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Resulting trusts and voluntary conveyances of land: 1674-1925
No full textThis article considers whether a resulting trust could arise upon a voluntary conveyance of land prior to 1926, a question which was the subject of much controversy amongst leading judges and writers in past centuries. Based on an analysis of the case law, which starts in the seventeenth century, the article argues that the better view is that no resulting trust could arise in the relevant situation prior to 1926. Arguments are advanced to explain why this interpretation is consistent with principle, emphasising the complexity inherent in the proposition that a resulting trust doctrine existed alongside the presumption of resulting use in the context of voluntary conveyances of land
AI-based task classification with pressure insoles for occupational safety
No full textPressure insoles allow for the collection of real time pressure data inside and outside a laboratory setting as they are non-intrusive and can be simply integrated into industrial environments for occupational health and safety monitoring purposes. Activity detection is important for the safety and wellbeing of workers, and the present study aims to employ pressure insoles to detect the type of industry-related task an individual is performing by using random forest, an artificial intelligence-based classification technique. Twenty subjects wore loadsol® pressure insoles and performed five specific tasks associated with a typical workflow: standing, walking, pick and place, assembly, and manual handling. For each activity, statistical and morphological features were extracted to create a training dataset. The classifier performed with an accuracy over 82%, using ten-fold cross-validation, for a time window of 5 seconds, showing the potential for task classification in edge-AI applications in smart manufacturing environments. A re-analysis focused on the five most influential features obtained 83% accuracy. The combination of random forest and in-depth feature analysis (SHAP) provided insights into the importance of features and the impact of their value on each task class. Such an understanding can aid in reducing misclassifications for health and safety purposes and can aid in the design of pressure insoles that are optimized for impactful features. The accuracy achieved is comparable to similar task classification studies but with the benefit of added explainability, which increases transparency and, thereby, trust in the classifier decisions
Transforming public participation and catalysing change
No full textKey messages: System change is necessary so that individuals can lead low-carbon and resilient lives, as opposed to individuals taking responsibility for changing their behaviour. However, individuals participating in collective action play a role in changing systems. Policies and measures need to be perceived as fair and work to reduce inequalities if the public are to engage with and support the disparate change required to act on climate change and biodiversity loss. Inclusive public participation in policymaking is a key enabler of climate action and can increase social trust. Empowered communities can drive change at a local level, which can drive and reinforce broader societal shifts. Change is not happening fast enough. Catalysts can augment the speed, scale and depth of change and overcome inertia within the system. Catalysts include leadership, social movements, litigation and culture. Children and young people have been instrumental in catalysing change and keeping climate action on the political agenda. Through social movements and litigation, they have reframed climate action, or the lack thereof, as a social justice and intergenerational human rights issue
Freedom of association under the treaties of the United Nations: A right of intrinsic or instrumental value?
No full textAlthough included within a number of United Nations instruments, the right to freedom of association is principally enshrined within Article 22 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and has been developed within the jurisdiction of the Human Rights Committee (the Committee). Whilst this right has been the subject of significant commentary by the Special Rapporteur on freedom of peaceful assembly and association (the Special Rapporteur) and of numerous resolutions of the Human Rights Council (the Council), the Committee’s engagement with Article 22 ICCPR has been sparse. Despite calls from the Special Rapporteur, the right to freedom of association is yet to receive a General Comment. Notwithstanding a paucity of jurisprudence, this article seeks to outline the contours of the right to freedom of association as protected by the UN treaties. Part II analyses the scope of the protections afforded, restrictions permitted, and positive obligations imposed by Article 22. Part III explores the interaction and interdependencies between the right to freedom of association and other provisions of the ICCPR. Part IV discusses the rational underpinnings of the right to freedom of association. Although freedom of association appears to lie ‘in the overlapping zone between civil and political rights’, the comparative analysis adopted in this article suggests that the Human Rights Committee and other UN bodies have disproportionately framed Article 22 in terms of its political and systemic significance, and have neglected to develop a philosophical basis for the right deriving from its inherent value to the human person. Whereas comparable rights have been framed as ‘fundamental’, ‘intrinsic’, and ‘indispensable for the full development of the person’, freedom of association remains cast in terms of its instrumental function in buttressing political pluralism, bolstering accountability, and facilitating the myriad of ‘purposes and principles of the United Nations’
