempoh tamat program rawatan dan pemulihan di CCSC berkenaan adalah berbeza, iaitu antara dua minggu hingga lapan bulan. Hasil analisis model regresi menunjukkan bahawa motivasi yang tinggi untuk mendapatkan rawatan adalah dalam kalangan penghuni residen dan dikaitkan tempoh penglibatan di CCSC yang lebih panjang. Seterusnya, tempoh tidak terlibat dengan dadah yang lebih panjang mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan efikasi diri yang tinggi untuk menjauhi dadah. Dapatan kajian ini juga mengenalpasti situasi berisiko tinggi yang boleh menyebabkan seseorang kembali menagih. Antara faktor risiko tersebut ialah terjumpa dadah, terjumpa rakan-rakan penagih serta dipelawa untuk menggunakan dadah, terjumpa dengan sesuatu yang mengingatkan kepada dadah dan terlibat dengan peristiwa-peristiwa yang boleh menimbulkan emosi negatif.
Sumbangan: Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan kepentingan penilaian tahap motivasi rawatan dan tahap efikasi diri dalam kalangan residen dan bukan residen CCSC, yang seterusnya membantu kejayaan rawatan dan penilaian keberkesanan rawatan.
Kata kunci: Efikasi diri, motivasi untuk rawatan, pemulihan dadah, penagih dadah, relaps.
ABSTRACT
Background and Purpose: The study aims to analyze residents and non-residents who are participating in a treatment and rehabilitation programme at the Cure and Care Service Center (CCSC). The resident is a full-time residential and participates in the CCSC treatment and rehabilitation program. The non-resident is the opposite of this. The study also aims to identify significant predictors of the motivation of treatment and self-efficacy not to be involved in the drug.
Methodology: Four CCSCs have been selected in this study. A total of 102 respondents, 55 residents (53.4%) and 47 non-residents (47.6%) at four CCSCs filled up questionnaires related to treatment motivation and self-efficacy to avoid drugs.
Findings: Duration of the treatment and rehabilitation programme at CCSC is different, ranging from two weeks to eight months. The results of the regression model analysis showed that high motivation for treatment is among residents and is associated with longer duration of engagement at CCSC. Furthermore, periods not involved with drugs have a significant relationship with high self-efficacy to avoid drugs. The findings also recognize high-risk situations that may lead to relapse. Among the identified risk factors is finding a drug, finding drug addicts and being invited to use drugs, finding something that reminds respondents of drugs and engages with events that can cause negative emotions.
Contributions: This study highlights the importance of screening the level of treatment motivation and the level of self-fficacy among CCSC residents, which contribute to treatment success and effectiveness evaluation.
Keywords: drug addicts, drug rehabilitation, relapse, self-efficacy, treatment motivation.
Cite as: Mat Min, R., Shukri, M., Abdullah, S. S., Mohd Yusof, R. A., & Husain, Z. (2020). Program rawatan dan pemulihan di Cure & Care Service Centre: Motivasi untuk rawatan dan efikasi diri dalam kalangan residen dan bukan residen [Cure & Care Service Center treatment and rehabilitation programme: Treatment motivation and self efficacy among residents and non-residents]. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 5(1), 27-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss1pp27-5
STEM PROJECT-BASED APPROACH IN ENHANCING CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING AND INVENTIVE THINKING SKILLS AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
Get PDFBackground and Purpose: Formal learning in schools generally does not provide enough engagement for students to grasp the science concepts and skills taught to them. Therefore, the structured informal learning activities such as STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) integrated project-based learning is vital for students to partake in the more meaningful science learning process as it involves interdisciplinary activities. Hence, this paper discusses the study that underlies the structured informal learning activity, the STEM project-based approach, in enhancing conceptual understanding and inventive thinking skills among secondary school students.
Methodology: A quasi-experimental research design concerning treatment and control groups with pre-test as the covariate was employed in this project. The sample was selected based on the purposive sampling approach. Seventy Form Four students (33 male students and 37 female students) from a secondary school in Kedah, Malaysia were divided into 35 students of a controlled group (received conventional approach) and 35 students of the treatment group (followed STEM project-based approach). Data collected via the Newtonian Conceptual Understanding Test (NCUT) and Inventive Thinking Skills Test (ITST) were then analysed descriptively and inferentially.
Findings: The structured informal learning activity, the STEM project-based approach, was found effective in enhancing conceptual understanding and inventive thinking skills among secondary school students. Further analysis showed that the elements of thinking skills (management and adaptation to complexity, self-regulation, curiosity, creativity, risk-readiness, and high-order thinking skills and sound reasoning) were also improved among students who followed STEM project-based approach.
Contributions: The study highlighted the importance of a structured informal learning activity, such as the STEM project-based approach in assisting students to grasp the science concepts and develop the required 21st-century learning skills besides formal learning in schools.
Keywords: Conceptual understanding, inventive thinking skills, Newtonian physics, physics education, secondary school students.
Cite as: Saleh, S., Muhammad, A., & Syed Abdullah, S. M. (2019). STEM project-based approach in enhancing conceptual understanding and inventive thinking skills among secondary school students. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 5(1), 234-254. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss1pp234-25
NEGARA-BANGSA: PROSES DAN PERBAHASAN BY A. R. EMBONG: PENERBIT UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA, 2001, 143 PAGES.