Topic modelling literary interviews from The Paris Review
No full textThe interview has always proved to be a rich source for those hoping to better understand the figures behind a text, as well as any social contexts and writing practices which might have informed their aesthetic sentiments. Over the past two decades, research into the literary interview has made significant strides, both in terms of how this literary genre is conceptualized and how its emergence and development has been historically traced, the form remains somewhat neglected by literary and cultural theorists and scholars. There is also a remarkable absence of distant readings in this domain. With the rise of the digital humanities, particularly digital literary studies, one would expect more scholars to have used computer-assisted techniques to mine literary interviews, which are, in terms of dataset practicalities, somewhat ideal, semi-structured by nature, and typically available online. Such is the question to which this article attends, taking as its dataset seven decades’ worth of literary interviews from The Paris Review, and ‘topic modelling’ these documents to determine the key themes that dominate such a culturally significant set of materials while also exploring the value of topic modelling to socio-literary criticism
When contexts collapse: How ubiquitous video cameras in the home during COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns transformed family representation
No full textUtilising interviews from a range of caregivers and teachers alongside textual analysis of circulating and non-circulating videos made by children during the COVID-19 quarantine, this article examines the collaborative, experimental models of media making that emerged at this unique time. Children’s media-making practices during quarantine provided a window into and between personal dwelling spaces and private details, disrupting conventions of family self-representation while forcing a confrontation with the capitalist imperative to separate work and private life and for parents to produce, share, and monetize personal media content. This transformation in home mode media is bound up in making visible the incommensurability of home life and office labour, and the insistence of care (for each other) over careful production (of family and professional images)
Trusts of the family home: Social change, judicial innovation and legislative reform
No full textThis article surveys the development, over the last half-century, of the law in relation to trusts of the family home in Ireland. The focus on disputes over the beneficial ownership of the family home, the most important asset owned by many families, will allow a consideration of the evolution of an aspect of the law of resulting and constructive trusts, set against the background of relevant legislative developments. The most common trigger for disputes over the beneficial ownership of the family home is the breakdown of an intimate relationship, whether a marriage or civil partnership or cohabitation. However, the trigger could also be the death or bankruptcy of one of the parties or a dispute with creditors. In addition, not all disputes arising on the breakdown of a relationship will involve an issue related to the ownership of the family home, one obvious reason being that many couples live in rented accommodation. There is, therefore, an imperfect match between the area of the law of equity conveniently described as “trusts of the family home” and the issue of the property consequences of relationship breakdown. Nonetheless, the development of this area of the law of equity has clearly been dominated by concerns as to the latter issue
The Key: Abstraction, embodiment, and proper distance within the virtual home
No full textThe emergence of virtual reality (VR) humanitarian filmmaking as a genre over the past ten years has generated a large body of critical debate around the efficacy and ethics of VR as a tool for generating empathy towards marginalised communities. Whilst numerous studies have indicated the potential for VR to impact empathy levels of end users, there have been recurrent critiques of the power dynamics of VR production, as well as the value of empathy as a means of producing social change. Lacking in these discussions has been a detailed consideration of VR aesthetics and the extent to which stylistic strategies impact audience positioning. Through the example of the animated VR experience The Key (Celine Tricart, 2019), this article will explore experience design in the context of ethical debates around humanitarian VR. As an interactive, narrative experience that addresses themes of loss and displacement, The Key can be productively analysed in relation to both VR ethics and wider cultural understandings of home and belonging. Responding to ethical debates around proximity within immersive experiences, the article will examine aesthetic strategies within The Key for ensuring what Roger Silverstone has labelled “proper distance” between the user and the virtually represented space. Through its use of visual abstraction and simplification, as well as the limited physical interaction it affords with its virtual world, the virtual home of The Key will be understood as a site of resistance to universalising narratives of home, one which invites critical reflection on the factors that determine our access to shelter