Get PDFNegara-Bangsa Proses dan Perbahasan (Malay for Nation-State: Process and Debate) by Abdul Rahman Embong, is a book that brings together nine essays on nation-state discussions written from 1995 to 2000. Five essays developed into Chapters 2, 4, 7, 8 and 9 were essays published in the Pemikir journal published by the Utusan Melayu Group while Chapters 5 and 6 were conference papers presented by Abdul Rahman in a seminar. All these essays have been updated and improved for the purpose of publishing this book. Additionally, Chapters 1 and 3 are new chapters written specifically for this book, which also debate on and discuss nation-states. Through this work, Abdul Rahman offers a continual, inclusive and semi-controversial perspective on important issues of Malaysia and its nation in particular and the world in general. The book also aims to promote deep discussion of the world of thought with the nation-state of Malaysia and the Malaysian nation as the main focus.
Cite as: Razali, N. A., Mohd Suhaimy, K. A., & Jaes, L. (2020). Negara-bangsa: Proses dan perbahasan (Book review). Journal of Nusantara Studies, 5(2), 411-425. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss2pp411-42
MALAYSIAN STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF THEIR INTERACTIONS IN UK SEMINARS
Get PDFBackground and Purpose: Coming from different social and academic cultures, students may exhibit perceptions which are in contrast to the convention of the targeted culture. Hence, this study aims to explore how first-year Malaysian students perceive their interactions in UK seminars.
Methodology: Employing qualitative research method, nine Malaysian students were chosen based on two criteria: they have to be first-year students and registered in content modules in UK university. The data were collected from interview and focus group discussion, and the audio-recordings were transcribed and analysed utilising thematic analysis.
Findings: The participants of this study perceive their interactions differently. Semek, Enot, Fatin, Ammar, Ming and Izlin mentioned that they responded during seminar discussion if they were nominated by the tutor and most agreed that they did not ask questions because information was provided to them or they could ask the tutor or their friends after the seminar. Fatin however disagreed and asserted that students should ask questions if they did not understand the academic content well. Qaisara, Puspa and Semek also shared that their lack of English language proficiency influenced their lack of contribution which was not the case for Fatin and Ming. Being marginalised as an international student was one of the reasons Semek did not contribute to the seminar discussions in contrast to Qaisara who felt the need to contribute.
Contributions: The findings of this study suggest that academic institutions should be flexible in encouraging students to be engaged in seminars as coming from different educational background, these students may require additional help to socialise in academic setting and consequently become expert members.
Keywords: Malaysian students, students’ perceptions, students’ interactions, UK seminars, verbal interactions.
Cite as: Khairuddin, Z., Khairuddin, Z., & Ibrahim, N. (2020). Malaysian students’ perceptions of their interactions in UK seminars. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 5(2), 384-405. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss2pp384-40
SCHOOL PRINCIPALS AND 21ST CENTURY LEADERSHIP CHALLENGES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Get PDFBackground and Purpose: This systematic review article focuses on leadership challenges encountered by school principals in the 21st century. International evidence indicates principal leadership affects school and student performance. However, little systematic review has been carried out on the issue. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to analyse the existing literature on leadership challenges faced by school principals in the 21st century.
Methodology: Following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, a systematic review was done on two main databases, Web of Science and Scopus. There were three main stages in the process: identification of keywords, screening of articles, and determination of the articles. This resulted in a final database of 16 eligible documents.
Findings: The review of these documents resulted in three main themes – personal challenges, school context, and stakeholders, and 11 sub-themes. There were three subthemes for personal challenges such as lack of knowledge and skills, while school context challenges can be divided into six sub-themes such as lack of trained staff and inadequate facilities and resources. The two subthemes for stakeholders challenges are negative attitudes of parents and interventions from the Ministry.
Contributions: This systematic review expands the literature of principalship in the 21st Century by highlighting the challenges faced in the context of North American, African, European, and Australian schools. Further work on the challenges faced by school principals in other continents should be carried out to achieve a better understanding on the issue.
Keywords: 21st century, challenges, principal leadership, school leadership, systematic review.
Cite as: Adams, D., & Muthiah, V. (2020). School principals and 21st century leadership challenges: A systematic review. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 5(1), 189-210. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss1pp189-21
STATES OF MALAY POWERLESSNESS IN THE WORKS OF CHE HUSNA AZHARI
Get PDFBackground and Purpose: The development of scholarship on Malaysian Literature in English (MLiE) continuously receives attention, especially on one particular direction, which is the studies of the Malays. Inspired by the Malay proverb “Diluah mati mak, ditelan mati bapa” (Malay for ‘between the devil and the deep sea), this study looked into local literature in relation to powerlessness and its social complexity where we argue that the Malays are often caught in-between entanglements that prohibit individualism, as due to societal prejudice.
Methodology: This study employed thematic analysis where upon familiarizing with Azhari’s short stories, namely Mariah and of Bunga Telur and Bally shoes, the researchers identified themes that help understand the types and causes of powerlessness as illustrated in the short stories before associating the Malays’ state of powerlessness and their emotional suppression.
Findings: Findings revealed that both genders suffer from the Malay prejudice and their own lack of emotional strength, causing both to be powerless captives in different contexts, unlike the Western societies where similar situations might lead to alienation.
Contributions: The study contributed towards the understanding of social phenomenon, namely issues regarding powerlessness among the Malays. Such contribution is significant at developing potentials within building national talent, especially those regarding family and spiritual values.
Keywords: Che Husna Azhari, emotional suppression, Malays, Malaysian literature in English, powerlessness.
Cite as: Ismail, H. H., & Al-Subaihi, M. N. (2020). States of Malay powerlessness in the works of Che Husna Azhari. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 5(1), 211-233. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss1pp211-23